SOLID WASTE

Waste is unwanted or unusable materials.Solid waste means any

garbage or refuse; sludge; and other discarded material,including
solid, semi-solid resulting from industrial, commercial, mining,and
agricultural operations, and from community activities from
awastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or
airpollution control facility

According to United Nations Statistics Division(UNSD) it is defined as

"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products
produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in
terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or
consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be
generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of
raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption
of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or
reused at the place of generation are excluded."

There are the flowing types of solid waste:

1.Muncipal solid waste

2.Construction waste

3.Industrial waste

4.Medicalwaste

5.Hazardouswaste
MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is waste
collected by or on behalf of a local authority.
It comprises mostly household waste and it
may include some commercial and industrial
wastes. Historically, nationally the quantity of
MSW has risen year on year1, presenting a
growing problem for local authorities
particularly as legislation, now limits (by
implication2) the amount of mixed MSW that
can be sent to landfill, comes into effect,
becomes more stringent over time.

CONSTRUCTION WASTE
Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced
directly or incidentally by the construction or industries. This
includes building materials such as Insulation, nails, electrical
wiring, rebar, as well as waste originating from site preparation
suchas dredging materials, treestumps, and rubble.

INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Any liquid, gaseous, or solid waste resulting
from any process of industry, manufacturing,
trade, or business or from the development of
any natural resources
The major generators of industrial solid wastes are the
thermal power plants producing coal ash, the integrated
Iron and Steel mills producing blast furnace slag and steel
melting slag, non-ferrous industries like aluminum, zinc
and copper producing red mud and tailings, sugar
industries generating press mud, pulp and paper industries
producing lime and fertilizer and allied industries
producing gypsum

DESCRIPTION OF IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE

Coal Ash
In general, a 1,000 MW station using coal of 3,500 kilo calories
per kg and ash content in the range of 40-50 per cent would need
about 500 hectares for disposal of fly ash for about 30 years’
operation. It is, therefore, necessary that flyash should be
utilised wherever possible to minimize environmental
degradation.
Integrated Iron & Steel Plant Slag
The Blast Furnace (BF) and Steel Melting Shop (SMS) slags in
integrated iron and steel plants are at present dumped in the
surrounding areas of the steel plants making hillocks
encroaching on the agricultural land. Although, the BF slag has
potential for conversion into granulated slag, which is a useful
raw material in cement manufacturing, it is yet to be practised in
a big way. Even the use of slag as road subgrade or land-filling
is also very limited.
Phosphogypsum
Phosphogypsum is the waste generated from the phosphoric
acid, ammoniumphospate and hydrofluoric acid plants. This is
very useful as a building material. Atpresent very little attention
has been paid to its utilisation in making cement,gypsum board,
partition panel, ceiling tiles, artificial marble, fiber boards etc.
Red Mud
Red mud as solid waste is generated in non-ferrous metal
extraction industries like aluminum and copper. The red mud at
present is disposed in tailing ponds for settling, which more
often than not finds its course into the rivers,especially during
monsoon. However, red mud has recently been successfully
tried and a plant has been set up in the country for making
corrugated sheets. Demand for such sheet should be popularised
and encouraged for use.
6.4.5 Lime Mud
Lime sludge, also known as lime mud, is generated in pulp &
paper mills which is not recovered for reclamation of calcium
oxide for use except in the large mills. The lime mud disposal by
dumping into low-lying areas or into water courses
directly or as run-off during monsoon is not only creating
serious pollution problem but also wasting the valuable non-
renewable resources.

MEDICAL WASTE

It include plastic & infectious waste arising mainly from

hospitals. Since hospital waste is composed of many different
types of waste, each requiring different handling, segregation is
the key to designing a system that safeguards worker health,
minimizes costs, and minimizes environmental impacts.
Why Segregate?

Infectious waste can cost five times as much to treat as regular,

non-infectious waste. Since 85% of the waste from hospitals
falls in the latter category, segregation allows a facility to
minimize the cost of treating infectious waste by minimizing the
amount of infectious waste. Sharps are dangerous to hospital
personnel, waste handlers, and scavengers. To reduce the
possibility of infection, handling of sharps must be minimized
and they must be contained in puncture-proof containers from
point of use to final disposal. Hazardous waste such as mercury,
chemotherapy drugs and nuclear medicine must be separated
and dealt with appropriately to avoid large-scale environmental
contamination. Segregation allows the recycling of paper,
cardboard, metals, etc. which saves money and reduces the
environmental burden of increased demand. Segregation also
allows the identification of problematic parts of the waste stream
_ e.g. non-recyclables _which can then be minimized through
purchasing.

HAZARDOUS WASTE

KEY ASPECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste disposal
Waste processing
Waste recycling
Waste minimization

Waste disposal
The disposal of waste can be done through the flowing
methods.
Land filling
Composting
Incineration
Anaerobic digestion
Mechanical biological treatment

LAND FILLING
Within this framework, landfills are a mechanism for
effectively treating and disposing of those wastes which, at
the present time, it is neither technically feasible nor
economically viable to avoid, re-use, recycle or reprocess.There
are five principal environmental management techniques for
landfills which a landfill occupier must consider in order to
achieve the best environmental outcome:
• site selection - an appropriate location will have
natural barriers and buffer distances to help reduce
environmental risk
• design and construction - including all aspects of
the design and construction of the landfill and
associated infrastructure
• monitoring - including all monitoring and reporting
of air, water, noise and waste
• site operations management - including all

operational measures required to manage a landfill in

an environmentally acceptable manner
• remediation and post-closure management -
including the measures needed to minimise the impact
of closed landfills and ensure the beneficial use of
landfill sites after closure.

INCINERATION
Incineration involves the combustion of
typically unprepared (raw or residual) MSW.
To allow the combustion to take place a
sufficient quantity of oxygen is required to
fully oxidise the fuel. Incineration plant
combustion temperatures are in excess of
850oC and the waste is mostly converted into
carbon dioxide and water and any noncombustible
materials (e.g. metals, glass,
stones) remain as a solid, known as
Incinerator Bottom Ash (IBA) that always
contains a small amount of residual carbon.
The direct combustion of a waste usually
releases more of the available energy
compared to pyrolysis and gasification.

◆ Advantages and disadvantages of incineration

Advantages:
The amount and volume of the MSW can be reduced
significantly (up to 90% by volume and 75% by weight);
Disadvantages:
Not all waste can be burned (There will still be landfills)
Waste-to-energy;
Release hundreds of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere;
Disposal of the ash (The toxic substance are more
concentrated
in the ash);
Highly related to the economic condition;
A classic short-term solution (it destroys potentially useful
(recyclable or compostable) material by turning it into toxic
ash);

Recycling （回收）
Put the recyclables out on the curb.
◆ Recycling process
Step 1. Collection and Processing
The recyclable materials are collected at the curb or from a
dropoff
centre, than transported into a recovery facility where they
were cleaned, separated, and baled.
Step 2. Manufacturing
Recyclables are processed into new products.
Step 3. Purchasing Recycled Products
Purchasing recycled products completes the recycling loop.

Benefits of recycling

(1) Conserves resources for our children's future;

(2) Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases and water
pollutants;
(3) Supplies valuable raw materials to industry;
(4) Creates jobs;
(5) Stimulates the development of greener technologies;
(6) Reduces the need for new landfills and incinerators (about
30% of the MSW is disposed through recycling);
(7) Saves energy;
Waste is unwanted or unusable materials.Solid waste means any garbage or
refuse; sludge; and other discarded material,including solid, semi-solid resulting
from industrial, commercial, mining,and agricultural operations, and from
community activities from awastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment
plant, or airpollution control facility.
Any material that we discard, that is not liquid or gas, is solid waste. Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW). Solid waste from home or office. Industrial Solid Waste. Solid
waste produced from Mines, Agriculture or Industry.

.
Corrosivity - Corrosive wastes are acids or bases (pH less than or equal to 2 or
greater than or equal to 12.5) that are capable of corroding metal containers, such
as storage tanks, drums, and barrels.
Reactivity - Reactive wastes are unstable under "normal" conditions. They can
cause explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when mixed with water.
Toxicity - Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed (e.g.,
containing mercury, lead, etc.). When toxic wastes are disposed of on land,
contaminated liquid may drain (leach) from the waste and pollute ground water.
Toxicity is defined through a laboratory procedure called the Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP).
Major types: Organics and Heavy Metals, Radioactive wastes.
◆
(1) Conserves resources for our children's
future;
(2) Prevents emissions of many
greenhouse gases and wate
(3) Supplies valuable raw materials to
industry;
(4) Creates jobs;
(5) Stimulates the development of greener
technologies;
(6) Reduces the need for new landfills and
incinerators (about
30% of the MSW is disposed through
recycling);
(7) Saves energy;
◆