Final 8th Sem

“MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF HIGH SPEED
ROTATING DISK OF HYPERBOLIC PROFILE

CONSIDERING MECHANICAL LOADING.”
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
SHAH SOMIL KETANKUMAR (120090119002)
SOLANKI SHUBHAM HITENDRASINH (120090119013)
BHAGWAKAR RAVI NISHCHALBHAI (120090119016)
KALATHIYA KRUSHNAL DILIPKUMAR (120090119023)
KANTHARIA VIRAL ISHWARBHAI (120090119080)
In fulfilment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
C. K. PITHAWALLA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY –SURAT
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY – AHMEDABAD
OCTOMBER -2016
1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
Date: - 21/04/2016
This is to certify that the project work entitled “MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF

HIGH SPEED ROTATING DISK OF HYPERBOLIC PROFILE CONSIDERING
MECHANICAL LOADING” has been carried out by Shah Somil, Solanki Shubham,
Bhagwakar Ravi, Kalathiya Krushnal and Kantharia Viral, under my guidance in
fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering (8th Semester)
of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2015-2016.
Dr. CHAITANYA K. DESAI PROF. SUMIT Y. PATEL
2
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Dr. SONAL DESAI
CERTIFICATE
Date: - 21/04/2016
This is to certify that the project work entitled “MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF

HIGH SPEED ROTATING DISK OF HYPERBOLIC PROFILE CONSIDERING
MECHANICAL LOADING” has been satisfactorily completed by below mentioned
students in fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering (8th
Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2015-
2016.
SHAH SOMIL KETANKUMAR (120090119002)
SOLANKI SHUBHAM HITENDRASINH (120090119013)
BHAGWAKAR RAVI NISHCHALBHAI (120090119016)
KALATHIYA KRUSHNAL DILIPKUMAR (120090119023)
KANTHARIA VIRAL ISHWARBHAI (120090119080)
3
 External Examiner:-
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without
the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend our
sincere thanks to all of them.
It has been great honour working with Mr. CHAITANYA K. DESAI and Mr. SUMIT
Y. PATEL, right from the Conceptualization of the topic till the completion of entire work.
We are deeply indebted for his help, stimulation, suggestion and encouragement that helped
us all the time throughout the project.
A journey is easier when you travel together; interdependence is certainly more valuable
than independence. We would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the
possibility to complete the project work.
We are extremely indebted to the teaching staff and the non-teaching staff of Mechanical
Engineering Department of C. K. Pithawalla College of Engineering and Technology College,
Surat for helping in the project.
Finally and most important, we record our permanent gratitude for the faith and support
of our parents who played a very crucial role during the work.
4
CONTENTS
PROBLEM SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (6)
AIMS AND OFJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (7)
LITERATURE REVIEWS……………………………………………………………………………………………….......… (8)
DESIGN: ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY…………………………… (10)
NOMENCLATURE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (18)
TERMINOLOGIES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (19)
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ROTATING ELEMENTS
1.1: ROTORS………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (20)
1.2: APPLICATIONS OF ROTOR………………………………………………………………………………… (20)
1.3: VARIOUS LOADS ON ROTATING ELEMENT……………………………………………………………. (21)
CHAPTER 2: BASIC HYPOTHESIS
2.1: BASIC ASSUMPTIONS……………………………………………………………………………………… (23)
CHAPTER 3: GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
3.1: FORCES ON INFINITESIMAL SMALL ELEMENTS……………………………………………………… (24)
3.2: EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS……………………………………………………………………………….. (24)
3.3: COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS……………………………………………………………………………. (29)
3.4: FIELD OF APPLICATION OF GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS……………………………… (30)
CHAPTER 4: CONSTANT THICKNESS ROTATING DISK
4.1: GDE FOR CONSTANT THICKNESS………………………………………………………………………. (31)
CHAPTER 5: VARIATION OF STRESS FOR ANNULAR AND SOLID DISK
5.1: STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN ANNULAR DISK…………………………………………………………. (34)
5.2: STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOLID DISK………………………………………………………………. (35)
5.3: GENERAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF 𝛽……………………………… (36)
5.4: CONCLUSION AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS…………………………………………………………... (36)
CHAPTER 6: HYPERBOLIC DISKS
6.1: HYPERBOLIC PROFILES……………………………………………………………………..………….. (38)
6.2: ROTATING DISK SUBJECTED TO CENTRIFUGAL LOADING ONLY…………..………………….. (40)
CHAPTER 7: VARIATION OF STRESS FOR ANNULAR AND SOLID DISKS IN HYPERBOLIC PROFILES
7.1: REDUCTION IN STRESS IN HYPERBOLIC DISKS………………………………………………….… (43)
5
7.2: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………………………………………………………... (43)
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (45)
PROBLEM SUMMARY
Stress and strain analysis of rotating disks subjected to surface and body
loads, along the radius, is a classic subject of machine design. It is fascinating
subject indeed, but also an extremely complex one along with wide range of
application. At first we would formulate mathematical model of high speed
rotating disk. In our problem we are going to deal mainly with two stresses that are
set up i.e. radial stresses and hoops stresses. After finding the stress distribution
along the high speed rotating disk we would find major regions where stress
concentration is maximum and would try to reduce the stresses set up by selecting
the appropriate profile which provide uniform strength throughout and finally
comparing the results using FEA.
6
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the present work is to determine the radial and
tangential stresses set up at each point on the high speed rotating disk and finding
out the variation of stresses by considering uniform thickness disk rotating at
high speed and formulating a mathematical model. We would also find out the
best profile which can withstand the stresses and would develop a mathematical
model for such kind of profile. Finally we would compare the results of
mathematical model using FEA and would check the validation of model.
Main aim is to find the best profile which can allow uniform stress
distribution throughout the disk. stress and strain analysis on rotor disks used for
designing of rotating elements like turbine, fly wheel, turbomachinery, etc. and to
analyse our mathematical model using Finite Element Analysis.
7
TERMINOLOGIES
 Centrifugal Force:-Centrifugal force is force arising due to body's inertia, which appears
to act on a body moving in a circular path and is directed away from the centre around which
the body is moving.
 Radial Stress:- Radial stresses are Stresses towards or away from the central axis of
component.
 Hoop Stress:- The hoop stress is the force exerted circumferentially (perpendicular both to
the axis and to the radius of the object) in both directions on every particle in the cylinder
wall.
 Axisymmetry:-Symmetrical about an axis.

 Plane Stress:-It is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal stresses, directed
perpendicular to the x-y plane are assumed to be zero. The geometry of the body is
essentially that of a plate with one dimension.
𝝈𝒛 =𝝉𝒙𝒛 =𝝉𝒚𝒛 = 𝟎
 Plain Strain:-Plain strain is the deformation of a body in which the displacements of all
points in the body are parallel to a given plane, and the values of these displacements do not
depend on the distance perpendicular to the plane.
𝜺𝒛 = 𝟎
 Modulus of Elasticity:- "Young's modulus" or modulus of elasticity, is a number that
measures an object or substance's resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-
permanently) when a force is applied to it. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as
the slope of its stress–strain curve in the elastic deformation region
8
Chapter 1: Introduction and Statement Of The
Problem
1.1 Provenance of the Perusal
Apropos of Stress analysis of the design or a component is a crucial need for safe design
that can abide by all circumstances. Stress analysis is a tool that copes with superior design.
The ultimate aspiration of the stress analysis is propose the design of structure that can aide by
all kind of specific loading condition accenting that minimum amount of material is being used.
This may be performed through considerably different approaches like computational
mathematics, analytic mathematical modelling or computation simulation, and additionally
through experimental techniques and some hybrid or combine methods are also being used.
Accenting the stress analysis of the component that has immense use in recent engineering
applications. The investigation emphasized on the aspiration to find the most extensively
consumed component in engineering applications. So, the consequence of the perusal ends with
the component that is scopious in application and researches as well. So, it basically has it’s
huge range of application in power generation, power consumption and power transmission.
These all applications consist of a component rotating disk. The component has wide range of
application. As cited. So, the proposed study is accenting on stress analysis of rotating disk.
Science the stress and strain analysis of the rotating disk that are subjected to traction forces as
well as body forces and other adverse conditions followed by thermal loading like temperature
variation by radius, is a classical subject of machine design.
1.2 Introduction of Rotors
1.2.1 Rotor
Rotating member is known as rotor. It is a rotating part consists by machine or a device.
1.3 Application of Rotating Disk
9
Rotating disk has boundless engineering application such as steam and gas turbine rotor
in this the rotating disk is being used to convert the mechanical energy to satisfy the extended
means, turbo generators are the application in which rotating disk is being used to satisfy the
requirement of generating the electrical power.
In turbojet engines these are being used to get a mechanical energy, centrifugal compressors
consist this part to create vacuum, component like gears to transmit the mechanical power,
Flywheel to store the mechanical energy, Fan to create an air flow, Molecular pump to excite
atoms, Centrifuges, Ultra-centrifuges, Synchronous and Axi-synchronous machinery, Roto-
Plane, Rotor -Ship, Turbine driven tank which is extensively used in military, Aerospace
application like Helicopters, Auto- gyros. Natural energy resources to get Mechanical and other
energies like wind generator. Production of various components and machineries these are
being used as machine tools.
So, this consequences that rotating disk has an immense amount of application in
mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, production engineering as well as
electrical engineering. so, the outgrowth of this segment emphasis that from fan to fighter jet,
auto, aero, navy all kind of industries have boundless demand of the rotating disk.
1.4 Predicaments Encountered by Rotating Disk
In spite of the fact that, the proposed concept is fascinating undoubtedly, but it also the
extremely complex to be investigated. These disks are working under wide range of district
and complex kind of loading applications.
(a) Rotor (b) Rotating Disk
Figure 1.1: Schematic Of A rotor
10
(a) Turbine (b) Turbo-Machinery
Figure 1.2: Uses of Rotor in Turbo-Machinery
(a) (b)
Figure 1.3: Uses of Rotating Disk in Compressor and Pumps
11
(a) Fans
(b) Machine Tools
Figure 1.4: Uses of Rotating Disk in Compressor and Pumps
12
(a) (b)
Figure 1.5: Uses Of Rotating Disk in Aviation industry
(a) Military Tanks (b) Ships
Figure 1.6: Uses Of Rotating Disk In Ships And Military Tanks
Among all these complex conditions some conditions are influenced by rotating speed
directly like velocity and acceleration and gyroscopic moments. Moreover they are under some
uneven temperature distributions that make the operating conditions more severe. Followed by
the advancements in technology and industry the scenario has drastically changed and modified
by the need to rotate the disk on high velocities to satisfy the greed of higher and efficient
output followed by modified advancements. Advancement urges not only high velocities but it
needs a lower weight ratios also. So, the discussion denouements with the fact that technology
urges for the high velocity to lower weight ratios. These results in requirement of high velocity
will be satisfied by the proposed application.
Additionally focusing on the fact that, the disk is under thermal gradient also. The
material of the disk must be selected considering these criteria of thermal loading also.
Specifically heat resisting materials are being used in this kind of applications.
It should be noted that as these are being rotated under higher kind of velocities
moreover the rotating disk are under temperature gradient also. The effect of this has become
more crucial and severe. The disk can be said to be rotating under thermo-mechanical kind of
loading. So due to these both loading undoubtedly the stresses induced in the materials and
strain followed by radial displacements are also vary drastically up to some dangerous
segments. So, the components should analyse exactly for the safe design that can abide by these
all kind of circumstances. The materials should also be selected properly followed by a specific
kind of testing in laboratory, so it can sustain the applied load more safely. And possibilities of
sudden failures can be omitted as rigorously as possible.
The debate has consequence by the fact that these rotating disks are extremely
hazardous and they fails during service, they generally fails catastrophically. so, suddenly they
may get fail when they are under working condition so, in this situation they may be in contact
with some operator or person concerned with these machines. When they suddenly fails a
ballistic projectiles get liberated by the half or one-third of the weight of the rotor. As rotor is
rotating with very high velocities then it is intuitive that peripherals velocity are higher and
having100m/s of velocities. So, design must be safe for all times under all circumstances.
(a) Turbine (b) Rotating Disk
(c) Aero-Plane Rotor (d) Circular Ring
Figure 1.7: Failures in Rotating Disks
Conceptual design of the rotating disk is based on some actual calculation of velocities
and all other parameters and it should be noted that we are not always free to define all the
parameters according to our desire. There must be some constrains that deals with practical
kind of applications so, all parts have some limitations to be designed. so analysis should be
done on the bases of best or an optimal kind of evaluation which may be followed by some
kind of approximations.
CKPCET, SURAT Page 14

The state of stress will be bi-axial or tri-axial kind. In moreover it get vary in inner and
outer radius associated with thermal loading and angular acceleration also. Moreover these are
not simple in geometry; they may overlap on each other due to the complex geometry of each
other. This Consequences a higher stress concentration.
So, the denouement of the study manifests that the in spite of being used in ample
amount in various segment of all engineering field these are strictly facing predicaments in
their operating conditions. so, these consists the stuff like liberating ballistic projectiles to be
having huge range of stress induced in inner and outer kind of edges.
Outgrowth emphasizes to deliberate the stress analysis of rotor substantially. So,
with indeed the technological advancements the designs are investigated as rigorously as
possible to abide the guarantee of safety in all complex conditions.
1.5 Status of Research and Development
The inception of the perusal on proposed study conspicuous the researches carried out
by this time. For distinct segments that can be cogitable for the rotating disk, the relevant
literatures has been surveyed and cited chronologically. The researches for the rotating disk
having Uniform Thickness effectuated formerly in 2006 by N. Alexandrova, S. Alexandrov
P. M. M. Vila Real in which the discussion based on the displacement field and strain
distribution in rotating annular disk had determined cites4. Subsequently in 2007, L. H. You,
X. Y. You, J. J. Zhang and J. Li acquired the general differential equation for rotating disk
followed by axisymmetric and plan stress assumption and modified the same by recasting the
material properties from homogeneous and isotropic to functionally graded materials. Later
this research was also remodeled by L.H. You , J.X. Wang, B.P. Tang in 2008 b ex-cogitated
the same research with applying internal and external pressure. it is an exact analytical model
to predict the behavior of stresses and deformation in annular disk which is subjected to
internal and external pressure and the validity of the analytical solution has been examined
by means of numerical solution. The research in this segment had refined further by Ali
Kurun , Muzaffer Topcua, Tuba Tetik ,2011, envisage about adding the effect of thermal
loads in researches that have been carried out by this by considering only mechanical
loading. The convergence of this analysis has also measured by using finite element method.
The subsequent analysis was succeeded by X.L. Peng , X.F.Li, 2012, in this exploration the
study of orthotropic functionally graded material had effectuated. So the material property
was varying in this analysis beside this by Gaurav Kansal, Mohd. Parvez in 2012, a thermal
load analysis in uniform thickness kind of disk had performed by the time. Here also using
finite element method the stresses at inner and outer radius were founded out. Moreover
radial and tangential stresses were also determined by the same approach that is ansys
commercial finite element program. Additionally in 2014, B. Arnab, S. M. Islam, A. Khalak,
A. M. Afsar had explored thermo-elastic field in circular disk that is having a central hole
along with coated outer surface or it can be said that surface is grinded also. And this field
was determined by the finite difference method. Furthermore the perusal was implemented to
elastic plasic regime also suggesting an exact solution in this segment.
Since the emphasis is on to dispute distinct segments that can be cogitable for the
rotating disk, the upcoming discussion is for thermo-mechanical loading. So, in
2012,A.Hassani, M.H.Ho jjati, E.Mahdavi, R.A.Alashti, G.Farrahi,evidenced the thermo-
mechanical stress analysis for fixed-fixed and free-free boundary condition by using runge-
kutta numerical method. This results gave an idea about numerical solution of the rotating
disk that is under thermo-mechanical loading. Also for fix-fix and free-free boundary
condition. This was followed by Mehdi Bayat, B.B.Sahari ,M.Saleem, A.M.S.Hamouda, J.
N. Reddy in 2012 by using semi-analytical approach for the indistinguishable
approach[18].In 2014, E. Cetin, A. Kursun, S. Aksoy, M. Tunay Cetin, investigated the
behaviour of bi-metallic kind of disk under thermo-mechanical loading conditions. The disk
is moreover annular. And plan stress is assumed in this study. so, these were the thermo-
mechanical scrutiny procured by the researches made up to now.
Forthcoming segment accent the varying material property for the rotating disk
material. These may vary drastically as per the research is proposed. So, provenance in this
segment was made by L. H. You, X. Y. You, J. J. Zhang and J. Li in 2007 in his research the
material had varied from isotropic homogeneous to functionally graded material. General
differential equation had derived for this case. For this case he derived elastic equations also.
Where plan stress assumption and axisymmetric assumption was made. L.H. You, J.X.
Wang, B.P. Tang, in 2008, after the derivation of general differential equation in this year
these researchers had derived deformation and stress field for the annular disk with is also
subjected to internal and external kind of pressure with functionally graded material.
Subsequently after the displacement field in 2008, in 2008 again by Mehdi Bayat , M.
Saleem , B.B. Sahari , A.M.S. Hamouda , E. Mahdi , the equation of radial stress field was
developed in which along with functionally graded material the free-free end disk was
analysed. Concordantly the investigations on the material variation of rotating disk was
extended in 2011 by Ali Kurun , Muzaffer Topcua, Tuba Tetik , deliberated the functionally
graded material under thermo loading and mechanical loading separately in rotating disk.
Accompanying these researches a in 2012 a research on orthotropic material with
functionally graded material was done by X.L. Peng , X.F.Li. In 2012 these researches had
come to the scenario at which in the same year Gaurav Kansal, Mohd. Parvez, had analyzed
the rotating disk only thermally for isotropic material. And these results were taken directly
from ANSYS finite element method.[17]. In 2013 by Mehdi Bayat ,B. B. Sahari, M. Saleem
, A. M. S. Hamouda, J. N. Reddy has d investigated the thermal behavior of the disk that is
having functionally graded material property . Newly in 2014 the functionally graded
material was analysed for thermal kind of loading conditions in which the behaviour is being
examined and it is by the finite element method is suggested by B. Arnab, S. M. Islam, A.
Khalak, A. M. Afsar. Correspondingly the researches has been done in this segment.
The succeeding discourse is regarding the thickness profile of rotating disk.

Concerning the inception for this segment was made by Francesco Vivio , Vincenzo Vullo in
2007, they transformed the thickness profile from constant thickness to a tapering disk that
can be considered as a conical profile in this research he suggested the analytical solution for
the conical thickness profile rotating disk that Is subjected to thermal kind of loading also.
Where the study was conducted concerning the annular disk as well as solid disk. In 2008 the
further modification was done by considering the thickness as non-linear profile in this study
a random function is taken and the analytical solution had derived regarding to that function.
Moreover the numerical solution had also obtained to authenticity of the derived results.
Further in 2010, again the same criteria was applied for the thickness of disk, here any
variable thickness profile is there in the research so in any arbitrary profile the general
differential equation has been applied to find the results and the results authenticity checked
by the finite element method. The same kind of study had conducted by Ashraf M.
Zenkour1, Daoud S. Mashat, in 2011, in which stress function of the rotating disk that is
having varying thickness profile was procure as an exact solution and then the authenticity
was examined by rugge-kutta forth order numerical method. Here, the analysis was done on
the annular disk with a general arbitrary configuration. Moving further with the dispute of
the researches leads to the further work by Mehdi Bayat ,B. B. Sahari, M. Saleem, A. M. S.
Hamouda ,J. N. Reddy ,in 2013 in which the radial displacement and stress of an any
arbitrary profile thickness has been obtained. This creditability has been checked here again
by finite element method. In 2013 the identical study was conducted by Hassani , M.H.
Hojjati , E. Mahdavi , R.A. Alashti , G. Farrahi in this study he focused on the boundary
condition of the rotating disk along with the profile variation. They considered free-free and
fix-free kind of rotating disk to analyses the stresses and displacement field in the same study
the effect of the thermal load has been included. Cetin, in which the non-linear kind of
profile has been conceded but the modification is again made by the author and that is to use
the by metallic disk in the proposed study which is again under thermal kind of loading also.
Now, succeeding segment apropos of elastic-plastic region. In this segment the

provenance by Andro Alujevic, Marjan Martinez in 1992, in this study the author suggested
that hyperbolic disk that is also having or working in post plastic region. Additionally, U.
Goven, in1995 he made a report on the study of a non-linearly varying kind of profile also it
is in elastic plastic region. Moreover the walls are also insulated in this study. So, it is a
study of a study to get an exact solution of elasto plastic region with rigid insulation of an
annular disk. Now again in 1997, U. Goven, gave an elastic-plastic kind of region with
hyperbolic rigid insulation. The exact solution is supposed to be found out. Based on district
failure theories the had applied for the study propose.
An extensive perusal has been carried out on rotating disk under mechanical load only.
This segment consist an exact solution of the displacement field and stresses induced in disk
using computation mathematics approach. Moreover for varying thickness non-linearly the
researches had become recently more preferable undoubtedly. This segment have
comprehensive study on the behaviour of this kind of geometrical modification
consequences has studied using finite element approaches. Considering the thermo-
mechanical effect by finite element analysis is also widely predicted. Prediction of the stress
and displacement field using finite element or say numerical methods are extensively done
up to this time for the rotating disk is having different approaches for their materials
property, by using again different approaches of finite element methods. Furthermore the
behaviour of the rotating disk was further scrutinized by emphasizing on the boundary
conditions also. Voluminous exploration has done on fixe-fixed and free-free condition of
the disk. Followed by numerical simulation methods. So, this manifests that liability for
further scope for perusal and researches in this field.
1.6 Research Gap
Consequence of the perusal has leaded to some crucial observation made during research.
The sensations of literature survey guide us to quantify the researches that have investigated
extensively. Subsequently the same will assess the lacking segments that have being still to
be investigated.
So, here the literature surveys have quantified some facts on the both, the researches
has investigated extensively and the researches that have still to be deliberated. Extensive
researches have been carried out for the uniform thickness rotating disk under mechanical
kind of loading. Hefty work has been brought about the rotating disk that is under thermal
kind of loading. Comprehensive exploration has been conducted on the rotating disk with its
material property variation. In this segment assents the specification concluded that extensive
work has effectuated for functionally graded materials (FGM). Additionally orthotropic
material has also been speculated for the proposed study.
Scrutinizing the geometrical profile modification beholds the attention towards the
fact that inclusive work has carried out for the rotor having the profile modification.
Focusing an arbitrary shape of the thickness profile. Moreover a non-linear profile
considering some functions has also conduced.
Variation of boundary condition has also studied adequately. Upcoming segment is an
elasto-plastic segment in which ancillary work has been done.

These are the investigations conducted by segments individually. Now need to pay
attention towards the work that has done combining more than one segment. Most researches
are on the disk under mechanical loading and varying material properties. Non-linearly
varying thickness under thermal loading with rigid insulation is also carried out widely.
Moreover the solution for non-linearly varying profile has been investigated by numerical
simulation methods which may not give an exact solution. The thickness profile having
arbitrary thickness is also semi-exact solution. The thickness profile having arbitrary
thickness is also semi-exact solution. Thermal and mechanical kind of loading are
investigated separately. Vary minor researches are there considering thermomechanical kind
of loading. That is also carried out by means of numerical simulation. An exact solution is
lesser examined.
Fixed-fixed and fixed-free kind of insulation has also been examined by means of
numerical simulation no exact solution is there. Considering any specific shape of rotor little
analysis has done. And it is harder to find the researches done for exact solutions. So it could
be concluded that an exact solution of the stress analysis of rotating disk has hardly focused
by researchers.
The crucial research for thermo-mechanical kind of loading that has been cogitated as
the most extensively applied working condition criteria for rotor has also been cited to be
hardly focused. Very little research has done in this segment.
Assenting on the specific thickness profile of the rotating disk and imposing thermo-
mechanical loading is left with the negligible research in the cited field. Investigation can
further be extended by investigating the results in elasto-plastic region. So, the stress analysis
for the disk rotating under thermo-mechanical loading and the profile modification
considering a specific curve profiles and imposing thermo-mechanical loading on the same,
are emphasized to be investigated. Different perusal, researches and deliberates on this
segment is the exigency in the field of rotating disk stress analysis.
1.7 Problem Definition

Estimation of stress and deformation of disk at high rotational speeds have been a
subject of longstanding attention to many a researcher. Subsequent study of the literature and
the denouement of research gap lead us to define the objective of our proposed study in the
sense of the problem definition. Elucidating on the objective of present work asserts the
stress analysis of the rotating disk as cogitated is previous sections. It specifically is going to
deal with the filling the gap of researches by our present proposed study in this segment.
Science, the objective emphasizes to procure an exact solution for the stress analysis of the
rotating disk. The exact solution will be obtained derived considering thermo-mechanical
kind of combine loading. Additionally it is going to envisage on the thickness profile
modification of rotor. Since, a specific profile is going to be used to investigate the
behaviour of the stresses and strain induced in rotating disks. Furthermore, the modified
profile will also be analysis under some more complex and sever kind of operating condition

that is thermo-mechanical kind of loading condition. The research will be further extended
by switching over in elasto-plastic region. An exact solution will be then validated or the
authenticity of the derived solution will be checked by using a finite element approaches.
1.8 Methodology of Problem Solution
• As discussed in introductory segments that the stress analysis can be done by

different approaches.
• In that a mathematical modelling for an exact solution was manifested. Additionally

numerical approaches are also there for simulation purpose but the results may be
approximated solutions.
• And the experiments can also be conducted to find the behaviour of the stresses.
Among these approaches the experimental approach cannot be scrutinize for the proposed
study.
1.8.1 Mathematical Modelling
A Mathematical Model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and

language. This Process of developing a mathematical model is termed as Mathematical
modelling. A model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different
components, and to make predictions about behaviour. Mathematical models can take many
forms, including Dynamic systems, Static Systems, Differential equation and so on.
Aftermath of the above discussion leads us to the conclusion that to get an exact
solution of a stress modal a mathematical modelling is only the way to satisfy the required
means. The results may be validated or the authenticity of the result of mathematical
modelling can be verified by the numerical simulation say finite element method.
A General Differential Equation Is being prepared that will be obtained by considering

the effect of all the loads imposed on the component along with relating the same with
material constitutive properties. Which will be enrich with all the parameters of rotating disk.
Analysing these parameters we may get the different-different results for the proposed work.
1.8.2 Thermo-Mechanical Loading

In the proposed study the general differential equation is going to consist all kind of
loading acting on a rotating disk. An individual study can be made on this kind of equations
by neglecting all other terms. The general differential equation the effect of thermal loading
will also be considered. The effect of mechanical loading will also be considered. so,
consideration of these two effects will result in to Thermo-Mechanical stress analysis of
rotating disk. This kind of individual studies have been emphasized up to now on rotating
disk. But our emphasis is on complex loading condition. The Behavior of rotor under these
kind of complex loading condition is an actual scenario of the application. And the proposed
work emphasis on the same.
1.8.3 Modified Geometrical Shape
As the objective is clear that the mathematical modelling of the state of stress is going
to be procured in proposed study. In the general differential equation the function profile of
the proposed study will be placed. The response of the rotating disk will be examined under
this profile modification approach. The effect of Thermal loading will also be accounted in
this study individually. The effect of Mechanical loading will also be accounted in this study
individually. And the combine loading effect or say Thermo-Technical Loading effect will
be examined on the modified profile. In the segment, the profile modification is going to be
examined. The entire assent is on the shape which is going to replace the conventional
uniform thickness profile. The shape must satisfy the mathematical means in which the
proposed function or the shape should analytically be computable and must also be resulting
in to closed form solution. Stability towards forces, economy, heat conduction all criteria
must be examined properly.
1.8.4 Choice of an Appropriate Profile
There are ample of choices of functions for changing the profile of the disk. But the
choice should be solved analytically in the form of closed form solution. For an exact
judgment for the behaviour of stress. Moreover it should be economically optimal.

Figure 1.8: Different Choices For The Profile Modification
Correspondence with heat flow as temperature gradient is concern with this condition. Mass
optimality should also be verified for this concern. So, a qualitative research should be done
for this case.
1.8.5 Hyperbolic Thickness Profile
The Solution of Differential Equation is Closed Form Solution In Terms of Elementary

Functions Like Stranded Polynomial, Trigonometric Functions, Hyperbolic Functions,
Exponential Functions And Logarithmic Function Etc. So, closed form solution is available of
hyperbolic shape with increasing emphasis on higher speeds and lower weights the problem
of optimizing the disk configuration becomes more significant. With some reference
suggesting hyperbolic profile with central hole. So, hyperbolic shape has been considered as
an optimum shape for rotating disk by author.
(a) Uniform Thickness (b) Hyperbolic Profile
Figure 1.9: Schematic of A Rotors With Different Profiles

Hyperbolic structure, hyperbolic structures are superior towards outside forces. Hyperbolic
geometry’s structural strength high. Hyperbolic geometry provides good structural economy.
Hyperbolic shape increases aero dynamic lift as wind passes through it increases air- flow rate.
So, increases flow rate. Lesser material needed in its construction then other models. Lesser
material needed for the same model. They provide superior strength. They provide superior
strength, so the consequence these literature surveys elucidates towards electing a hyperbolic
profile. Which suits all the prerequisite criteria regarding the selection of an appropriate
profile.
1.8.6 Elasto-Plastic Region

The research can also be extended up to elasto-plastic region. The behaviour of stress
and deformations are going to be examined in this segment.
1.8.7 Authenticity of Results

Result validation is the most crucial part of any analysis or a research work. Here, the
result validation of the mathematical model can be done by two approaches. Using an
experimental set ups. Using the finite element approach. Experiment cannot be performed in
testing laboratories as it needs extremely expensive set ups dealing with vary high speeds.
No, preference has been given to the same. So, the proposed study is going to emphasis on
authenticate or validate the obtained results with finite element method.
1.8.8 Objectives of the Work

• In present research an exact solution of a stress function is going to be obtained by
mathematical modelling.
• A governing general differential equation is going to be derived for the proposed study.
• Concerning parameters will be reshaped or modified as per the discussion.
• Results of thermo-mechanical loading will be discussed.
• Results of stress analysis in hyperbolic disk will be discussed.
• Results of thermo-mechanical stress analysis considering hyperbolic profile will be

discussed.
• Comparison will be accomplished.

• Results and conclusion from the analysis. Elucidating on the future objective is eventually
becomes, A mathematical modelling of a high speed rotating disk of hyperbolic profile
considering thermo-mechanical loading
1.9 Basic assumptions

 The first simplifying assumption that is usually introduced is that of axial symmetry in
the broad sense (generalized asymmetry), i.e., referring not only to the rotor’s
geometrical shape but also to the distribution of body and surface forces, the thermal
loads acting on the rotor, the boundary conditions, and the material’s elastic
properties.
 The second simplifying assumption is Plane stress state (𝜎𝑧 = 0) for solids of small
axial thickness, plane strain state (𝜀𝑧 = 0) for cylindrical solids constrained at the ends
or infinitely extended along the axis, and strain state with 𝜀𝑧 =const (the so-called
generalized plane strain state) for cylindrical solids of finite length and free at the
ends.
 A rotor to which the plane stress assumption can be applied is called a disk or thin
disk.
1.10 Assumptions used in our project

(1)Axial symmetry in the broad sense
(i.e., referring not only to the rotor’s
geometrical shape but also to the
distribution of body and surface
forces, the thermal loads acting on the
rotor, the boundary conditions, and
the material’s elastic properties).
(2) Material is homogeneous and
Cross section with an axial plane and side isotropic
view of an axisymmetric rotor; geometry (3) Plane stress state 𝝈𝒛 =𝝉𝒙𝒛 =𝝉𝒚𝒛 = 𝟎
and coordinate axes are shown in a (4) Plane strain state 𝜺𝒛 = 𝟎
Cartesian reference system O(x, y, z) and
in a superimposed polar reference
system O(r, ϑ,z ).

CHAPTER 2: GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
2.1 Forces on infinitesimal small element

 To analyze thin disk stress and strain states, the equilibrium equations and the
compatibility equations must be considered simultaneously.
 Take an isolated mixtilinear volume element of the disk located between side surfaces
5 and 6 shown and delimited by two diametric planes with angular coordinates 𝜗 and𝜗 +
𝑑𝜗, which consequently form the angle d𝜗 between them, and by two cylinders having
radii r and r + dr. This element thus has finite dimensions in the direction of the z axis
and infinitesimal dimensions along the other two polar coordinates.
2.2 Equilibrium Equations

 Consider the equilibrium of all forces acting on the element, both along line OA
perpendicular to the disk axis and passing through the centre of gravity G, and along
line GB perpendicular in G to OA.

(Volume element, distribution of normal and shear stress components on its faces assuming axisymmetric, and
elementary surface and body forces acting on the element)
 The volume element is subjected to two elementary body forces applied at the centre of
gravity.
 Force (𝑑𝐹𝑐 ) acting in a radial centrifugal direction and due to the centrifugal load
(this is generally the most severe load condition)
 Force (𝑑𝐹𝑡 ) acting in the tangential direction, i.e., perpendicular to the radius and
due to angular acceleration ώ. These forces are given by the following relations.
𝒅𝑭𝒄 = 𝒓. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒅𝒎 = 𝒓. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝜸. 𝒅𝑽 = 𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓𝟐 . 𝒉. 𝒅𝒗. 𝒅𝒓
𝒅𝑭𝒕 = 𝒓. 𝝎. 𝒅𝒎 = 𝒓. 𝝎. 𝜸. 𝒅𝑽 = 𝜸. 𝝎. 𝒓𝟐 . 𝒉. 𝒅𝒗. 𝒅𝒓
……….(3.1)
 Forces on elements cylindrical face 1:-
 The radial force on the element’s cylindrical face 1, at radius r, directed radially
and facing the interior.
𝒅𝒇𝒓𝟏 = 𝝈𝒓. . 𝒉. 𝒓. 𝒅𝒗
……….(3.2)
 The tangential force on the element’s cylindrical face 1, at radius r, directed
tangentially.
𝒅𝒇𝒕𝟏 = 𝒕𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉. 𝒓. 𝒅𝒗 ……….(3.3)

 Forces on elements cylindrical face 2:-
 The radial force on the element’s cylindrical face 2, at radius (r + dr), directed
radially and facing the exterior.
𝒅𝝈𝒓 𝒅𝒉
𝒅𝒇𝒓𝟐 = (𝝈𝒓 + 𝒅𝒓) . (𝒉 + 𝒅𝒓) . (𝒓 + 𝒅𝒓). 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝒅
= [𝝈𝒓. . 𝒉. 𝒓 + (𝝈𝒓 . 𝒉. 𝒓)] 𝒅𝒗 ………..(3.4)
𝒅𝒓
 Tangential force on the element’s cylindrical face 2, at radius r + dr, directed

tangentially.
𝒅𝝉𝒓𝒕 𝒅𝒉
𝒅𝒇𝒕𝟐 = (𝝉𝒓𝒕 + 𝒅𝒓) . (𝒉 + 𝒅𝒓) (𝒓 + 𝒅𝒓). 𝒅𝒗 =
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝒅
[𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉. 𝒓 + (𝝉 . 𝒉. 𝒓)𝒅𝒓]
𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝒕
 Forces on elements cylindrical face 3 & 4:-

 Two equal radial forces acting on the element’s plane side faces 3 and 4 and facing
in the centrifugal direction on face 3 and in the centripetal direction on face 4
(these forces are equal in modulus, neglecting higher-order infinitesimals)
|𝒅𝒇𝒓𝟑 | = |𝒅𝒇𝒓𝟒 | = 𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉. 𝒅𝒓
 Two equal tangential forces acting on the element’s plane side faces 3 and
4,perpendicular to them and facing the exterior of the element
|𝒅𝒇𝒕𝟑 | = |𝒅𝒇𝒕𝟒 | = 𝝈𝒕 . 𝒉. 𝒅𝒓

 In General we can summarize the various components as follow:-
ELE- RADIAL TANGENTIAL

MEN STRESS STRESS
-TAL
FAC
E
1 𝒅𝒇𝒓𝟏 = 𝝈𝒓. . 𝒉. 𝒓. 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒇𝒕𝟏 = 𝒕𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉. 𝒓. 𝒅𝒗
2 𝒅𝝈𝒓 𝒅𝒉 𝒅𝝉𝒓𝒕 𝒅𝒉
𝒅𝒇𝒓𝟐 = (𝝈𝒓 + 𝒅𝒓) . (𝒉 + 𝒅𝒓) . (𝒓 + 𝒅𝒓). 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒇𝒕𝟐 = (𝝉𝒓𝒕 + 𝒅𝒓) . (𝒉 + 𝒅𝒓) (𝒓 + 𝒅𝒓). 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝒅 𝒅
= [𝝈𝒓. . 𝒉. 𝒓 + (𝝈 . 𝒉. 𝒓)] 𝒅𝒗 = [𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉. 𝒓 + (𝝉 . 𝒉. 𝒓)𝒅𝒓] 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒓 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝒕
3-4 |𝒅𝒇𝒓𝟑 | = |𝒅𝒇𝒓𝟒 | = 𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉. 𝒅𝒓 |𝒅𝒇𝒕𝟑 | = |𝒅𝒇𝒕𝟒 | = 𝝈𝒕 . 𝒉. 𝒅𝒓
 The dynamic equilibrium equations along radial direction GA and tangential direction
GB are
∑ 𝐹𝐺𝐴 = 0
𝑑𝜗 𝑑𝜗 𝑑𝜗
−𝑑𝐹𝑟1 + 𝑑𝐹𝑟2 + 𝑑𝐹𝑟3 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑑𝐹𝑟3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑑𝑇𝑡3 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
𝑑𝜗
−𝑑𝐹𝑡4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑑𝐹𝑐 = 0
2
∑ 𝐹𝐺𝐵 = 0
𝑑𝜗 𝑑𝜗 𝑑𝜗
−𝑑𝐹𝑡1 + 𝑑𝐹𝑡2 + 𝑑𝐹3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑑𝐹𝑟4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑑𝐹𝑡3 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2 2
𝑑𝜗
−𝑑𝐹𝑡4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑑𝐹𝑡 = 0
2

 By introducing relations derived earlier, which express the elementary forces acting on
the element, in the above equilibrium equations, nothing that cos(d𝜗/2)=1 and
sin(d𝜗/2)=d𝜗/2 for infinitesimal angle d𝜗/2 developing calculations and taking care to
omit higher-order infinitesimals, we arrive at the following dynamic equilibrium
equations for the volume element:
𝒅𝝈 𝒓 𝒅𝒉
𝝈𝒓 . 𝒉 + . 𝒉. 𝒓 + . 𝝈𝒓 . 𝒓 − 𝝈𝒕 . 𝒉 + 𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓𝟐 . 𝒉 = 𝟎
{ 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝒅𝝉𝒓𝒕 𝒅𝒉
𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉 + . 𝒉. 𝒓 + . 𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒓 + 𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉 + 𝜸. 𝝎̇. 𝒓𝟐 . 𝒉 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓
 These equation can also be written in more compact form:

𝒅
(𝝈𝒓 . 𝒉. 𝒓) − 𝝈𝒕 . 𝒉 + 𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓𝟐 . 𝒉 = 𝟎
{𝒅𝒓
𝒅
(𝝉 . 𝒉. 𝒓) + 𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉 + 𝜸. 𝝎̇. 𝒓𝟐 . 𝒉 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝒕
 Note that the shear stress components do not appear in the first equation which
expresses dynamic equilibrium in the radial direction, while the normal stress
components do not appear in the second equation which expresses dynamic
equilibrium in the direction perpendicular to the radius.
 This decoupling of normal and shear stress components is because axisymmetric was
assumed.
 The equilibrium equations would have been:
𝝏 𝝏
(𝝈𝒓 . 𝒉. 𝒓) + (𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉) − 𝝈𝒕 . 𝒉 + 𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓𝟐 . 𝒉 = 𝟎
{𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝝑
𝝏 𝝏
(𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉. 𝒓) + (𝝈𝒕 . 𝒉) + 𝝉𝒓𝒕 . 𝒉 + 𝜸. 𝝎̇. 𝒓𝟐 . 𝒉 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝝑

2.3 Compatibility equations
 In the general case in which there is no axisymmetric, normal strain components and
shear strain component ϫrt are linked to components of the displacement in the radial
and tangential directions u and v by the following geometric relations
𝜺𝒓=𝝏𝒖⁄
𝝏𝒓
𝒖 𝟏 𝝏𝒗
𝜺𝒕 = + . ⁄𝝏𝝑
𝒓 𝒓
𝝏𝒗 𝒗 𝟏 𝝏𝒖
𝜸𝒓𝒕 = − + .
𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝝑
 Where the assumptions of axisymmetric applies the radial, tangential and shear strain
equation can reduce below :
𝜺𝒓=𝒅𝒖⁄
𝒅𝒓
𝒖
𝜺𝒕 =
𝒓
𝒅𝒗 𝒗
𝜸𝒓𝒕 = −
𝒅𝒓 𝒓
 When the assumption of axisymmetric is not apply, the most famous and general
compatibility equation can be expressed as follow :
𝝏𝟐 𝜸𝒓𝒕 𝝏𝜸𝒓𝒕 𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝜺𝒕 𝝏𝜺𝒕 𝝏𝜺𝒓 𝝏𝟐 𝜺𝒓
𝒓. + − 𝒓 . 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒓. + 𝒓. − =𝟎
𝝏𝒓. 𝝏𝝑 𝝏𝝑 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝝑𝟐
 General Differential Equation for Rotating Disk Subjected to various loads
𝒅𝟐 𝒖 𝟏 𝒅𝒉 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒗 𝒅𝒉 𝟏 𝒅𝑻 𝑻 𝒅𝒉
+ ( . + ) . + ( . − ) . 𝒖 − (𝟏 + 𝒗). 𝜶. ( + . )
𝒅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 𝒅𝒓 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒉. 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝒓 𝒉 𝒅𝒓
𝟐 ).
𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓
+(𝟏 − 𝒗 =𝟎
𝑬

2.4 Field of application for GDE
 This above GDE can further be solved for different cases,
 Varying function of h
 Rotating disk
 Non-rotating disk
 Solid disk
 Annular disk
 Elasto-plastic regine etc.
 Cases for which closed form solution is available and can be solved analytically
 Constant thickness
 Uniform strength disk
 Hyperbolic profile

CHAPTER 3: CONSTANT THICKNESS ROTATING
DISK
3.1 GDE for constant thickness
General Differential Equation for Rotating Disk Subjected to various loads
𝒅𝟐 𝒖 𝟏 𝒅𝒉 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒗 𝒅𝒉 𝟏 𝒅𝑻 𝑻 𝒅𝒉
+ ( . + ) . + ( . − ) . 𝒖 − (𝟏 + 𝒗). 𝜶. ( + . )
𝒅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 𝒅𝒓 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒉. 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝒓 𝒉 𝒅𝒓
𝟐
𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓
+ (𝟏 − 𝒗 ). =𝟎
𝑬
For the constant thickness disk (h = constant; dh/dr=0), solving above differential equation is
specialized in the following form:
𝒅𝟐 𝒖 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒖 𝒅𝑻 𝟐
𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓
+ . − − (𝟏 + 𝒗). 𝜶. + (𝟏 − 𝒗 ). =𝟎
𝒅𝒓𝟐 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝒓 𝑬
This is non-homogeneous second order Cauchy Euler differential equation.
𝒖 = 𝒖𝒉 + 𝒖𝒑
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅
[ . (𝒖. 𝒓)] = 𝟎
𝒅𝒓 𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐
𝒖𝒉 = .𝒓+
𝟐 𝒓
From the above equation finding out the particular solution
((𝟏 − 𝝑𝟐 ). 𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓𝟑 )
𝒖𝒑𝟏 =−
𝟖𝑬
Taking Derivative,
 Radial strain
𝒅𝒖 𝟑. (𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 ). 𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓𝟐 𝒄𝟐
= + 𝒄𝟏 − 𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝟖𝑬 𝒓
 Tangential Strain
𝒖 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐
𝝐𝒕 = = +
𝒓 𝟐 𝒓𝟐
Now as we know that
Radial and tangential stress can be given as,
𝑬𝒄𝟏 𝑬. 𝒄𝟐 𝟏 ((𝟑 + 𝝑). 𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓𝟐 )

𝝈𝒓 = − . −
𝟐. (𝟏 − 𝝊𝟐 ) (𝟏 + 𝝊) 𝒓𝟐 𝟖
𝑬. 𝒄𝟏 𝑬. 𝒄𝟐 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝟑𝝊). 𝜸. 𝝎𝟐 . 𝒓𝟐 )
𝝈𝒕 = + . −
𝟐(𝟏 − 𝝊𝟐 ) (𝟏 + 𝝊) 𝒓𝟐 𝟖
Dividing and multiplying second and third term by 𝑟𝑒 2 ,
𝑬 ∙ 𝒄𝟏 𝑬 ∙ 𝒄𝟐 ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑+𝒗 𝟐
𝝈𝒓 = − ∙ 𝝆 − 𝜸𝝎𝟐 ∙ ∙𝝆
𝟐 ∙ (𝟏 − 𝝊) (𝟏 + 𝝊) 𝟖 ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝟐
A B C
𝑬 ∙ 𝒄𝟏 𝑬 ∙ 𝒄𝟐 ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒗 𝟐
𝝈𝒕 = + ∙ 𝝆 − 𝜸𝝎𝟐 ∙ ∙𝝆
𝟐 ∙ (𝟏 − 𝝊) (𝟏 + 𝝊) 𝟖 ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝟐
A B D
Therefore we get,
𝑩
𝝈𝒓 = 𝑨 − 𝟐
− 𝑪 ∙ 𝝆𝟐
𝝆
𝑩
𝝈𝒕 = 𝑨 + − 𝑫 ∙ 𝝆𝟐
𝝆𝟐
Here. C and D are known values and C’ and D’ are unknown. So, imposing boundary
conditions.
𝝈𝒓 = 𝟎 ; 𝝆 = 𝜷
𝝈𝒕 = 𝟎 ; 𝝆=𝟏
𝟑+𝒗 𝟏+𝟑𝒗
𝑪= 𝑫=
𝟖 𝟖
𝟑+𝒗
𝑨= ∙ 𝝈𝟎 ∙ (𝟏 + 𝜷𝟐 )
𝟖
𝟑+𝒗
𝑩= ∙ 𝝈𝟎 ∙ 𝜷𝟐
𝟖
In general when equation is considered as a homogeneous form then the solution will be
𝑬. 𝒄𝟏 𝑬. 𝒄𝟐 𝟏
𝝈𝒓 = − .
𝟐. (𝟏 − 𝝊) (𝟏 + 𝝊) 𝒓𝟐
𝑬. 𝒄𝟏 𝑬. 𝒄𝟐 𝟏
𝝈𝒕 = + .
𝟐. (𝟏 − 𝝊) (𝟏 + 𝝊) 𝒓𝟐
Solving this above equation we will come to final equation for radial and hoop stress as
follow:
𝑩
𝝈𝒓 = 𝑨 −
𝝆𝟐
𝑩
𝝈𝒕 = 𝑨 +
𝝆𝟐
These are Lame’s Relation.

𝐄𝑪𝟏 𝑬𝑪𝟐
Where A= and B=
𝟐(𝟏−𝝑) (𝟏+𝝑)𝒓𝒆 𝟐
So, in general we get
Radial Stress
𝟑+𝒗 𝜷𝟐
𝝈𝒓 = ∙ 𝝈𝟎 ∙ (𝟏 + 𝜷𝟐 − 𝟐 − 𝝆𝟐 )
𝟖 𝝆
Tangential/Hoop Stress
𝟑+𝒗 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒗
𝝈𝒕 = ∙ 𝝈𝟎 ∙ (𝟏 + 𝜷𝟐 – − 𝝆𝟐 )
𝟖 𝟑+𝒗

Displacement
𝒓𝒆∙ 𝝆 𝟑 + 𝒗 𝟐
𝜷𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐
𝒖(𝝆) = ∙ ∙ 𝝈𝟎 ∙ [(𝟏 + 𝜷 ) ∙ (𝟏 − 𝒗) + (𝟏 + 𝒗) ∙ 𝟐 − ( ) ∙ 𝝆𝟐 ]
𝑬 𝟖 𝝆 𝟑+𝒗

CHAPTER 4: VARIATION OF STRESS FOR
ANNULAR AND SOLID DISKS
4.1 Stress distribution in annular disk

A. A thin steel disk is used at a rotation velocity of n =14.103 rpm as a rotary cutter
for reams of paper. Except for its cutting edge, the disk can be considered as
being of constant thickness. It features a 250 mm outside diameter and a 56 mm
inside diameter. The disk is installed on the end of a shaft, where it is retained
axially against the shaft shoulder by means of a nut and locknut.( 𝝆 :- 7800 kg/m3
, 𝝑 :- 0.3)
We will calculate the stress state at the inner and outer radii.
Conditions:
Poission’s ratio (𝜗) :- 0.3
Density (𝜌) :- 7800 kg/m3
Angular velocity (𝜔) :- 1466.07 rad/s2
Inner radius (ri) :- 0.028 m
Outer radius (re) :- 0.125 m

Conclusion
(1) Radial Stresses are lesser than hoop stress at each point.
(2) Values of radial stress at inner and outer radius is zero.
(3) Hoop stress value is higher at inner radius and lesser at outer radius.
4.2 Stress distribution in high speed solid disk

B. Conditions:
C. Poission’s ratio (𝜗) :- 0.3
D.
Density (𝜌) :- 8000 kg/m3
E.
Angular velocity (𝜔) :- 251.32 rad/s2
F. Outer radius (re) :- 0.5 m
Conclusions from above plots
(1) Radial Stresses are lesser than hoop stresses.

(2) Values of radial stress at outer radius is zero.
(3) Hoop stress value is higher at inner radius and lesser at outer radius.

4.3 In general for different values for 𝛽:
Now as per above derived equations we know that
Radial Stress
𝟑+𝝑 𝜷𝟐
𝝈𝒓 = . 𝝈𝟎 . (𝟏 + 𝜷 − 𝟐 − 𝝆𝟐 )
𝟐
𝟖 𝝆
Tangential/Hoop Stress
𝟑+𝝑 𝟐
𝜷𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟑𝝑 𝟐
𝝈𝒕 = . 𝝈𝟎 . (𝟏 + 𝜷 + 𝟐 − 𝝆 )
𝟖 𝝆 𝟑+𝝑
4.4 Conclusion and Possible solutions

So following are our main concentration
 We have to select a profile which has less thickness at outer radius and has higher
thickness at inner radius
 Also we have to select a profile which helps to provide uniform strength throughout the
profile
Possible solutions for above problem

 One of the possible solution is to select appropriate material as per the stress
distribution, but due to limitation of application we cannot select any material of our
choice so this solution is only possible in some of the applications so another possible
solution is selection of appropriate disk profile

Various profiles are available with us
 The solution of differential equation is closed form solution in terms of Elementary

functions like standard polynomial, trigonometry functions, hyperbolic function,
exponential function and logarithmic function Etc.
 With major focus on high speed and high temperature, the best and optimum profile is
considered to be HYPERBOLIC PROFILE with central hole (by authors).
So for our analysis we will perform analysis using HYPERBOLIC PROFILE

And would found out stresses at various point and would find out what are the reductions
in stress values.
Advantages of using of Hyperbolic profile
(1) Hyperbolic structures are superior in strength towards out-side forces.

(2) Hyperbolic Geometry’s has higher structural strength.
(3) Hyperbolic Geometry provides good structural economy by using less amount of
material as compared to that used in uniform thickness.
(4) Hyperbolic Geometry also helps in good flow of air along the profile, by increasing the
Aero dynamic lift as wind passes through it.

CHAPTER 5: HYPERBOLIC DISKS
5.1 Hyperbolic profiles
h = C.𝒓𝒂
(Where C and a are constants)
In current design applications, disk thickness decreases from the centre towards the
periphery, and we thus have a < 0.
For any given thickness at the inner radius, a rotating disk with a profile of this kind, and
thus tapering from the inner to the outer radius, will provide the undeniable advantage of
lower weight and rotational inertia than a constant thickness disk, and, as we will see in a
moment, a distribution of stresses along the radius that is more conducive to optimal use of
the material’s strength characteristics.
With a=0, the function will be,
h =𝒉𝒆 .𝝆𝒂
where the meaning of the symbols remains the same, and ℎ𝑒 is disk thickness at the outer
radius 𝑟𝑒 .
In the literature, the thickness at inner radius ℎ𝑖 is occasionally assumed as the

reference thickness. In this case, the function of thickness variation with dimensionless
radius 𝜌 takes the following form:
𝒉𝒊 𝒓𝒆 −𝒂
=( )
𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒊

Various hyperbolic disks are obtained using varying exponent a;
(Hyperbolic disks: (a) profiles obtained by varying exponent a;

(b) profiles tapering towards the outer radius (a < 0) for a disk with β= 0.1)
Above figure shows the different disk profiles that can be obtained, using the above relations, with different
values of exponent a.
For a >0, in fact, the thickness at the disk axis, where two sides of the profile or its extension converge, is
zero.

For a < 0, thickness becomes infinite. Figure shows the curves for profiles tapering towards the outer radius
of a disk with 𝛽 = 0.1, for several negative values of the exponent a between a = 0 (constant thickness disk)
and a = -∞. For a =-1, the disk profile is that of an equilateral hyperbola for any value of 𝛽.
Conclusions:
From above plots we conclude that we cannot use value of constant a>0 as such profile of
the hyperbola is diverging at outer radius which is not useful for us as stress concentration at
outer radius is not so high and our focus is to reduce stress concentration at inner radius so
here we will use value of a<0.
5.2 Rotating disk subjected to centrifugal loading only

𝒅𝟐 𝒖 𝒂+𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒖 𝜸∙𝝎𝟐 ∙𝒓
𝟐
+( )∙ + (𝒗 ∙ 𝒂 + 𝟏) ∙ 𝟐
+ (𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 ) ∙ =𝟎
𝒅𝒓 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓 𝑬
Homogenous Term Non – Homogenous Term
Now considering only the homogeneous part,
𝒅𝟐 𝒖 𝒂+𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒖
+( )∙ + (𝒗 ∙ 𝒂 + 𝟏) ∙ =𝟎
𝒅𝒓𝟐 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝟐
Whose roots p>0 and q<0 are given respectively by the following relations,
𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂𝟐
𝒑=− +√ −𝒗∙𝒂+𝟏 𝒒=− −√ −𝒗∙𝒂+𝟏
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
The solution of the associated homogeneous equation can thus be written in the form,
𝒖(𝒉) = 𝑪𝟏 ∙ 𝒓𝒑 + 𝑪𝟐 ∙ 𝒓𝒒
(𝟏−𝒗𝟐 )∙𝜸𝝎𝟐
𝒖(𝒑) = − ∙ 𝒓𝟑
𝑬∙(𝟖+𝒂∙(𝟑+𝒗))
𝒖 = 𝒖(𝒉) + 𝒖(𝒑)
(𝟏−𝒗𝟐 )∙𝜸𝝎𝟐
𝒖 = 𝑪𝟏 ∙ 𝒓𝒑 + 𝑪𝟐 ∙ 𝒓𝒒 − ∙ 𝒓𝟑
𝑬∙(𝟖+𝒂∙(𝟑+𝒗))
Now, differentiating the above equation,

𝒅𝒖 𝒑−𝟏 𝒒−𝟏
𝟑 ∙ (𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 ) ∙ 𝜸𝝎𝟐
= 𝒑 ∙ 𝑪𝟏 ∙ 𝒓 + 𝒒 ∙ 𝑪𝟐 ∙ 𝒓 − ∙ 𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝑬 ∙ (𝟖 + 𝒂 ∙ (𝟑 + 𝒗))
Subsequently, substituting relations from which temperature terms are omitted gives the
following equations for 𝜎𝑟 and 𝜎𝑡 as a function of radius r :
𝑬 𝒅𝒖 𝒖
𝝈𝒓 = [( ) + 𝒗 ( ) − 𝜶 ∙ 𝑻]
𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 𝒅𝒓 𝒓
𝑬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝝈𝒕 = [( ) + 𝒗 ( ) − 𝜶 ∙ 𝑻]
𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝑬 𝒓𝒑−𝟏 𝑬 𝒓𝒒−𝟏
𝝈𝒓 = 𝟐
∙ 𝑪𝟏 ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝒑−𝟏 ∙ (𝒑 + 𝒗) ∙ ( 𝒑−𝟏 )
+ ∙ 𝑪𝟐 ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝒒−𝟏 ∙ (𝒒 + 𝒗) ∙ ( )
𝟏−𝒗 𝒓𝒆 𝟏−𝒗𝟐 𝒓 𝒆
𝒒−𝟏
A B
(𝟑+𝒗)∙𝜸𝝎𝟐 𝒓𝟐
− [𝟖+(𝟑+𝒗)∙𝒂] ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝟐 ∙ ( )
𝒓𝒆 𝟐
C
𝑬 𝟏+𝒗∙𝒑 𝒓𝒑−𝟏
𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐
∙ 𝑪𝟏 ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝒑−𝟏 ∙ (𝒑 + 𝒗) ∙ ∙( )
𝟏−𝒗 𝒗+𝒑 𝒓𝒆 𝒑−𝟏
A -q
𝑬 𝟏+𝒗∙𝒒 𝒓𝒒−𝟏 (𝟑∙𝒗+𝟏)∙𝜸𝝎𝟐 𝒓𝟐
+ 𝟐
∙ 𝑪𝟐 ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝒒−𝟏 ∙ (𝒒 + 𝒗) ∙ ∙( 𝒒−𝟏 )
− [𝟖+(𝟑+𝒗)∙𝒂] ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝟐 ∙ ( 𝟐)
𝟏−𝒗 𝒗+𝒒 𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒓
B -p D
Substituting constants in the equation,

𝒓
𝝆= 𝝈 𝟎 = 𝜸 ∙ 𝒓𝒆 𝟐 ∙ 𝝎 𝟐
𝒓𝒆
Therefore new equations obtained are,

𝝈𝒓 = 𝑨 ∙ 𝝆𝒑−𝟏 + 𝑩 ∙ 𝝆𝒒−𝟏 − 𝑪 ∙ 𝝆𝟐
𝝈𝒕 = −𝒒 ∙ 𝑨 ∙ 𝝆𝒑−𝟏 − 𝒑 ∙ 𝑩 ∙ 𝝆𝒒−𝟏 − 𝑫 ∙ 𝝆𝟐
To find out the constants A and B, imposing boundary conditions,
𝝈𝒓= 𝟎 for 𝝆 = 𝟏 𝝈𝒓= 𝟎 for 𝝆 = 𝜷
𝜷𝟐 −𝜷𝒒−𝟏 𝜷𝒑−𝟏 −𝜷𝟐

𝑨=𝑪∙ 𝑩=𝑪∙
𝜷𝒑−𝟏 −𝜷𝒒−𝟏 𝜷𝒑−𝟏 −𝜷𝒒−𝟏
Tangential strain on rotating disk subjected to only centrifugal loading are,
(𝟑 + 𝝑) (𝜷𝟐 − 𝜷𝒒−𝟏 )𝝆𝒑−𝟏 + 𝝆𝒒−𝟏 (𝜷𝒑−𝟏 − 𝜷𝟐 ) − 𝝆𝟐 (𝜷𝒑−𝟏 − 𝜷𝒒−𝟏 )

𝝈𝒓 = 𝝈𝟎 . .[ ]
[𝟖 + (𝟑 + 𝒗). 𝒂] (𝜷𝒑−𝟏 − 𝜷𝒒−𝟏 )
𝝈𝒓
(𝜷𝟐 − 𝜷𝒒−𝟏 )(𝟑 + 𝝑)𝝆𝒑−𝟏 − 𝝆𝒒−𝟏 (𝟑 + 𝝑)(𝜷𝒑−𝟏 − 𝜷𝟐 ) − 𝝆𝟐 (𝟑 + 𝝑)(𝜷𝒑−𝟏 − 𝜷𝒒−𝟏 )
= 𝝈𝟎 . [ ]
(𝜷𝒑−𝟏 − 𝜷𝒒−𝟏 )(𝟖 + (𝟑 + 𝒗). 𝒂)
𝒖
𝒓𝒆 . 𝝈𝟎 −(𝒒 + 𝝊). (𝟑 + 𝝊). (𝜷𝟐 − 𝜷𝒒−𝟏 . 𝝆𝒑 − (𝒑 + 𝝊)(𝟑 + 𝝊)(𝜷𝟐 − 𝜷𝒒−𝟏 . 𝝆𝒒 − (𝟏 − 𝝊𝟐 ). (𝜷𝒑−𝟏 − 𝜷𝒒−𝟏 . 𝝆𝟑 )
= [ ]
𝑬 [𝟖 + (𝟑 + 𝝊) ∙ 𝒂] ∙ (𝜷𝒑−𝟏 − 𝜷𝒒−𝟏 )

Chapter 6: Finite Element analysis of High Speed
Rotating Disk
FEM is one of the most successful and dominant numerical method in the last Century.
It is extensively used in modeling and simulation of engineering and science due to its
versatility for complex geometries of solids and structures and its exibility for many non-linear
problems.
Most rotating disk with variable thickness in the applications are axisymmetric. For such
a case, axisymmetric element is the most economical but adequate to use in the finite element
analysis. For any other cases in which the rotating disk is not axisymmetric and therefore not
adequate to be modeled by axisymmetric element, cyclic element and 3D solid element can be
used. The axisymmetric symmetric component, using cylindrical coordinate system where z
is the axis of symmetry, r is the radius, and 𝜃 is the circumference angle, the stresses in the
axisymmetric problem is shown in figure, Both Cases Uniform thickness
Figure 6.1 Schematic of Constant Thickness Disk
and hyperbolic profile have axisymmetric geometry as described. In addition with that the
disk is under various loading condition like
 Centrifugal Loading
 Thermal Loading
 Combine Loading
Emphasizing on the fact that these loading conditions are also axially symmetric.
So, here geometry as well as the loading conditions are also symmetric this exposes the
favorable condition to opt for axisymmetric analysis.

6.1 FE-Analysis of Uniform Thickness
An axisymmetric rotating disk has been analyzed, with commercially available software to
conduct the finite element analysis. Centrifugal forces due to rotational speed of the disc are
body forces. These forces are applied to the axisymmetric element. The geometrical
dimensions are basically the same used in analytical model. In addition to that the loading
condition and magnitude are also same as analytical. So directly data from analytical model
simulation has been done. Simulation has done applying the STATIC GENERAL step of
loading, with applying the loading.
ROTATIONAL BODY FORCES: The force is applied as the value of angular velocity 𝜔
and the body is going to rotate w.r.t the axis of symmetry z. In the fig shown the loading of
𝑟𝑎𝑑
rotational body forces of 980.54 has been given to the disk and other dimensions of disk
𝑠
are also shown in 6.3(a). The Loading simulation has been shown in 6.3(b).The meshing
pattern as shown with Step size given as minimum 0.01 to maximum 0.1 in general
staticcondition6.10. Meshing is done sweep mesh in entire region. Using CAX4R element
with 1147 elements and 1012 nodes. Selecting the path along the radius and finding the
radial and tangential stresses along the thickness. Maximum principal stress in S11 and S33
are radial and tangential stresses respectively.
Figure 6.3: FE-Pattern of Centrifugally Loaded Uniform Thickness Disk

6.1.2 Uniform Thickness Disk under Thermal loading
An axisymmetric rotating disk has analyzed. With commercially available software conduct
the finite element analysis. The disk is under thermal loading. This
forces are applied to the axisymmetric element. The geometrical dimensions are
Basically the same used in analytical model. In addition to that the loading condition and
magnitude are also same as analytical. So directly data from analytical model simulation has
been done. Simulation has done applying the STATIC GENERAL step of loading, with
Predefined field Temperature in which the temperature is being vary linearly from inner edge
𝑇 −𝑇
to outer edge. Linearly Varying Thermal Loading, T(r) = 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑜 𝑖 ∗ 𝑟 𝑛 . 6.6(a) In fig shown
𝑟𝑜 −𝑟𝑖
the temperature at inner edge is Te = 120 ℃ and outer edge To = 20 ℃. With the Loading
pattern as shown in 6.6(b). Step size is given minimum 0.01 to maximum 0.1 in general
static condition. Meshing is done sweep mesh in entire region. Using CAX4R element with
1147 elements and 1012 nodes. fig. Selecting the path along radius finding the radial and
tangential stresses along the thickness. Maximum principal stress at in radial and tangential
direction have been shown as these contour fig. Maximum principal in S11 and S33 are
radial and tangential
(a) FE Result in Radial Direction (b) FE Result in Tangential Direction
stresses
respectively.6.8

Figure 6.6: FE-Pattern Of Thermally Loaded Uniform Thickness Disk
6.1.3 Uniform Thickness Disk Under Combine loading
the finite element analysis. Centrifugal forces due to rotational speed of the disc are body
forces and the forced due to thermal loading. These both forces are applied to the
axisymmetric element. The geometrical dimensions are basically the same used in analytical

model. In addition to that the loading condition and magnitude are also same as analytical.
So directly data from analytical model simulation has been done. Simulation has done
applying the STATIC GENERAL step of loading, with applying the loading ROTATIONAL
BODY FORCES. As well as Predefined thermal loading are applied as the value of angular
velocity ω and the body is going to rotate the body w.r.t the axis of symmetry z and the
temperature is being vary from inner to outer radius linearly.
So, this way the simulation of rotating disk under thermal and mechanical say thermo-
mechanical loading is going to be done as below.
𝑟𝑎𝑑
In fig shown the loading of rotational body forces of 980 and predefined thermal gradient
𝑠
𝑇𝑜 −𝑇𝑖 𝑛
Linearly Varying, T(r) =𝑇𝑖 + ∗𝑟 has been given with inner and outer temperature Ti
= 20 ℃ and To = 120 ℃ respectively as shown in fig 6.11(a).
With the meshing pattern as shown in fig. Step size is given minimum 0.01 to maximum 0.1
in general static conditions. Meshing is done as sweep mesh in entire region. Using CAX4R
element with 1147 elements and 1012 nodes sown in 6.10
Selecting the path along radius finding the radial and tangential stresses along the thickness.
Maximum principal stress at in radial and tangential direction have been shown as these
contouring. Maximum principal in S11 and S33 are radial and tangential stresses
respectively.6.11
Figure 6.9: FE-Pattern of Combine Loaded Uniform Thickness Disk

6.2 FE-Analysis of Hyperbolic Rotating Disk
An axisymmetric analysis of rotating disk with constant thickness has been carried out using
the commercial available software Abaqus. The disk rotates about central axis at
constant angular velocity. In order to achieve the adequate accuracy, the disk is
discretized into 1144 segments in radial direction. In each segment, the thickness and
properties of disk are assumed constant. The geometric model was built using CAX4R
elements. This segment will further be divided in three more subsections according to the
loading applied.
Figure 6.11: Result Of Combine Loaded Uniform Thickness Disk
As the co-ordinate system is being used from Cartesian to cylindrical, the co-ordinates of the
axisymmetry component in FE simulation is itself going to be in cylindrical co-ordinate
system with the r as radial direction and z axis as axis of symmetry as shown in figure and
𝜃 is the circumferential direction of cylindrical co-ordinate system.
6.2.1 Hyperbolic Disk Under Centrifugal loading
forces. This forces are applied to the axisymmetric element. The geometrical dimensions are
basically the same used in analytical model. In addition to that the loading condition and
magnitude are also same as analytical. So directly data from analytical model simulation has
been done. Simulation has done applying the STATIC GENERAL step of loading, with
applying the loading ROTATIONAL BODY FORCES.The force in applied as the value of
angular velocity 𝜔 and the body is going to rotate the body w.r.t the axis of symmetry z.
𝑟𝑎𝑑
In fig shown the loading of rotational body forces of 980.54 has been given to the disk
𝑠
and other dimensions of disk are also shown in 6.12(a). The Loading simulation has been
shown in 6.12(b).The meshing pattern as shown with Step size given as minimum 0.01 to
maximum 0.1 in general static condition7.3. Meshing is done sweep mesh in entire region.

Using CAX4R element with 1147 elements and 1012 node. Selecting the path along radius
finding the radial and tangential stresses along the thickness.
Maximum principal stress at in radial and tangential direction have been shown
as these contour fig. Maximum principal in S11 and S33 are radial and tangential
stresses respectively 6.14.
Figure 6.12: FE-Pattern Of Centrifugally Loaded Uniform Thickness Disk
Figure 6.14: Result Of Centrifugally Loaded Uniform Thickness Disk

6.2.2 Hyperbolic Disk Under Thermal loading
the Finite element analysis.The disk is under thermal loading. This forces are applied to the
axisymmetric element.The geometrical dimensions are basically the same used in analytical
applying the STATIC GENERAL step of loading, with Predefined field Temperature in
which the temperature is being vary linearly from inner edge to outer edge. Linearly Varying
Thermal Loading
𝑇 −𝑇
𝑇𝑖 + 𝑜 𝑖 ∗ 𝑟 𝑛 6.15(a) In fig shown the temperature at inner edge is Te = 120 ℃ and outer
edge To = 20 ℃. With the Loading pattern as shown in 6.15(b). Step size is given minimum
0.01 to maximum 0.1 in general static condition. Meshing is done sweep mesh in entire
region. Using CAX4R element with 1147 elements and 1012 nodes. Selecting the path along
radius finding the radial and tangential stresses along the thickness.
Maximum principal stress at in radial and tangential direction have been shown as these
contour fig. Maximum principal in S11 and S33 are radial and tangential stresses
respectively.6.17
Figure 6.15: FE-Pattern Of Thermally Loaded Hyperbolic Disk
6.2.3 Hyperbolic Disk under Combine loading
forces. and the forced due to thermal loading. These both forces are applied to the
axisymmetric element.The geometrical dimensions are basically the same used in analytical
applying the STATIC

Figure 6.16: Meshing of Hyperbolic Disk
Figure 6.17: Result of Thermally Loaded Hyperbolic Disk
GENERAL step of loading, with applying the loading ROTATIONAL BODY FORCES. As
well as Predefi0ned thermal loading are applied as the value of angular velocity 𝜔 and the
body is going to rotate the body w.r.t the axis of symmetry z and the temperature is being
vary from inner to outer radius linearly.
So, this way the simulation of rotating disk under thermal and mechanical say
thermo-mechanical loading is going to be done as below.
𝑟𝑎𝑑
In fig shown the loading of rotational body forces of 980 and predefined thermal
𝑠
𝑇𝑜 −𝑇𝑖 𝑛
gradient Linearly Varying, 𝑇𝑖 + ∗𝑟 has been given with inner and outer temperature
Ti = 20℃ and To = 120℃ respectively as shown in fig 6.18(a).With the meshing pattern as
shown in _g. Step size is given minimum 0.01 to maximum 0.1 in general static condition.
Meshing is done sweep mesh in entire region. Using CAX4R element with 1147 elements
and 1012 nodes sown in 7.3 Selecting the path along radius finding the radial and tangential
stresses along the thickness.
Maximum principal stress at in radial and tangential direction have been shown
as these contour fig. Maximum principal in S11 and S33 are radial and tangential stresses
respectively 6.20.

Figure 6.18: FE-Pattern of Combine Loaded Hyperbolic Disk

Chapter 7: VARIATION OF STRESS FOR
ANNULAR AND SOLID DISKS IN
HYPERBOLIC PROFILES
7.1 Comparison of Uniform Thickness Profile And

Hyperbolic Profile
Comparing the rotating disk here as a same manner as compared in analytical
Solution. So, comparing in both the disks for different-different cases as per loading
Condition.
7.1.1 Comparison under Centrifugal Loading

Considering the results obtained from FE-Simulation for uniform thickness as well as the
hyperbolic disk. Plotting the graphs in MATLAB the results obtained are as below. From the
results it can be concluded that the stress from inner edge to outer edge in radial and
tangential direction are shown in graph.
7.2 Results
7.2.1 Stress Variation in Hyperbolic Disk under Centrifugal Loading
(1) Tangential stress:-
For the disc having constant thickness:
𝝈𝒕,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝑴𝒑𝒂
For the disc having hyperbolic profile:
𝝈𝒕,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 𝑴𝒑𝒂
So, the hoop stress reduction in hyperbolic disc,

𝟐𝟑𝟑.𝟏𝟖−𝟏𝟎𝟖.𝟓𝟐
% of reduction =
𝟐𝟑𝟑.𝟏𝟖

= 53.46%
(1) Radial stress:-
For the disk having constant thickness,
𝝈𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟏𝟖 𝑴𝒑𝒂
For the disk having hyperbolic profile:-
𝝈𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟑 𝑴𝒑𝒂
The radial stress reduction in hyperbolic profile,

𝟗𝟔.𝟏𝟖 –𝟔𝟖.𝟖𝟑
% of reduction =
𝟗𝟔.𝟏𝟖
= 28.44 %
Form the above calculation it can be concluded that stress variation is there in hyperbolic
disk as we see the results in the disk under centrifugal loading. Scrutinizing the results will
lead us to conclusion that the stresses are getting reduced at each and every point of the disk.
It can further be concluded that the stress reduction in all three calculations i.e. radial stress,
tangential stresses are having reduction in, stress induced of 53.46% and 28.44% this much

percentage. It can be now concluded that undoubtedly in the hyperbolic profile the stresses
induced are reduced drastically as compared to the uniform thickness profile in centrifugal
loading condition or say mechanical loading condition undoubtedly.
7.2.2 Comparison under Thermal Loading

Considering the results obtained from FE-Simulation for uniform thickness as well as the
hyperbolic disk. Plotting the graphs in MATLAB the results obtained are as below. From the
results it can be concluded that the stress from inner edge to outer edge in radial and
tangential direction are shown in graph.
7.3 Results
7.3.1 Stress Variation in Hyperbolic Disk under Thermal Loading
1) Tangential Stress
For The Disk Having Constant Thickness

𝝈𝒕,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟑𝟐 𝑴𝒑𝒂
For The Disk Having Hyperbolic Profile
𝝈𝒕,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟗 𝑴𝒑𝒂
So, the Hoop Stress Reduction in Hyperbolic Disk,

𝟑𝟒.𝟑𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕.𝟖𝟗
% of Reduction =
𝟑𝟒.𝟑𝟐
= 47.87%
2) Radial Stress
For The Disk Having Constant Thickness:
𝝈𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 𝑴𝒑𝒂
For The Disk Having Hyperbolic Profile:
𝝈𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝒑𝒂
So, The Radial Stress Reduction in Hyperbolic Disk,
𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟒 − 𝟕.𝟒𝟓
% of Reduction =
𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟒
= 38.63 %
tangential stresses are having reduction in the induced stresses of 47.87% and 38.63% this
much percentage. It can be now concluded that undoubtedly in the hyperbolic profile the
stresses induced are reduced drastically as compared to the uniform thickness profile in
thermal loading condition or undoubtedly.
7.3.2 Comparison Under Combine Loading

Considering the results obtained from FE-Simulation for uniform thickness as well
as the hyperbolic disk. Plotting the graphs in MATLAB the results obtained are
as below. From the results it can be concluded that the stress from inner edge to outer edge in
radial and tangential direction are shown in graph.

7.4 Results
7.4.1 Stress Variation in Hyperbolic Disk under Combine Loading
1) Tangential Stress
𝝈𝒕,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖. 𝟎𝟏 𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝝈𝒕,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟎𝟏 𝑴𝒑𝒂
So, The Hoop Stress Reduction in Hyperbolic Disk,

𝟐𝟔𝟖.𝟎𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎𝟖.𝟎𝟏
% of Reduction =
𝟐𝟔𝟖.𝟎𝟏
= 59.67%
2) Radial Stress
𝝈𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟎𝟏 𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝝈𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟖𝟒 𝑴𝒑𝒂
So, the Radial Stress Reduction in Hyperbolic Disk,

𝟏𝟎𝟖.𝟎𝟏 −𝟔𝟑.𝟖𝟒
% of Reduction =
𝟏𝟎𝟖.𝟎𝟏
= 40.89%
tangential stresses are having reduction in the induced stresses of 59.867% and 40.89% this
much percentage. It can be now concluded that undoubtedly in the hyperbolic profile the
stresses induced are reduced drastically as compared to the uniform thickness profile in
centrifugal loading as well as thermal loading condition or say thermo-mechanical loading
condition undoubtedly.



Final 8th Sem

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final 8th Sem

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

“MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF HIGH SPEED

ROTATING DISK OF HYPERBOLIC PROFILE

SHAH SOMIL KETANKUMAR (120090119002)

SOLANKI SHUBHAM HITENDRASINH (120090119013)

BHAGWAKAR RAVI NISHCHALBHAI (120090119016)

KALATHIYA KRUSHNAL DILIPKUMAR (120090119023)

KANTHARIA VIRAL ISHWARBHAI (120090119080)

In fulfilment for the award of the degree

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

C. K. PITHAWALLA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

This is to certify that the project work entitled “MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF

Dr. CHAITANYA K. DESAI PROF. SUMIT Y. PATEL

Dr. SONAL DESAI

This is to certify that the project work entitled “MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF

SHAH SOMIL KETANKUMAR (120090119002)

SOLANKI SHUBHAM HITENDRASINH (120090119013)

BHAGWAKAR RAVI NISHCHALBHAI (120090119016)

KALATHIYA KRUSHNAL DILIPKUMAR (120090119023)

KANTHARIA VIRAL ISHWARBHAI (120090119080)

AIMS AND OFJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (7)

LITERATURE REVIEWS……………………………………………………………………………………………….......… (8)

DESIGN: ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY…………………………… (10)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ROTATING ELEMENTS

1.1: ROTORS………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (20)

1.2: APPLICATIONS OF ROTOR………………………………………………………………………………… (20)

1.3: VARIOUS LOADS ON ROTATING ELEMENT……………………………………………………………. (21)

CHAPTER 2: BASIC HYPOTHESIS

2.1: BASIC ASSUMPTIONS……………………………………………………………………………………… (23)

CHAPTER 3: GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3.1: FORCES ON INFINITESIMAL SMALL ELEMENTS……………………………………………………… (24)

3.2: EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS……………………………………………………………………………….. (24)

3.3: COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS……………………………………………………………………………. (29)

3.4: FIELD OF APPLICATION OF GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS……………………………… (30)

CHAPTER 4: CONSTANT THICKNESS ROTATING DISK

4.1: GDE FOR CONSTANT THICKNESS………………………………………………………………………. (31)

CHAPTER 5: VARIATION OF STRESS FOR ANNULAR AND SOLID DISK

5.1: STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN ANNULAR DISK…………………………………………………………. (34)

5.2: STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOLID DISK………………………………………………………………. (35)

5.3: GENERAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF 𝛽……………………………… (36)

5.4: CONCLUSION AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS…………………………………………………………... (36)

CHAPTER 6: HYPERBOLIC DISKS

6.1: HYPERBOLIC PROFILES……………………………………………………………………..………….. (38)

6.2: ROTATING DISK SUBJECTED TO CENTRIFUGAL LOADING ONLY…………..………………….. (40)

7.1: REDUCTION IN STRESS IN HYPERBOLIC DISKS………………………………………………….… (43)

 Axisymmetry:-Symmetrical about an axis.

1.1 Provenance of the Perusal

1.2 Introduction of Rotors

Rotating member is known as rotor. It is a rotating part consists by machine or a device.

1.3 Application of Rotating Disk

1.4 Predicaments Encountered by Rotating Disk

(a) Rotor (b) Rotating Disk

Figure 1.1: Schematic Of A rotor

Figure 1.2: Uses of Rotor in Turbo-Machinery

Figure 1.3: Uses of Rotating Disk in Compressor and Pumps

Figure 1.5: Uses Of Rotating Disk in Aviation industry

(a) Military Tanks (b) Ships

Figure 1.6: Uses Of Rotating Disk In Ships And Military Tanks

(a) Turbine (b) Rotating Disk

(c) Aero-Plane Rotor (d) Circular Ring

Figure 1.7: Failures in Rotating Disks

CKPCET, SURAT Page 14

1.5 Status of Research and Development

The succeeding discourse is regarding the thickness profile of rotating disk.