148 V.Y. Garas et al.

/ Cement & Concrete Composites 31 (2009) 147–152

not require transverse shear reinforcement needed in conventional

reinforced concrete because of the enhanced tensile behavior of
the UHPC [29–34]. However, before specifying such girders with-
out shear reinforcement, the tensile creep performance of the
material must be characterized to ensure adequate long-term

Resisting shear
Compression zone
shear and tensile performance.
While such behavior in UHPC has not been previously exam- Dowel action
ined, the use of short steel fibers as shear reinforcement in place
of conventional stirrups in normal strength reinforced and pre- Aggregate interlock
stressed beams has been investigated [35–40]. For example,
Narayanan and Darwish [35] conducted some 36 shear tests on Stirrups
simply supported rectangular prestressed and non-prestressed
concrete beams, containing steel fibers (0.3  30 mm) as web rein-
forcement with varying fiber volume fractions (0.91–4.47%,) vari-
flexural inclined yield of stirrups Failure
able shear-span to effective depth ratio (a/d), and type and cracking cracking cracking
extent of prestressing. Results from this study showed that increas- Applied shear
ing the fiber volume fraction from 0% to 2.0% increased the ulti-
Fig. 1. Distribution of internal shears in a beam with web reinforcement (based
mate shear strength by 95%. In addition, significant shear
upon [42]).
strength was also observed after the first crack in fiber reinforced
beams, unlike beams with no fibers. Imam et al. [36] studied the
incorporation of steel fibers in singly reinforced high strength con- tional mechanisms for resisting shear crack propagation may be
crete (HSC) beams without stirrups failing under the combined ef- lacking in an UHPC beam. This, in turn, dictates that the long-term
fect of flexure and shear. Results from this study showed that the tensile performance of the material must be characterized to deter-
inclusion of steel fibers in high strength concrete beams without mine the material’s ability to withstand shear-induced tension
stirrups improved shear resistance and generally increased the stresses in service.
ultimate flexural capacity and that steel fibers can successfully re- While some studies have examined tensile creep behavior in or-
place shear reinforcement. Furlan and Hanai [37,38] studied the dinary and high performance concrete [43–52], tensile creep in
influence of prestressing and fibers on the shear behavior of thin- UHPC has not been characterized in the published literature.
walled I-section beams with reduced shear reinforcement ratio. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to provide some
Nine concrete beams were built (six with prestressing forces) with preliminary data characterizing the tensile creep performance of
three different mixtures: without fibers, with 0.2  2.3  25.4 mm UHPC and to define parameters to be investigated in a detailed,
steel fibers at 1% volume fraction, and with 0.05  42 mm polypro- long-term investigation. In the overall research program, the ef-
pylene fibers at 0.5% volume fraction. Shear reinforcement ratios fects of stress level at loading, the amount of short steel fiber rein-
varied from 0% to 0.225% (geometric ratio). This study showed that forcement [53], and curing conditions will be examined. This
the addition of steel fibers increased the tensile strength by 16% in overall program is necessary to develop a fundamental under-
some cases and also increased the shear strength, except in the standing of the tensile creep phenomena in UHPC so that design
beams without shear reinforcement. More importantly, upon com- criteria can be developed for specifying UHPC for highway bridge
paring fiber reinforced concrete beams to those with no fibers, the girders.
former were characterized by: (1) smaller spacing between cracks,
(2) slower development of cracks, (3) larger number of inclined
2. Experiment
cracks prior to collapse, (4) delayed appearance of inclined cracks
and, consequently, delayed tensioning of the stirrups, and (5) a
2.1. Materials
more ductile failure. The potential for use steel fibers as shear rein-
forcement instead of stirrups also was confirmed in other research
The UHPC mixes investigated were prepared from the ultra-
[39,40].
high performance premix, DuctalÒ, provided by Lafarge North
However, none of these prior studies considered tensile creep
America and ultra-high strength steel fibers, Dramix 13/0.20, pro-
and its potential to impact the long-term performance of flexural
vided by Bekaert. The UHPC premix consisted mainly of Portland
members where fibers have been substituted for stirrups as shear
cement, silica fume, crushed quartz, and sand. The high strength
reinforcement.
steel fibers were 0.20 mm in diameter and 13.0 mm in length (as-
In a beam, the design for shear must ensure that the shear
pect ratio = 65), and had a tensile strength of between 690 and
strength equals or exceeds the flexural strength at all points in or-
1000 MPa, according to the manufacturer. Also, commercially
der to avoid any shear failure, which is frequently sudden and brit-
available high range water reducer (HRWR), Glenium 3030 NS,
tle. This is typically achieved through shear reinforcement. The
and accelerator, Rheocrete CNI, provided by BASF were also used.
main four functions of the shear reinforcement in flexural mem-
A typical UHPC mixture design is shown in Table 1.
bers are: (1) carrying a portion of external factored shear force,
(2) restricting growth of diagonal cracks, (3) holding longitudinal
reinforcement in place to provide the dowel capacity, and (4) pro-
viding confinement to the concrete in the compression zone if the Table 1
UHPC composition.
stirrups are closed and closely spaced (less than 100 mm (4 in.))
[41,42]. In addition, the other portion of the external shear forces Constituent (kg/m3)
is resisted by the concrete itself through: (1) the dowel action of UPHC premix 2194
reinforcement bars, (2) shear in the compression zone, and (3) Water 109
interlock between coarse aggregate particles (Fig. 1). HRWRA 31
Accelerator 30
Now, as a result of the absence of both the shear reinforcement
Steel fibersa 156a
(as per the manufacturers recommendation), and coarse aggre-
a
gates (typical for UHPC matrices), a significant portion of the tradi- Dose recommended by the UHPC manufacturer (2% volume fraction).
 V.Y. Garas et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 31 (2009) 147–152 149

Table 2
Different UHPC mixes, curing and loading conditions.

Mixture ID Stress/strength at Curing temperaturea Fiber

loading (%) (°C) content
D-2f-90C-40 40 90 2% by vol.
D-2f-23C-40 40 23 2% by vol.
D-0f-90C-40 40 90 No fibers
D-2f-90C-60 60 90 2% by vol.
a
All samples were cured at 100% RH.

2.2. Sample matrix

Four different conditions, designed to examine the influence of

varying stress/strength ratio at the time of loading, fiber content,
and thermal treatment temperature were considered (Table 2).
The nomenclature used in this study was based on the type of
UHPC used (i.e., DuctalÒ = D), fiber volume fraction (i.e., 2% volume
fraction = 2f), maximum treatment temperature reached while
curing (i.e., 23 °C or 90 °C), and the stress level maintained during
the creep test (i.e., 40% means that the tensile stress-to-tensile
strength ratio at the time of loading was 40%). For example, Mix
‘‘D-2f-90C-40” indicates that the premix was used with 2% steel fi-
ber content, thermally treated at 90 °C, and loaded at 40% of its
Fig. 2. Tensile creep test setup.
tensile strength at the time of loading.

2.3. Mixing and curing methodology

All specimens were cast according to procedures recommended
by the UHPC manufacturer. First, the dry premix was mixed in an
85-l capacity high shear mixer (Erich Model R 08 W) at 30–35 rpm
for 2 min to break apart any clumps that might exist in the dry mix.
This mixing speed was maintained over the entire mixing process.
Water and half of the HRWR mixed were then added slowly to the
dry premix over a period of 2 min and allowed to mix with the dry
premix for 1 min. The other half of the HRWR was then added over
a period of 30 s, and mixing continued for another minute. The
accelerator was then added over 1 min and mixing continued until
the ‘‘turning point” was reached. The turning point is defined as the
point at which the UHPC mix turns from clumps into a flowable,
uniform paste. Finally, and once the turning point was reached, fi-
bers were added over a 2 min period, and mixing continued for an-
other 1–2 min until good fiber dispersion was visually evident.
Once mixing was finished, flow table tests similar to ASTM C230
[54] were performed to assess the flowability of each mix and to
decide whether vibration should be used while casting or not.
Based on the flow table results and according to the mixing proce-
dures recommended by the UHPC manufacturer, vibration was
used to cast all specimens from all mixes.
After casting, all specimens were stored in a fog room at 23 °C and
100% RH for 48 h prior to demolding. Upon demolding, specimens
were either stored in a fog room at 23 °C and 100% RH (D-2f-23C-
40) or placed in an environmental chamber for thermal treatment
(mixes D-2f-90C-40, D-0f-90C-40, and D-0f-90C-60) at temperature
of 90 °C and 100% RH for the next 48 h. After initial curing or initial
cated diametrically opposite on the surface of the specimen. Each
set had a gauge length of 250 mm. For each creep specimen, two
38 mm thick steel plates were affixed, one on the top and one on
the bottom using high modulus, high strength epoxy and left to
cure for 36 h under a pressure of 2.75 MPa (no rods were embed-
ded in the concrete for affixing the plates to the specimens in this
study). At an age of 7 days, creep samples were loaded at a con-
stant rate of 0.0046 MPa/s until the desired load was reached. For
each specimen, deformations were measured on each set of inserts
using mechanical DEMEC gage with an accuracy of 0.00254 mm.
The tensile creep test setup is shown in Fig. 2. Test conditions were
kept at 23 ± 2 °C and 50 ± 3% RH for the whole testing period. Ten-
sile creep and shrinkage deformations were measured initially at 1,
2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after loading. Subsequently, measurements
were made daily for the rest of the 14-day testing period.
3. Results and discussion
Figs. 3 and 4 show the measured free shrinkage and tensile
creep for over 14 days where the influence of stress/strength, fiber
300
D-2f-90C-40 & D-2f-90C-
275 60
D-2f-23C-40
250
D-0f-90C-40
225
200
Strain (με)

175
curing and thermal treatment, creep samples were wrapped in alu-
150
minum tape to minimize moisture loss during the following sample
125
preparation period while shrinkage specimens were kept in the fog
100
room for the same period before tests started at 7 days of age.
75
50
2.4. Test methodology
25
0
Tensile creep and free shrinkage deformations were measured 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384
on 100  380 mm cylinders, two loaded cylinders for tensile creep
Time after drying (hrs)
and two un-loaded companion specimens for free shrinkage
(Fig. 2). Each cylinder was fitted with four sets of steel inserts lo- Fig. 3. Free shrinkage of different UHPC mixes; drying started at 7 days of age.
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 980 (2014) pp 137-141 Submitted: 14.05.2014
Online available since 2014/Jun/30 at www.scientific.net Accepted: 14.05.2014
© (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.980.137

Study of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete with

Expansive and Shrinkage Reducing Agents
NARDINOCCHI Alessandro1.a, and CORINALDESI Valeria1.b
1
Dep.t SIMAU. Università Politecnica delle Marche. Via Brecce Bianche. 60131. Ancona.Italy
a
a.nardinocchi@univpm.it,bv.corinaldesi@univpm.it.

Keywords: Drying Shrinkage; Expansive Agent; Flexural Strength; Shrinkage-Reducing Admixture;

Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete.

Abstract. UltraHigh Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) exhibits remarkable

mechanical performance, which can allow to reduce the cross-section of structural members.
However,a problem involving UHPFRC isthe likely tendency to crack at early age, due to autogenous
and plastic shrinkages, caused by the very low water-to-binder ratio adopted. Therefore, this
experimental work intends to detect the effectiveness of a possible solution for reducing the risk of
shrinkage cracks in UHPFRC, by adding to the mixture a suitable combination of expansive and
shrinkage reducing agents.Compressionand bending testswere carried out up to28 days of curing.
Free drying shrinkage strains were evaluated up to 56 days of exposure to 50% relative humidity. The
experimental results obtained by using expansive and shrinkage reducing agents were extremely
encouraging in termsof free dryingshrinkage reduction, and even surprising in terms of flexural
behaviour.

Introduction
Concrete cracking at early ages is a significant problem for many concrete structures, and in
particular for structure in aggressive environment. The presence of cracking can reduce the service
life of a concrete structure by allowing aggressive agents to penetrate through it faster in easy ways.
This obviously leads to increases in maintenance costs. A possible solution for this problem could be
the use of Shrinkage Reducing Admixture (SRA). Concerning the counteraction of concrete cracking,
SRA proved to be effective if used alone [1], but especially in combination with expansive agent it
showed synergic effect [2].
Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) is a superplasticized silica fume
concrete, fiber reinforced, with improved homogeneity because traditional aggregates are replaced
with very fine sand. According to Richard and Cheyrezy [3], if soft cast and cured at room
temperature, its compressive strength can reach 200 MPa.
Nowadays, UHPFRC is regarded as a promising material for special prestressed and precast
concrete members [4-5], including those within industrial and nuclear waste storage facilities [6].
Although production costs of UHPFRC are generally high, some economic advantages also exist
in UHPFRC applications: in fact, steel reinforcement can be reduced or eliminated by using
fibers.Moreover, due to its extraordinary mechanical performances, the thickness of concrete
elements can be reduced, which results in materials and cost savings.
In addition, one of the main problems concerning the use of concrete as building material in
general arises from the fact that it shows strongly different mechanical behavior under either
compressive or tensile stress. This difference rises with increasing concrete strength class, and the
ratio between tensile strength and compressive strength may vary from 0.15 to 0.11 for concrete
having compressive strength varying between 28 and 63 MPa [7].Conversely, the difference between
concrete compressive and tensile behavior may decrease if concrete is prestressed, because when it
will be subjected to loads producing tensile stress, it will show first of all a phase of discharge from
the initial compressive prestress, and only later the material will start to undergo tensile stresses.
In this work, the possible onset of a self-prestressing effect due to the presence of both expansive
agent and homogenously dispersed steel fiber reinforcement was investigated.

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138 Modern Technologies for Engineering, Applied Mechanics and Material
Science

Experimental Part
Materials and mix proportions. As binder, commercial Portland cement type CEM I 52.5 R
according to the European Standards EN-197/1 was used at a dosage of 960 kg/m3with a water to
cement ratio of 0.25 (corresponding to a water dosage of 240 l/m3).The Blaine fineness of cement was
0.48 m2/g and its relative specific gravity was 3.15.
As aggregate, well-graded very fine quartz sand was used with particle size up to 1 mm.The
specific gravity value was 2710 kg/m3 while its water absorptions was 1.4%.
As filler,250 kg/m3 of silica fume (SF) with grain size smaller than 1 µm,obtained as industrial
by-product of the silicon processing, were used. Silica fume powder had a specific surface area of
about 18 m2/g, evaluated by means of BET surface method, and a relative specific gravity of 2.20.
As fibers, 192 kg/m3 of brass-coated steel fibers were added; their main properties are reported in
Table 1.
In addition, in two mixtures an expansive agent was added, made of about 99% dead burnt lime
(CaO), at the same dosage of 35% by weight of cement. Then, in the third mixture also SRA
polyethylene glycol was used to reduce the surface tension of the pore water in order to decrease the
drying shrinkage.
Finally, 10% by weight of cement of an acrylic-based superplasticizer was always employed,
constituted of a carboxylic acrylic ester polymer in the form of 30% aqueous solution liquid(SP).
The UHPFRC mixture proportions are listed in Table 2. Workability of UHPFRCs at the fresh
state was evaluated by means of the flow table according to the procedure described in EN 1015-3,
and results obtained in terms of consistency of fresh mortars are in the range 40-50%.

Table 1: Properties of steel fibers.

Density [kg/m3] Tensilestrength [MPa] E [GPa] lf[mm] df [mm] Aspectratio

7850 > 250 190 12 0.16 75

Table 2: UHPFRC mixture proportions [kg/m3].

MixtureComposition RPC RPC+CaO RPC+CaO+SRA
Portland Cement CEM I 52.5 R 960 960 960
Silicafume 250 250 250
Quartz Sand (0-1 mm) 960 960 925
Superplasticizer 96 96 96
Brass-coatedsteelfibers 192 192 192
Water 240 240 240
Expansive agent / 35 35
ShrinkageReducing Agent (SRA) / / 4
Water/Cement 0.25 0.25 0.25

Mechanical Properties of Hardened Concrete

Compressive and bending tests. Nine prismatic specimens (40 by 40 by 160 mm) were cast for each
UHPFRC mixture for compression and bending tests. They were soft cast in steel forms (vibrated for
30 seconds after casting), and after one day of wet curing they were stored at constant temperature
(20°C), and constant relative humidity (50±2%)for 28 days. Compressive strength was evaluated
according to EN 1015-11 after 1, 3 and 28 days of curing. Results obtained are reported in Figure 1.
140 Modern Technologies for Engineering, Applied Mechanics and Material
Science

stress between fibers and matrix, and the resulting effect (if the adherence between cement paste and
fiber is maintained) could be an internal homogeneous prestress able to enhance the flexural strength
of UHPFRC.
On the other hand, the addiction of SRA slightly penalized the flexural strength, as expected also
on the basis of the compression stress,as well as on the basis of data reported in the literature [8, 9].
Drying shrinkage tests. For free drying shrinkage strains monitoring, two prismatic specimens
(70 by 70 by 280 mm)were prepared for each concrete mixture according to EN 11307. After one day
of wet curing, the specimens were stored at constant temperature (20±2°C), and constant relative
humidity (50±2%), while measuring drying shrinkage at different curing times up to56 days of
exposure. Results obtained are shown in Figure 3.

Time to exposure [Days]

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-20
Drying Shrinkage [µm/m]

-40 UHPFRC
-60 UHPFRC+CaO
-80 UHPFRC+CaO+SRA
-100

-120

-140

-160

-180

Figure 3: Free drying shrinkage vs. time to exposure.

As you can see in Figure 3, the presence of expansive agent, with or without SRA, allows a
reduction of 56-day drying shrinkage strains equal to about 30%. The same positive effect was
detected also by [10], which found an even higher reduction of roughly 80%. Usually, when
expansive agents are added to concrete mixture, especially together with SRA, an initial expansion
can be detected during free drying shrinkage testing, as outlined in previous works [8, 9]. In this case,
the expansion (positive strains) has not been observed, because it has likely been counteracted by the
short steel fibres. The exchange of stress between expanding cementitious paste and steel fiber
produced a certain self-prestress effect, confirming the hypothesis already done before, in order to
explain the extraordinary enhancement of flexural strength at early ages.

Conclusions
On the basis of the results obtained the following conclusions can be drawn:
- the addition of expansive agent caused a slight improvement at early age of the compressive
strength, while this effect was negligible when also SRA was used;
- concerning flexural strength, at early age the addition of expansive agent, with or without
SRA, caused a remarkable improvement of strength (+45% at seven days), likely due to a
self-prestress effect developed in the cement matrix thanks to the restrain of the fiber
reinforcement;
- concerningtheresultsoffree drying shrinkage tests, the addition of expansive agent and SRA
produced an evident reduction of the shrinkage strain of about 30% up to 56 days of curing;
- in conclusion, the use of CaO-based expansive agent for producing UHPFRC seems to be
extremely advantageous from all viewpoints.
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250 D.-Y. Yoo et al. / Construction and Building Materials 166 (2018) 241–256

1.2 12 1.2 12
Ambient curing Ambient curing

Cumulative porosity (%)

Cumulative porosity (%)

Heat curing Heat curing
0.9 9 0.9 9
Porosity (%)

Porosity (%)
0.6 6 0.6 Porosity 6
Porosity
Cumulative Cumulative
porosity porosity
0.3 3 0.3 3

0 0 0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Pore size (μm) Pore size (μm)

(a) (b)
1.2 12
Ambient curing

Cumulative porosity (%)

Heat curing
0.9 9
Porosity (%)

0.6 6
Cumulative Porosity
porosity
0.3 3

0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Pore size (μm)

(c)
Fig. 11. Pore size distributions; (a) SC120, (b) SC150, (c) SC180.

and impermeability characteristics. From the explanations, it can prismatic specimens were first measured, and then the autogenous
be considered that the cement composites having a higher ratio shrinkage and thermal strain were subtracted from the total
of the micro-pore volume to the total pore volume will lead to a shrinkage to obtain the drying shrinkage. The comparative drying
higher autogenous shrinkage. Thus, the volumetric percentage of shrinkage behaviors of all tested specimens are shown in Fig. 12.
micro-pores (sizes ranging from 5 to 50 nm) to total pores was cal- The highest drying shrinkage strain was obtained for the
culated and found to be 57.0%, 68.7%, and 73.6% for ambient-cured ambient-cured specimen of SC120, followed by the ambient-
specimens SC120, SC150, and SC180, respectively, at 28 days. This cured specimens of SC150 and SC180. Specifically, the drying
clearly notes that the specimen SC180 exhibited the highest auto- shrinkage of the ambient-cured SC120 specimen at 60 days was
genous shrinkage, due to its finest pore structures. Specimen SC120 approximately 260 le, which was 136% and 478% greater than
also provided smaller autogenous shrinkage than that of SC150, those of the ambient-cured SC150 and SC180 specimens, respec-
owing to the lower W/B ratio and replacement of Zr SF with GGBFS, tively. Because the SC120 included more mixing water, a greater
which cause the coarser pore structures. amount of the pore water in the hardened cement paste was evap-
Interestingly, the capillary pores ranging from 10 to 1000 nm orated to the atmosphere due to the difference in relative humid-
for SC120, 10 to 200 nm for SC150, and 5 to 100 nm for SC180 were ity, causing more drying shrinkage, as compared to the others
mostly disappeared after the heat curing process, as shown in (SC150 and SC180). This is consistent with the findings from Tam
Fig. 11. This might be caused by the accelerated hydration process et al. [37] and Zhang et al. [38]. They [37,38] reported that concrete
and filling effects of hydration and pozzolatic products. In addition, with a higher W/B ratio has a greater drying shrinkage than that
a low amount of water might be only remained in the capillary with a lower W/B ratio. Similar to the experimental results
pores for all tested samples after the heat curing, because most obtained in this study, Zhang et al. [38] noted that most of the total
of mixing water was consumed by the accelerated hydration pro- shrinkage in high-strength concrete (HSC) containing SF and hav-
cess during the heat curing process. Consequently, due to the dis- ing a lower W/B ratio can be attributed to autogenous shrinkage
appeared micro-pores and low amount of pore water remained, no rather than drying shrinkage. In addition, the drying shrinkage as
shrinkage increases were obtained in the HPFRCCs immediately a portion of the total shrinkage was greatly reduced by including
after finish the heat curing process. the SF. Haque [39] reported that the addition of SF decreased the
amount of drying shrinkage of HSC with lower W/B ratios because
3.3.3. Drying shrinkage the densified hydrated cement paste with SF slows the water evap-
To evaluate the drying shrinkage behaviors of the specimens of oration. However, the addition of fly ash and GGBFS increase the
SC120, SC150, and SC180, the total shrinkage strains of the exposed drying shrinkage. For these reasons, the ambient-cured SC180
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coefficients after 30 min under sustained load ranged from 0.32 to 0.85. These values would be
considered high for the short duration of loading.

Burkhart and Müller measured the effect of age of loading, specimen size, stress level, and
curing conditions (sealed and unsealed) on the creep of UHPC.(129) Reported specific creep
values after about 100 days under load ranged from 0.11 to 025 millionths/psi (16 to
35 millionths/MPa). Measured creep coefficients after 100 days under load were between about
0.9 and 1.3. The measured creep was observed to decrease with age at loading and increased
specimen size. This behavior is similar to that of conventional concrete.

Ichinomiya et al. reported specific creep values ranging from 0.19 to 0.28 millionths/psi (28 to
40 millionths/MPa) after 150 days under load for specimens loaded at 2 and 4 days. (92) For
specimens loaded at 28 days, the specific creep was about 0.08 millionths/psi
(11 millionths/MPa) after about 120 days.

Acker and Behloul reported specific creep values between 0.30 and 0.22 millionths/psi (43 and
32 millionths/MPa) for ages of loading between 4 and 28 days.(130) Fehling et al. reported specific
creep values between 0.32 and 0.15 millionths/psi (47 and 22 millionths/MPa) and creep
coefficients between 2.27 and 1.08 for ages of loading between 1 and 28 days.(121)

Francisco et al. reported creep strains of about 1,000 millionths after 30 days under load at a
stress of about 8.7 ksi (60 MPa), corresponding to a specific creep of about 0.12 millionths/psi
(17 millionths/MPa).(131) The 2.75-inch (70-mm)-diameter cylinders were cured at 122 F
(50 C) prior to loading at an age of 2 days. Drying creep was negligible.

Francisco et al. showed that the specific creep was about the same for heat-treated UHPC
specimens loaded at an age of 2 days to 25 and 40 percent of the compressive strength.(132)
Flietstra et al. investigated the creep caused by applying a compressive stress and then subjecting
the loaded specimens to different curing regimes.(133) This test simulated transfer of the
prestressing force prior to heat treatment.

SHRINKAGE
SHRINKA
K GE

Two types of shrinkage may be present in UHPC. Drying shrinkage is that caused by loss of
moisture from the UHPC. Autogenous shrinkage is that caused by a decrease in volume as the
cementitious materials hydrate. The standard test in the United States for measuring shrinkage is
ASTM C157, which is designed to measure drying shrinkage beginning after the concrete has
hardened.(134) Other methods are used to measure autogenous shrinkage because these
measurements must begin immediately after the UHPC is placed.

Shrinkage of UHPC measured in accordance with ASTM C157 using 3- by 3-inch (76- by
76-mm) prisms provided an ultimate shrinkage range of 620 to 766 millionths, depending on the
method of steam curing, and 555 millionths for untreated specimens.(22) The initial shrinkage rate
of UHPC was also measured in separate tests. During the initial hydration period, peak shrinkage
of 64 millionths/hour was measured. As much as 400 millionths of shrinkage occurred in the first
24 hours for untreated specimens. Following steam curing, further shrinkage was almost
eliminated.(22,130)

24
Measurements of shrinkage by Burkhart and Müller starting 1 or 2 days after casting showed no
difference between sealed and unsealed cylinders and among specimens with diameters of 3, 4,
and 6 inches (75, 100, and 150 mm).(129) They attributed most of the shortening to that caused by
autogenous shrinkage, with very little caused by drying shrinkage. All values were about
300 millionths after 200 days of measurements. Autogenous shrinkage values of 600 to
900 millionths at 28 days were reported by Eppers and Müller, 200 to 550 millionths at 150 days
by Ichinomiya et al., and about 640 millionths at 365 days by Lallemant-Gamboa et al.(135,92,93)

Fehling et al. reported total shrinkage of 700 and 900 millionths at 7 and 28 days, respectively,
for sealed specimens. For specimens subjected to heat treatment, the subsequent shrinkage was
negligible.(121)

Francisco et al. reported autogenous shrinkage of about 270 millionths and drying shrinkage of
about 100 millionths at 350 days on 2.75-inch (70-mm)-diameter cylinders cured at 122 F
(50 C).(131)

Ma et al. showed that the autogenous shrinkage could be reduced considerably by including a
basalt coarse aggregate with an aggregate size ranging from 0.08 to 0.40 inches (2 to 5 mm).(104)
The coarse aggregate had a relatively small effect on the fresh concrete properties, compressive
strength, and modulus of elasticity. Significant reduction of early age autogenous shrinkage was
obtained by replacing silica fume with metakaolin in specimens cured at 68 F (20 C).(136) For
UHPC cured at 108 F (42 C), the total shrinkage measured for a mix containing metakaolin
was negligible compared with mixes with silica fume or fly ash.(110)

To offset the magnitude of autogenous shrinkage, Suzuki et al. and Kim et al. investigated the
use of an expansive additive and a shrinkage reducing additive.(137,138) Suzuki et al. reported that
an autogenous shrinkage of more than 700 millionths would be reduced to zero with the use of
these materials. Kim et al. reported that total shrinkage at 90 days was reduced from 800 to
400 millionths.

SUMMARY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The application of heat curing has a significant and immediate impact on the mechanical
properties of UHPC. It increases the compressive strength, tensile cracking strength, and
modulus of elasticity. It decreases creep and virtually eliminates subsequent shrinkage. These
beneficial properties can also be achieved without heat curing. However, the effect is reduced,
and it takes a longer time to achieve the beneficial properties.

Sufficient information has been published about the mechanical properties of UHPC to establish
a range of properties to consider in structural design. These are listed in table 9.

25
Designing and Building
with UHPFRC
State of the Art and Development

Edited by
François Toutlemonde
Jacques Resplendino
 Introduction: What is a UHPFRC? 7

1.4. The main features of UHPC

This article does not purport to present all the mechanical characteristics of
UHPFRC, but rather to highlight the specific performances that distinguish them
from conventional concrete.

1.4.1. Thermal treatment

Some UHPFRC are subject to special treatment (called type 2 in the new
recommendations) applied several hours after the concrete sets. This treatment
consists of heating the element to a very high temperature (about 90ºC) and relative
humidity close to saturation for approximately 48 hours. This treatment can
significantly increase the durability and reduce delayed effects: no drying shrinkage
and a very substantial reduction of creep. More traditional treatments, such as
“steaming”, applied in the early hours can possibly anticipate the beginning of the
setting and accelerate the initial set of UHPFRC. These treatments are performed at
a moderate temperature (about 40 to 50°C) and have a much smaller influence on
delayed effects. Many UHPFRC are implemented without any heat treatment, which
does not prevent them from very quickly developing resistance (greater than 70 MPa
after a few hours). These mixtures often have a dormant phase before the setting
phase, which is longer than conventional concrete. When setting starts, the increase
in resistance is very fast.

1.4.2. Shrinkage and creep

Unlike ordinary concrete, the UHPFRC has a very low W/L ratio, which causes
very high autogenous shrinkage (about 550 m/m) and very small drying shrinkage
(about 150 m/m for UHPFRC without heat treatment, and no shrinkage after a type
2 heat treatment). The creep coefficient for UHPFRC without heat treatment is
comparable to the coefficient obtained for HPC with silica fume (long-term creep
coefficient between 0.8 and 1.0). After a type 2 heat treatment, the creep coefficient
decreases dramatically (between 0.2 and 0.5). These characteristics have many
implications on the performance and conditions of use of UHPFRC:
– the formwork of restrained pieces should be designed in order to allow free
retraction and avoid important internal stresses or cracks;
– UHPFRC are ideally suited to precasting: after the end of the setting,
subsequent delayed effects (shrinkage and creep) are very low compared to
conventional concrete. This provides structural elements that do not “budge”. This is
especially true when the elements are subjected to a type 2 heat treatment;
570 Designing and Building with UHPFRC

Under standardized storage conditions, between 20 hours and 28 days, the

compressive strength of UHPFRC A increases approximately 24%. The moderate
heat treatments imposed on the UHPFRC studied lead to materials likely to undergo
significant autogenous strains (at 20 hours the concrete has a temperature-adjusted
age of less than seven days, taking into account the accelerated hydration by heat
treatment).

38.2.4. Delayed strain measurements

The tests were carried out on Ø 70 x 220 mm cylinders stored in a room at

20 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% of relative humidity. The specimens intended to be protected
from drying were coated with two layers of aluminum adhesive tape. For the creep
tests, a load corresponding to 40% of the compressive strength was applied two days
after the mixing. For each test named UHPFRC A 50°C, UHPFRC B 50°C and
UHPFRC B 65°C, three specimens were used to quantify the autogenous shrinkage,
the total shrinkage, the basic creep and the total creep. For each specimen, the strains
were measured on two or four axes using a hand ball micrometer.

38.3. Analytical models

Many analytical models relating to creep and shrinkage calculation are available
in the literature. Here we limit the analysis to the documents presented hereafter.

38.3.1. Ultra High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concretes – Interim

Recommendations (2002)

This document was requested by the Scientific and Technical Committee of the
AFGC (French Association of Civil Engineering) and was elaborated on by the
AFGC/SETRA working group on UHPFRC. The recommendations and analytical
models selected for creep and shrinkage distinguished the UHPFRC with or without
heat treatments. Moderate heat treatments were not plainly taken into account. For
example, it was considered that no further shrinkage occurred after heat treatment
and a guideline value of 550 µm/m was given if nothing was known at the
preliminary design stages.

38.3.2. Eurocode 2 – design of concrete structures

NF EN 1992-1-1 (EC2-1-1) [STA 05] and NF EN 1992-2 (EC2-2) [STA 06]

standards of Eurocode 2 were not worked out for the design of UHPFRC structures.
The highest strength class corresponds to C90/105 in France and the French annex
 Ultra High Performance Concrete for Prestressed Elements 571

of EC2-1-1 standard required [STA 07a] refers to the EC2-2 standard for high-
performance concretes of a strength class higher than C50/60, with or without silica
fume and using a Class R cement. (According to Eurocode 2, cements of Class R
include cements having the following strength classes: 42.5 R, 52.5 N and 52.5 R.)
Three main benefits of this standard must be noted:
when a heat treatment is applied, the concept of “temperature-adjusted
concrete age” for temperatures varying between 0 and 80°C may be taken into
account;
for drying creep and shrinkage, the relative humidity level and the concrete
shape are taken into account;
to evaluate delayed strains with greater precision, it is possible to identify the
parameters in the models describing creep and shrinkage from experimental
measurements and following a described procedure (see OPT-EC2-2 in Figures 38.1
and 38.2).

38.3.3. Selected models

The experimental results of delayed strains were compared with the output of the
analytical models taken from the 2002 UHPFRC interim recommendations and
Eurocode 2 standards. For all analytical models selected, the temperature-adjusted
concrete age was taken into account. For EC2-2 standard, the selected equations
concerned high-performance concretes using silica fume.

According to standard EC2-2, annex B [STA 07b] may be used for calculating
creep and shrinkage, including development with time. However, typical
experimental values can exhibit a scatter of ± 30% around the values of creep and
shrinkage predicted in accordance with this annex. Consequently, where greater
accuracy is required, an experimental assessment should be undertaken following
annex B guidelines for the experimental determination of creep and shrinkage
coefficients.

Some parameters were included in these models to adjust the estimation. These
parameters were chosen in order to minimize the sum of the squares of the
differences between the model estimation and experimental results. The
minimization methodology respects the requirements of the procedure described in
informative annex B of standard EC2-2.

Taking into account the differences observed between experimental results and
models or adjusted models, this work suggests optimized models based on
NF EN 1992-2 standard (named OPT-EC2-2 in Figures 38.1 and 38.2) to calculate
creep and shrinkage of UHPFRC undergoing a moderate heat treatment (for long-
572 Designing and Building with UHPFRC

term delayed strain estimation, see standard EC2-2). This part summarizes the main
Eurocode 2 amendments introduced by the suggested optimized models:
with the calculation of temperature-adjusted concrete age, it is possible to
introduce an energy of activation value based on experimental measurements;
only one analytical model is selected for autogenous shrinkage: the one for a
concrete age greater than 28 days;
for drying shrinkage, coefficient K (fck) is kept constant for characteristic
compressive strengths higher than C90/105, preserving continuity with the equations
suggested for lower or equal characteristic compressive strengths;
for the calculation of shrinkage and creep, only one option among the two
following ones is selected: option 1 is based exclusively on calculation from the
suggested optimized analytical models; option 2 is based on experimental data to
identify the adjustment coefficients.

As an illustration, the equation suggested for the calculation of the autogenous

shrinkage ca t by standard EC2-2 is the following (for t > 28 days):
6
ca t ca1 f ck 20 ca2 ca3 exp t ca4 10

where t is time in days, fck is characteristic compressive strength at 28 days and cai
(with i between 1 and 4) are the coefficients identified using the method presented
above.
300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time after beginning of measurements taking into account temperature adjusted concrete age (days)
Autogenous shrinkage - Exp. results Autogenous shrinkage - EC2-2
Autogenous shrinkage - OPT-EC2-2 Drying shrinkage - Exp. results
Drying shrinkage - EC2-2 Drying shrinkage - OPT-EC2-2
Autogenous shrinkage - EC2-1-1 Drying shrinkage - EC2-1-1

Figure 38.1. Analytical shrinkage models of EC2-2 optimized with experimental

results obtained using UHPFRC A at 50°C
 Ultra High Performance Concrete for Prestressed Elements 573

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time after beginning of measurements taking into account temperature adjusted concrete age (days)

Basic creep - Exp. results Basic creep - EC2-2 Basic creep - OPT-EC2-2
Drying creep - Exp. results Drying creep - EC2-2 Drying creep - OPT-EC2-2

Figure 38.2. Analytical creep models of EC2-2 optimized with experimental

results obtained using UHPFRC A at 50°C

38.4. Conclusions

For UHPFRC undergoing a moderate heat treatment, experimental results show

that autogenous shrinkage must be taken into account for the calculation of the
delayed strains. The interim recommendations on UHPFRC [AFG 02] distinguished
the UHPFRC with or without heat treatments. The draft of the new version of this
document was presented at the 2009 AFGC/fib UHPFRC congress and integrated
the impact of moderate heat treatments on creep and shrinkage.

NF EN 1992-1-1 and NF EN 1992-2 standards of Eurocode 2 [STA 05, STA 06]

were not developed for the design UHPFRC of structures. Nevertheless, with the
help of some adaptations, these analytical models allow us to calculate the creep and
shrinkage of UHPFRC when a moderate heat treatment is used. The comparison of
these results with experimental data available in the literature concerning UHPFRC
undergoing a moderate heat treatment would confirm the suitability of these
analytical models for delayed strain calculation.

38.5. Bibliography

[AFG 02] AFGC/SETRA, Ultra High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concretes – Interim

Recommendations, AFGC/SETRA, France, 2002.
574 Designing and Building with UHPFRC

[BEN 02] BENBOUDJEMA F., Modélisation des déformations différées du béton sous
sollicitations biaxiales. Application aux enceintes de confinement de bâtiments réacteurs
des centrales nucléaires, Thesis, University of Marne-la-Vallée, France, 2002.
[LOU 96] LOUKILI A., Etude du retrait et du fluage de Bétons à Ultra-Hautes Performances,
thesis, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France, 1996.
[ROU 03] ROUGEAU P., FRANCISCO P., Accélération du durcissement des BFUP – Exemples
de produits réalisés en BFUP, CERIB Report, CERIB, France, 2003.
[STA 05] Standard NF EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2 – Design of Concrete Structures – Part 1-1:
General Rules and Rules for Buildings, AFNOR, France, 2005.
[STA 06] Standard NF EN 1992-2, Eurocode 2 – Design of Concrete Structures – Part 2:
Concrete Bridges – Design and Detailing Rules, AFNOR, France, 2006.
[STA 07a] Standard NF EN 1992-1-1/NA, Eurocode 2 – Design of concrete structures –
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings – National annex to NF EN 1992-1-1:2005
– General rules and rules for buildings, AFNOR, France, 2007.
[STA 07b] Standard NF EN 1992-2/NA, Eurocode 2 – Design of Concrete Structures –
Part 2: Concrete Bridges – Design and Detailing Rules – National Annex to NF EN 1992-
2 – Concrete Bridges – Design and Detailing Rules, AFNOR, France, 2007.
716 Designing and Building with UHPFRC

47.2.3. Improved knowledge of the material

47.2.3.1. Impact of heat treatments on delayed effects

The AFGC recommendations in 2002 introduced the concept of thermal
treatment specific for UHPFRC, which is a heat treatment of about 48 hours, made
after concrete setting, at a temperature about 90°C and humidity >90%. This type of
treatment leads to a dramatic decrease in creep factor and removes any subsequent
termination of drying shrinkage. Researches conducted by the CERIB (Centre
d’études et de recherche de l’industrie du béton) [FRA 09] allow the proposal in the
new recommendations of intermediate creep coefficient and shrinkage values to take
into account moderate heat treatments designed primarily to accelerate the maturity
gains of concrete.

47.2.3.2. Fire behavior of UHPFRC

Many recent tests [BEH 07]–[MIN 07] (CERIB, CSTB) have determined all
thermally-influenced mechanical and temperature-related properties for several
UHPFRC materials in order to achieve numerical simulations of fire resistance
(thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal expansion, compression and tensile
strength, Young’s modulus). The new recommendations provide values in order to
make a first preliminary design of a UHPFRC structure under fire. For the final
design, you have to know the actual material you will use to build the structure and
you have to use the actual constitutive law of this material to achieve the final
design.

47.2.3.3. Punching resistance

Several recent research results on punching shear [HAR 08]–[TOU 08] allow us
to propose formulations in accordance with the philosophy of the Eurocodes.

47.2.3.4. Abrasion
The new version of the recommendations provides the main results of abrasion
tests carried out in relation with the realization of hydraulic works. The results
confirm the interest in using UHPFRC as a shield in cases of strong mechanical
stresses.

47.2.3.5. Shear resistance

In the context of drafting the new guidelines, a review of international literature
on shear testing was performed, focusing on high-performance concrete and
UHPFRC members. Thirty-one tests were compiled; only 13 were directly
exploitable because they were accompanied by an appropriate characterization of the
materials tested. Due to this small number of tests, the AFGC group on UHPFRC
 AFGC Recommendations 1 735

Figure 48.13. Strain of Cemtec® under compression [ROS 02]

48.2.6. Poisson’s ratio

The notation for the Poisson’s ratio is ν. All the measurements taken on
UHPFRC mixes to date have been close to 0.2.

48.2.7. Thermal expansion coefficient

The thermal expansion coefficient (no specific notation in Eurocode 2 [EUR 07])
is the same as that of ordinary concretes: about 10·10-6 to 12·10-6 m/m°C.

48.2.8. Creep – shrinkage

The new text of this section of the recommendations was not definitive at the
time this chapter was written. At the very least it will be enriched by the experience
of recent testing campaigns. However, this opportunity is taken to appreciate the
principles and extent of shrinkage by looking at measurements taken on some
UHPFRCs. UHPFRC shrinkage is mainly autogeneous (volume reduction due to
formation of cement hydrates). Its final amplitude is around 400–600 μm/m,
depending on the mix (500 μm/m for Ductal®, 550 μm/m for BSI®), principally due
to the high cement content. If post-set heat treatment (second type) is carried out,
most of the shrinkage occurs at that time. The kinetics of this is illustrated in
Figure 48.14 for Ductal®. The advantage is that precast concrete components will
not be subject to any autogeneous shrinkage after leaving the manufacturing plant.
Lastly, even if its water/cementitious materials ratio is low (generally ≈0.2), and if
its low voids ratio limits the migration of free water, UHPFRC is still subject to
736 Designing and Building with UHPFRC

drying shrinkage. This is very moderate, however (see Figure 48.15), and its
development very fast (one or two weeks).

Figure 48.14. Effect of heat treatment on the autogeneous shrinkage of Ductal®

(source: Lafarge)

Figure 48.15. Autogenous and drying shrinkage measured on BSI® (source: Eiffage)

48.2.9. Impact strength

The revised recommendations repeat the developments already proposed in 2002

[AFG 02]. As a result of the tensile strength of its matrix and the inclusion of a large
quantity of steel fibers, UHPFRC gives structures very good impact strength. On one
 C.M. Tam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 26 (2012) 79–89 81

Table 1
Comparison of drying shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage.

Drying shrinkage Autogenous shrinkage

Mass loss U X
Mechanism From drying surface to the core of concrete Isotropically within concrete
Relative humidity gradient U X
developed
Time of occurrence Develop slowly at surface when hardened concrete is exposed to a dry Start in a matter of hours after casting of
environment concrete

Table 3
3.2.3. Properties of cement Descriptions of SP.
Permeability of concrete is also affected by the properties of ce-
Type of SP Sikament ViscoCrete – 1250NT
ment [24]. With the same water-to-cement ratios, coarse cement Basis Polycarboxylic polyether type polymer
tends to produce a hardened cement paste with a higher porosity Appearance Yellowish brown liquid
than finer cement. Density 1.08 kg/l
In order to study the performance of RPC in terms of drying pH value 7
Recommended dosage For soft plastic concrete: 0.25–1.0% by
shrinkage and water permeability, a series of experimental tests weight of cementitious
have been designed, which are described in the following sections. For flowing and self compacting concrete:
1.0–2.5% by weight of cementitious

4. Experimental design

4.1. Materials
Table 4
In this paper, constituents used in preparing the RPC mixtures are different from Details of RPC.
the conventional concrete mixtures. The materials include Ordinary Portland Ce- Type of concrete mix RPC
ment, silica fume, quartz sand, crushed quartz, superplasticizer (SP) and water. De- Water-to-binder ratio 0.2
tails of each constituent are recapitulated as follows. Cement (kg/m3) 761
Silica fume (kg/m3) 247
4.1.1. Ordinary Portland Cement 150–600 lm quartz sand (kg/m3) 1090
The cement used throughout the experiments is Ordinary Portland Cement 10–45 lm crushed quartz (kg/m3) 226
(OPC) which complies with British Standards [26,27] and has a 28-day mortar Water (kg/m3) 202
compressive strength of 58 MPa. The density is 3120 kg/m3 and the fineness is SP (kg/m3) 19 (2.5% by weight of cement)
3390 cm2/g. The initial and final setting times are 140 min and 165 min respec-
tively. The chemical composition of the cement is given in Table 2.

4.2. Mix proportions and curing conditions

4.1.2. Silica fume
The silica fume used is called Sikafume from Sika (Hong Kong) Limited which
complies with ASTM standard [28]. The silica fume is extremely fine with particle
size of 0.1 lm, which exists in grey powder form and contains latently reactive sil-
icon dioxide and no chloride or other potentially corrosive substances. The dry bulk
density is 0.65 + 0.1 kg. The recommended dosage ranges from 2% to 10% of cement
content by weight. For optimum results in concrete, it is suggested to use in con-
junction with Sikament SP, a superplasticizer.
4.1.3. Quartz sand
The majority of mixes are produced using quartz sand which replaces coarse
aggregate from the conventional concrete. The quartz sand is supplied by Fantasy
Quartz Sand Supply Company in Hong Kong. It is in a form of yellowish-white high
purity silica sand.
4.1.4. Crushed quartz
The crushed quartz used in the experiments is in a form of white powdered
quartz flour which replaces fine aggregate from the conventional concrete. The
quartz flour is also supplied by Fantasy Quartz Sand Supply Company in Hong Kong.
The particle size used ranges from 10 to 45 lm.
4.1.5. Superplasticizer (SP)
The very low water-to-binder ratio used in RPC is only possible with the use of
SP for obtaining its workability. In this paper, the 3rd generation of SP called Sika-
ment ViscoCrete – 1250NT from Sika (Hong Kong) Limited is used. It is an extremely
high water-reducing agent that meets the requirements for SPs according to British
Standard [29]. Descriptions are provided in Table 3.
In this study, a RPC mix is designed. Table 4 provides the details of the RPC mix
design which is based on some published recommended compositions [30–33]. The
RPC mixes are produced using a high-speed mixer of volume 0.008 m3 with a max-
imum speed of about 1800 rpm.
The objective of this paper is to investigate drying shrinkage and water perme-
ability for RPC. Two RPC mix series with different water-to-binder ratios and SP
dosages are produced for drying shrinkage tests and water penetration tests. Differ-
ent water-to-binder ratios, including 0.17, 0.2, 0.23, and 0.4 are used by keeping the
SP dosage constant at 2.5%; whereas to study the effect of SP dosage on drying
shrinkage and water permeability for RPC, SP dosages are varied, including 2%,
2.5%, 3%, and 3.5% by keeping the water-to-binder ratio constant at 0.2. Drying
shrinkage strains are measured up to 130 days; and water permeability coefficients
are measured up to 105 days. The details are tabulated in Table 5.
A total of eight batches of RPC with different water-to-binder ratios and SP dos-
ages are experimented. Twenty specimens are cast in this study.
For drying shrinkage tests, 75  75  250 mm prisms are cast for the determi-
nation of drying shrinkage for RPC. After demoulding, all specimens are placed in
a water tank at 27 °C and cured for 28 days. Then, all specimens are stored in a con-
trolled environment of 25 + 2 °C and 50 + 5% relative humidity for subsequent mea-
surement. Tests are performed on two specimens each time due to the limited
volume (0.005 m3) of the high speed mixer. The strain readings are taken at 1, 7,
14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 90, 100, 110, 120, and 130 days.
For water penetration test, 100  100  100 mm cubes are used for studying
the water permeability of RPC. After demoulding, all specimens are placed in a
water tank at 27 °C and cured for specific days for testing. Tests are performed on
three specimens each time. The readings are taken at 1, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 63, 70,
77, 84, 90, 98, and 105 days.

Table 2
Chemical composition of Ordinary Portland Cement.

Chemical composition SiO2 (%) Fe2O3 (%) Al2O3 (%) CaO (%) MgO (%) SO3 (%) Alkalis (%)
Ordinary Portland Cement 22.52 3.52 5.80 62.08 1.55 2.54 0.74
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Advances in Materials Science and Applications 2017, Vol. 6 Iss. 1, PP. 1-8

First online: 15 June 2017

Experimental Investigations of the Dimensional

Stability and Durability of Ultra-High-Performance
Concrete
Yang Chen1, Faris Matalkah*1, Yening Yu2, Weerirsiri Rankothge3, Anagi Balachandra3, Parviz Soroushian4
1
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, China
3,4
Metna Co., 1926 Turner St., Lansing, Michigan, 48906, USA
*1
matalkah@msu.edu; 22900536953@qq.com; 3abmetnaco@gmail.com; 4metnaco@gmail.com

Abstract-An experimental investigation was conducted to provide further insight into the material properties of UHPC. The aspects
of UHPC performance investigated in this work included dimensional and chemical stability, sorption resistance, and freeze-thaw
durability. UHPC was found to produce the desired balance of dimensional and chemical stability, and distinctly low sorptivity and
water absorption capacity. The drying shrinkage of UHPC was 25% less than that of normal-strength Portland cement concrete.
The moisture sorptivity of UHPC was an order of magnitude below that of normal-strength concrete. The heat of hydration of the
UHPC paste was about one-third that of Portland cement paste used in a normal-strength concrete mix. The UHPC paste, unlike a
normal Portland cement paste, exhibited autogenous shrinkage; the amount of this shrinkage was, however, relatively small. These
test results were explained based on the distinctly low water content, the high pozzolan content of the cementitious binder in UHPC,
and the high dosage of superplasticizer used in UHPC mixtures. The fact that water content of UHPC is not adequate for thorough
hydration of cementitious particles seems to be a significant factor influencing those aspects of the UHPC behaviour evaluated in this
investigation.
Keywords- Ultra-high Performance Concrete (UHPC); Volume Stability; Drying Shrinkage; Autogenous Shrinkage; Sorptivity;
Freeze-Thaw Durability

I. INTRODUCTION

Ultra-high-performance Concrete(UHPC) refers to cement-based materials with compressive strengths exceeding 150 MPa,
with also provide high ductility and excellent durability [1]. UHPC materials are also expected to provide the desired
flowability for reliable construction at high speed [2]. UHPC was first introduced in the mid-1990s, with heat curing, extensive
vibration and longer mixing times [3]. The high cementitious paste content, the fine pore system, and the potential for
chemical/autogenous shrinkage tend to compromise the dimensional stability of UHPC, which would otherwise benefit from a
low water/cement ratio [4-9].
The high resistance of UHPC against transport of moisture and dissolved chemicals is an important aspect of its behaviour.
Restrained shrinkage cracking of UHPC can undermine this highly desired quality. As far as shrinkage cracking is prevented,
UHPC is known to provide highly desirable durability characteristics under adverse exposure conditions [10, 11]. Hence,
besides improvements in structural efficiency, UHPC applications can lead to a significant rise in the service life of the
concrete-based infrastructure. For UHPC, sufficient curing is essential for concrete to provide its potential performance [12,
13]. The durability of concrete subjected to aggressive environments depends largely on transport properties, which are
influenced by pore system [14-18]. Pozzolanic materials commonly used include fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin; these
materials are usually added to concrete as a constituent of blended cement or at the concrete batch plant as a partial
replacement. The addition of these materials mostly can enhance various aspects of concrete durability [19-21].
Ultra-high-performance concrete provides a segmented capillary pore system which enhances its barrier and durability
characteristics [22]. The surface layer of UHPC, however, could be compromised by a combination of drying and autogenous
shrinkage considering that the surface water cannot be replenished due to its low bleeding [23, 24]. Given the emphasis on
high strength, air-entrainment is not commonly practiced with UHPC. This approach assumes that the high barrier qualities of
UHPC provide it with desired freeze-thaw durability [25].
The key contribution of this work relates to a quantitative investigation of the distinctions between the UHPC cementitious
paste composition and that of a normal Portland cement paste used in conventional concrete. The UHPC paste is distinguished
by relatively high concentrations of supplementary cementitious materials, distinctly low water content, and very high
superplasticizer content. These features are shown here to significantly alter the heat of hydration and dimensional stability of
the UHPC paste when compared with the Portland cement paste in conventional concrete.

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DOI: 10 5963/AMSA0601001
Advances in Materials Science and Applications 2017, Vol. 6 Iss. 1, PP. 1-8

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The granular raw materials used in the UHPC mix design considered in this investigation can be divided into two
categories: (1) cementitious materials and fine filler (limestone powder); and (2) aggregates. The cementitious materials and
the fine filler considered in this investigation were: (i) Type I Portland cement; (ii) undensified silica fume with ~200 nm mean
particle size, ~15 m2/g specific area and >105% 7-day pozzolanic activity index; (iii) ground granulated blast furnace slag with
specific gravity of 2.9 and bulk density of 1,200 kg/m3, ground to less than 45 micrometer particle size; and (iv) limestone
powder with 2 micrometer mean particle size. The particle size distributions of cementitious materials and limestone powder,
measured using a laser granulometer (Malvern Mastersizer 2000E), are presented in Fig. 1. The aggregates used in UHPC
mixtures included (see Fig. 2 for particle size distributions evaluated via sieve analysis): (i) limestone coarse aggregate with 12
mm maximum size; (ii) coarse silica sand with mean particle size of 0.8 mm and specific gravity of 2.67; and (iii) fine silica
sand with mean particle size of 0.4 mm and specific gravity of 2.65. A polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer (Chryso 150
supplied by Chryso, with 1.06 specific gravity and 1.8% solid content) and steel fiber of 0.2mm diameter and 15mm length
with a brass coating (supplied by Bekaert) were also used in UHPC mixtures. The UHPC mix design considered in this
investigation is presented in Table 1.

Fig. 1 Particle size distribution of the cementitious materials and limestone powder

Fig. 2 Particle size distribution of coarse and fine aggregates

TABLE 1 UHPC MIX DESIGN

Material Quantity, kg/m3

Coarse aggregate 612
Coarser silica sand 500
Finer silica sand 500
Cement 604
Silica fume 268
Slag powder 120
Limestone powder 216
Water 144
Superplasticizer 57.6
Steel fiber 148

Ultra-high-performance concrete mixtures were prepared in the following steps using a rotary drum mixer:
1. Add all aggregates and powders to the mixer in the following sequence: coarse aggregate, fine aggregates, and powders
(cement, silica fume, slag and limestone powder).

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DOI: 10.5963/AMSA0601001
Advances in Materials Science and Applications 2017, Vol. 6 Iss. 1, PP. 1-8

in water. The freeze-thaw test setup is shown in Fig. 5. The effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the dynamic modulus of elasticity
and weight of UHPC specimens were investigated.

Fig. 5 Freeze-thaw test chamber

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Drying Shrinkage
The drying shrinkage test results are presented in Fig. 6 for UHPC, together with typical data for normal-strength concrete.
UHPC is rich in cementitious paste content, with relatively high proportions of pozzolanic materials, which tend to increase its
shrinkage movements. On the other hand, the very low water content of UHPC tends to lower its drying shrinkage. The
comparison made with normal-strength concrete in Fig. 6 indicates that the drying shrinkage of UHPC is comparable to that of
normal-strength concrete. The low water content of UHPC can be used to partly explain this finding. The distinctly low water
content is below that required for hydration of the cementitious powder. Therefore, cores of cementitious powders remain non-
hydrated; they act as well-bonded dense fillers within cement hydrates, which restrain their shrinkage movements. Another
factor lowering the shrinkage movements of the UHPC binder is the dense packing of the particulate matter and the high
concentration of pozzolans, which lower the capillary porosity of the resulting hydrates. Another factor is the dense packing of
aggregates in UHPC, which improves their effectiveness in restraining the drying shrinkage movements of the binder.

Days
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-100
-200 UHPC
-300 Portland Cement
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
Fig. 6 Drying shrinkage test results

B. Autogenous Shrinkage
The autogenous shrinkage test results for the UHPC paste and a Type I Portland cement paste are presented in Fig. 7.
Autogenous shrinkage is measured after final set time per ASTM C1698. Autogenous shrinkage results from loss of physically
adsorbed water to hydration (instead of drying which is the case for drying shrinkage); it is prevalent for low ratios of water-to-
cementitious ratios. In the case of Portland cement paste, autogenous shrinkage is marginal because bulk water is available for
hydration reactions, and loss of bulk water does not cause shrinkage. In the case of UHPC, however, dense packing of the
granular matter and the limited presence of water implies that most of the water is physically adsorbed. Its loss to hydration
reaction would thus cause (autogenous) shrinkage. The autogenous shrinkage of the UHPC paste is still relatively small
(though larger than that of a normal Portland cement paste) partly because of the dense packing of the granular matter and the
limited extent of hydration which leaves the cores of reactive particles non-hydrated (acting as well-bonded fillers which
restrain shrinkage movements) [27].

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DOI: 10 5963/AMSA0601001
 Investigating Properties of Low Binder Ultra-High
Performance Concretes Containing Nano and/or Micro
Silica

Ph.D. Thesis
in
Civil Engineering
University of Gaziantep

Supervisor

Assoc. Prof

by
Diler Sabah ASAAD
January 2016
 Table 3.4 Mixture proportions of UHPC containing NS and/or SF

Mix Cement Silica fume Nano Silica Water Superplasticizer Quartz aggregate
group 3 3 3 3 3
designation (kg/m ) (kg/m ) (kg/m ) (kg/m ) (kg/m ) (kg/m3)

1 SF0NS0 800 0 0 160 21.6 1471.3

SF0NS0.5 1461.1
796 0 4 160 25.2
SF0NS1 792 0 8 160 28.8 1450.8
SF0NS2 784 0 16 160 36.0 1430.2
SF0NS3 776 0 24 160 43.2 1409.7
2 SF10NS0 720 80 0 160 29.6 1422.9
SF10NS0.5 716 80 4 160 33.6 1411.6
SF10NS1 712 80 8 160 37.6 1400.3
SF10NS2 704 80 16 160 44.8 1379.8
SF10NS3 696 80 24 160 52.0 1359.2

43
 CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

6.1 Free Shrinkage

Though the dry shrinkage strains were comparable for the early ages of drying period,

a clear distinction observed at the later periods for UHPC with a different amount of

NS content individually (Figure 6.1) or with 10% of SF (Figure 6.2). The mixture that

with no contribution of NS and 10%SF (SF10NS0) had the highest shrinkage strain

is about 573 microstrain at the end of the 60 days drying period. In all UHPCs mixes,

the dry shrinkage reduces with an increase to any amount of NS but vice versa for SF.

The use of NS with the amounts of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3.0% causes a reduction in dry

shrinkage about 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%, respectively, for the mixtures without

contribution of SF. These dry shrinkage reduction effects of NS in UHPC have also

observed for normal concretes as reported (Folliard and Berke, 1997; Nmai et al.,

1998; Shoya et al., 1990) and related with the main compound of NS that assumed

causing to reduce the surface force tension of pore water and consequently reducing

the dry shrinkage (Yu et al., 2014; Shoya and Sugita, 1985)

93
Figure 6.1 Dry shrinkage measurements for UHPCs with different NS and 0%SF

Figure 6.2 Dry shrinkage measurements for UHPCs with different NS and 10%SF

94