Unit-2 Polymonials Core

CLASS
X
CBSE-i
ALGEBRA (CORE)
POLYNOMIALS
UNIT - 2
Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India

CBSE-i
ALGEBRA (CORE)
POLYNOMIALS
UNIT - 2
CLASS-X
Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India

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Acknowledgements
Advisory Conceptual Framework
Shri Vineet Joshi, Chairman, CBSE Shri G. Balasubramanian, Former Director (Acad), CBSE
Shri Shashi Bhushan, Director(Academic), CBSE Ms. Abha Adams, Consultant, Step-by-Step School, Noida
Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Head (I & R),CBSE
Ideators
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Material Production Groups: Classes IX-X
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Ms. Neha Sharma Ms. Neeta Rastogi
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Ms. Ruchika Sachdev
Geography: Political Science: Economics:
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Ms. Bharti Dave Ms. Srelekha Mukherjee Mr. Pankaj Bhanwani
Ms. Bhagirathi Ms. Ambica Gulati
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English : Science : Mathematics : Geography:
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Ms. Neha Sharma Mr. Saroj Kumar Ms. N. Vidya Ms. Leela Grewal
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Coordinators:
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Head (I and R) E O (Com) E O (Maths) E O (Science)
Shri R. P. Sharma, Consultant Ms. Ritu Narang, RO (Innovation) Ms. Sindhu Saxena, R O (Tech) Shri Al Hilal Ahmed, AEO
Ms. Seema Lakra, S O Ms. Preeti Hans, Proof Reader
Content
1. Syllabus 1
2. Scope Document 2
3. Material Resource 5
• 2.1 Introduction of Unit 5
• 2.2 Value of a Polynomial at a point 7
• 2.3 Zero of a Polynomial 7
• 2.4 Relation between zeroes and coefficients 10
• 2.5 Geometrical representation of zeroes of polynomial 12
• 2.6 Reading zeroes of linear and quadratic polynomial from graph 16
• 2.7 Division of Polynomials 18
4. Teacher's Support Material 21
• 2.8 Activity 1 - Warm up (W1) 22
• 2.9 Activity 2 - Warm up (W2) 24
• 2.10 Activity 3 - Pre Content (P1) 26
• 2.11 Activity 4 - Content Worksheet (CW1) 26
• 2.16 List of useful resources 29

Content
5. Students' Support Material 31
• Worksheet 1 - Warm up (W1 & W2) 32
• Self assessment Rubric 1 34
• Worksheet 2 - Pre Content (P1) 35
• Worksheet 3 - Self assessment Rubric 2 36
• Worksheet 4 - Content (CW1) 37
• Worksheet 14 - Post Content (PCW1) 50
• Worksheet 15 - Post Content (PCW2) 51
6. Assessment Guidance Plan 53

SYLLABUS UNIT 2 :
ALGEBRA (CORE)-POLYNOMIALS
Polynomial Recapitulation of vocabulary of polynomials

in one variable - coefficient, terms, degree,
constant, linear, quadratic, cubic polynomial
Zeroes of polynomial Zero of linear polynomial, zeroes of quadratic

polynomial, finding zeroes of polynomial by
splitting middle terms, relation between
zeroes and coefficients. Geometrical
representation of zeroes of polynomial,
reading zeroes of linear and quadratic
polynomial from graph.
Division algorithm Dividend= divisor x quotient + remainder
Division of quadratic polynomial by linear
polynomial
Division of cubic polynomial by linear
polynomial
Division of cubic polynomial by quadratic
polynomial
MATHEMATICS UNIT - 2 1
SCOPE DOCUMENT
Key terms
1. Zeroes of a polynomial
2. Cubic polynomial
3. Division algorithm
Learning Objectives
1. To tell the possible number of zeroes for a given polynomial.
2. To find zero of a linear polynomial algebraically.
3. To find zeroes of a quadratic polynomial algebraically.
4. To find zeroes of a cubic polynomial algebraically.
5. To understand the geometrical meaning of zeroes.
6. To read the zeroes of a polynomial from given graph.
7. To find the polynomial when zeroes are known.
8. To divide the linear polynomial by a linear polynomial.
9. To divide the quadratic polynomial by a linear polynomial.
10. To divide the cubic polynomial by a linear polynomial.
11. To divide the cubic polynomial by a quadratic polynomial.
12. To express the division of two polynomials using division algorithm
2 MATHEMATICS UNIT - 2
Extension Activities:
1. Find the zeroes of a cubic polynomial by the method of grouping.
2. Find the zeroes of a bi-quadratic polynomial using division.
Cross Curricular Links : Polynomials define simple curves in the language of mathematics so
that they may be easily analyzed and modified. Simple curves can be combined to closely
approximate more complicated curves. Planets, weather etc. move in curves. Mechanical
forces, chemical and biological processes, etc. are not constant but change over space and time.
These changes and other changes like fluctuations in the economy can be approximated by
curves. Also, televisions, computers, phones, music players, etc. all receive signals that are
sine waves (curves). Polynomials are the building blocks of all these sciences.
Finance
Assessment of present value is used in loan calculations and company valuation. It involves
polynomials that back interest accumulation out of future liquid transactions, with the aim of
finding an equivalent liquid (present, cash, or in-hand) value. Tax and economic calculations
can usually be written as polynomials as well.
Electronics
Electronics use many polynomials. The definition of resistance, V=IR, is a polynomial relating
the resistance from a resistor to the current through it and the potential drop across it.
Curve Fitting
Polynomials are fit to data points in both regression and interpolation. In regression, a large
number of data points is fit with a function, usually a line: y=mx+b. The equation may have
more than one "x" (more than one dependent variable), which is called multiple linear.
In interpolation, short polynomials are joined tegether so they pass through all the data points.
For those who are curious to research this more, the name of some of the polynomials used for
interpolation are called "Lagrange polynomials", "cubic splines" and "Bezier splines".
Chemistry
Polynomials come up often in chemistry. Gas equations relating diagnostic parameters can
usually be written as polynomials, such as the ideal gas law: PV=nRT (where 'n' is mole count
and 'R' is a proportionality constant).
Formulas of molecules in concentration at equilibrium also can be written as polynomials. For
example, if A, B and C are the concentrations in solution of OH-, H2O+, and H2O respectively,
then the equilibrium concentration equation can be written in terms of the corresponding
equilibrium constant K: KC=AB.
Physics and Engineering

Physics and engineering are fundamentally studies in proportionality. If a stress is increased,
how much does the beam deflect? If a trajectory is fired at a certain angle, how far away will it
land?
Polynomials are really useful in calculating projectile paths as the physics equation for
projectile motion is:
s=ut + 0.5 at ²
this is a quadratic
Other polynomials can be derived (calculus) to find the rate of change.
Such as if you have a distance time graph, d (t) = t² + 5 for example, you can find the velocity of
that graph at any point in time.
Read more :
How are Polynomials used in Life? |eHow.com
http://www.ehow.com/about_5479798_polynomials-used-life.html#ixzz1Inv2GL6n
MATERIAL RESOURCES
2.1 Introduction of the unit:
In previous Classes you have studied about the polynomials. Let us recall all
concepts learnt.
Polynomial is an algebraic expression in one variable, say x .It is the sum of two or
more terms of the form axn, where a is real number and x is a non negative integer.
Polynomial can be written in the form

a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .....................+ an-2xn-2 + an-1xn-1 + an xn
where a0, a1, a2,.......an-2, an-1, an are real number and are known as coefficients and are
known as non-negative integers.
Some examples of polynomial are
x2+5x+6, x8+8x2+15x+9, x3+2x2+x+4
7 The coefficient of highest power term is known as leading coefficient.
8 The coefficient of a term with power 0 is called a constant,

In 3x3 +5x+7. 7 is a constant and 3 is the leading coefficient.
Let us revise these terms.
What is a monomial? Polynomial with one term is known as monomial
Examples of monomials are
15, 24x, 12y5, -100m3
What is a binomial? Polynomial with two terms is known as binomial

Examples of binomials are
• 16y² + 25y
• -112x³ - 23x
• 31x + 5x²
What is a trinomial? A trinomial is a polynomial with three terms
Examples of trinomials are:
• 5x2 + 6x + 7
• -12x3 + 63x2 - 25x
Degree of a Polynomial
Power of variable in each term is known as degree of that term. For example for a
polynomial p(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 +7 x+ 6
Term Degree of corresponding term
2x3 3
5x2 2
7x 1
6 0
The term with highest power determines the degree of a polynomial .In the above
case the highest power is 3. So the degree of the polynomial is 3.
If p(x) is a polynomial in x, the highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree of the
polynomial p(x).Depending on the degree, a polynomials can be named as:
Linear Polynomial: A polynomial whose degree is 1.
Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial whose degree is 2.
Cubic Polynomial: A polynomial whose degree is 3.
Degree Name Example

0 constant 10
1 linear 5x+2
2 quadratic 5x² + 14x + 6
3 cubic 12x³ + 3x + 7
4 quartic 30x4 + 2x2 + 24
5 quintic 2x5 + 3x + 1
2.2 Value of a polynomial at a point
Consider the polynomial p(x) = x2 + 5x - 3. When we put x = 1 in p(x), then we get
p(1) = 12 +5 × 1 - 3 = 3. The value '3', obtained by replacing x by 1 in p(x), is the value of
given polynomial at x = 1.
Now, consider p(x) = 5x+3
p(0) = 5(0) +3 = 3
p(1) = 5(1) +3 = 8
p(2) = 5(2) +3 = 13
In general, If p(x) is a polynomial in x, and if k is any real number, then the value
obtained by replacing x by k in p(x), is called the value of p(x) at x = k, and is denoted by
p(k).
What is the value of p(x) = 5x3-3x2-4x+1 at x= -3?
p(x) = 5x3-3x2-4x+1
p(-3)= 5(-3)3-3(-3)2 -4(-3)+1
Simplify and get the answer.
2.3 Zero of a Polynomial

In class 9 students have learnt the concept of finding zero of a linear polynomial.
Definition:
Zero of a polynomial is that value of x that makes the polynomial equal to 0. In other
words, the number r is a zero of a polynomial P(x) if and only if P(r) = 0.
Example 1: Consider a linear polynomial 5x + 7,
To get its zero, we have to find the value of x, so that it becomes zero.
Therefore 5x + 7 = 0
⇒
x = - 7/5
Exercise: Find the zero of following linear polynomials:
1. P(x) = 4x -3
2. Q(x) = 7x + 5/3
3. R(t) = 9t- 4
4. P(x) = 14x + 5
Example 2: Consider a quadratic polynomial x2-5x+6,
To get its zero, we have to find the value of x, so that it becomes zero.
⇒
x2-5x+6 = 0
⇒
x2 -3x-2x+6 = 0
⇒
x(x-3) -2 (x-3) = 0
⇒
(x-3)(x-2) = 0
⇒
x = 3 or x= 2
2.3.1 How many zeroes can a polynomial have?

Number of zeroes of a polynomial depends on its degree. A polynomial of degree n can
have at the most n number of zeroes.
A polynomial of degree two can have at the most two zeroes.
Polynomial x2 + 2x +1 has only one zero i.e. -1.
Polynomial x2 + 3x+2 has two zeroes -1 and -2.
A polynomial of degree 3 can have at the most three zeroes.
Can you write a polynomial of degree three with one zero?
Can you write a polynomial of degree three with two zeroes?
Can you write a polynomial of degree three with three zeroes?
It is possible to write a polynomial when the zeroes are known.
To write a polynomial when its zeroes are known
In the example 2 given above you may observe that 2 and 3 are zeroes of polynomial and
x-2 and x-3 are factors of a given polynomial.
If a given polynomial p(x) can be factorised and can be written as (x-a) (x-b) (x-c)…..
then the polynomial will become zero if any one of its factor is zero.
Thus we can say that if a polynomial has zeroes as a and b , it will have factors as x-a and
x-b, then the polynomial will be (x-a)(x-b)=x2 -(a+b)x +ab.
Example 3: Find a polynomial of degree 3 with zeroes as -2,1,3.
Solution: If -2 is a zero of a polynomial then x+2 is a factor of polynomial. Similarly

other factors are x-1 and x-3.Therefore polynomial is (x+2) (x-1) (x-3).
Simplify to get the required polynomial p(x)= x3 -2x2 -5x +6
2.3.2 Finding zeroes of a polynomial using constant term and leading

coefficient
Consider the polynomial q(x)=x2 - 6x +5.
Here the constant term is 5.Its factor are say p=1 and 5.
Here the leading coefficient is 1.its only factor is say q= 1.
Divide the factors of the constant by the factors of leading coefficient i.e. find p/q. Take
positive and negative values of p/q. Here 1,-1 and 5,-5 are obtained.
Insert the numbers obtained in the polynomial,
Q (1) = (1)2-6(1) +5=0
Q (5) = (5)2 - 6(5) +5 =0
Q (-1) = (-1)2-6(-1) +5≠

0
Q (-5) = (-5)2-6(-5) +5≠

0
You may observe that 1 and 5 are zeroes of given polynomial.
Note : Zeroes obtained in this manner are known as Rational Zeroes.
Examples 4: Find the roots of x3 -3x +2=0
Solution: Here leading coefficient= 1.Its factors are q=1
Constant term= 2. Its factors are p = 1 and 2
So, p/q= 1 and 2
Take both positive and negative values of p/q=1,-1,2,-2
P(1)= (1)3- 3(1)2 +2=0
P(-1)= (-1)3- 3(-1)2 +2≠

0
P(2)= (2)3- 3(2)2 +2≠

0
P(-2)= (-2)3- 3(-2)2 +2≠

0
Therefore x=1 is a zero of the given polynomial. But the given polynomial is of degree 3,
so it can have at the most three zeroes. From above method we are able to find only one
zero. Other two zeroes in this case can be determined by dividing the given polynomial
by x-1 as x-1 is one of the factors of given polynomial.
We will first learn the division algorithm and then will learn further to find all zeroes of
cubic polynomial.
Example 5. Let P(x) = 5x³ - 4x² + 7x - 8. Find P (1).What do you conclude about the
factors of P(x)?
2.4 Relationship between zeroes and coefficients of a quadratic polynomial

What is a quadratic polynomial?
A polynomial ax2+bx+c, a ≠
0, a, b, c, are real numbers is called a quadratic polynomial.
Consider a quadratic polynomial 5x²+ 6x +1. To get its zero, we write 5x²+ 6x +1 = 0. This
means we have to find the value (s) of the variable x which makes the given expression
0.
By splitting the middle term, we get 5x²+ 5 x +x +1 = 0.
This means, 5x(x+1) + 1(x+1) = 0
⇒
(5x+1)(x+1) = 0
⇒
x = -1/5 or x = -1
Therefore, the two zeroes are -1/5 and -1
Now, find the sum of zeroes and product of zeroes
1 6
Sum of zeroes = - -1= -
5 5
Observe the coefficient of x and the coefficient of x² terms.
Coefficient of x
We find that Sum of zeroes = -
coefficient of x²
Now, find the product of zeroes
1 1
Product of zeroes = - x -1=
5 5
Observe the constant term and the coefficient of x2 terms.

Coefficient term
We find that Product of zeroes =
coefficient of x²
In a quadratic polynomial ax²+bx+c, a 0, a, b, c, are real numbers

Coefficient of x
Sum of zeroes = - coefficient of x²
Coefficient term
Product of zeroes =
coefficient of x²
Example: Consider a quadratic polynomial 2x²-8x + 6

By splitting the middle term we get,
2x²-8x+6 = (2x-2)(x-3)
= 2(x-1)(x-3)
Zeroes of this polynomial are given by x-1=0 and x-3=0
x=1 and x=3
Coefficient of x
Sum of zeroes = 1+3 = 4 = -(-8)/2 = -
coefficient of x²
Coefficient term
Product of zeroes =( 1) (3) = 3 = 6/2 =
coefficient of x²
Now, let us learn to write a quadratic polynomial when sum and product of its zeroes is
given.
Remember: A quadratic polynomial whose sum of zeroes is S and product of zeroes is P

is given by x² -Sx +P
Example: Write a quadratic polynomial whose sum of zeroes is 5 and product of zeroes
is 10
Here Sum of zeroes = 5 and Product of zeroes= 10
Using the formula, required polynomial is x² - 5x + 10
Note: If α and β are zeroes of a quadratic polynomial then the required polynomial is
given by (x- α
) (x- β)
2.5 Geometric Representation of Zero of a Polynomial

What are the x-intercept and y-intercept of a graph?
(0,b)
y-intercept
(-a, 0)
x-intercept
The x-intercept is that value of x where the graph crosses or touches the x-axis. At the x-
intercept on the x-axis y = 0.
The y-intercept is that value of y where the graph crosses the y-axis. At the y-intercept,
x = 0.
What is the relationship between the zero of a polynomial and the x-intercepts of its
graph?
The zeroes are the x-intercepts!
The zeroes of x² - x - 6 are -2 and 3. Therefore, the graph of y = x² - x - 6 will cross the
x - axis at -2 and 3.
The graph of a linear polynomial of the form ax + b, a not equal to zero is a straight line
which intersects the x-axis at exactly one point. The value of x coordinates of the point
where the line meets x- axis is zero of the polynomial.
Graph of a linear Polynomials
Consider the following graph
This is a graph of linear polynomial 2x+3. It intersects the x-axis at point (-1.5, 0).
So, the linear polynomial 2x+3 has one zero, given by -1.5 (x-coordinate of point where
line cuts the x-axis)
Exploring graphs of Quadratic polynomial
• A quadratic polynomial is given by ax2+bx+c, a ≠

0, a,b,c, are real numbers.
• The degree of a quadratic polynomial is 2.
• Graph of a quadratic polynomial is a parabola.
• There are at most two zeroes of a quadratic polynomial.
Observe the following graphs.
This is a graph of a quadratic polynomial which do not intersect the x- axis at any of the
points, so there is no zero of this polynomial.
In the second graph, the curve touches the x-axis at one point, so it has 1 zero. What is
that zero?
In the following graph, the curve cuts the x-axis at two points, so the given quadratic
polynomial has two zeroes. Write the two zeroes from the graph.
Note: The zero of a quadratic polynomial is the value of x- coordinate of a

point where the graph of the polynomial cuts the x-axis. It has at most 2 zeroes
2.6 Observing the number of zeroes of a polynomial from its graph
The graphs of y = p(x) are given in following figure, for some polynomials p(x). Find the
number of zeroes of p(x), in each case.
(i)
Observation: The graph of y=p(x) does not intersect the x-axis at any point. This means
it has no zero.
(ii)
Observation: The graph of y=p(x) intersects the x-axis at one point. This means it has
one zero.
(iii)
Observation: The graph of y=p(x) intersect the x-axis at three points. This means it has 3
zeros.
(iv)
Observation: The graph of y=p(x) intersect the x-axis at two points. This means it has 2
zeros.
(v)
Observation: The graph of y=p(x) intersect the x-axis at four points. This means it has 4
zeros.
(vi)
Observation: The graph of y=p(x) intersect the x-axis at three points. This means it has 3
zeros.
2.7 Division of polynomials
In previous classes students have learnt the division of integers. Also, they have the
knowledge of Euclid's division lemma i.e. dividend = divisor x quotient + remainder.
Let us see the process of division of polynomials.
First let us divide 5x³ - x³ + 6 by x - 4.
We write it as shown below x - 4 5x³ - x² + 0x + 6
We need to have the terms written down with the exponents in decreasing order and to
make sure we don't make any mistakes we add in any missing terms with a zero
coefficient.
Now we we need to multiply x - 4 to get the first term in first polynomial. In this case
that is 5x². So multiply x - 4 by 5x² and subtract the results from the first polynomial.
5x²
x - 4 5x³ - x² + 0x + 6
- (5x³ - 20x²)
19x² + 0x + 6
The new polynomial is called the remainder. We continue the process until the degree
of the remainder is less than the degree of the divisor, which is x - 4 in this case. So, we
need to continue until the degree of the remainder is less than 1.
Recall that the degree of a polynomial is the highest exponent in the polynomial. Also,
recall that a constant is thought of as a polynomial of degree zero. Therefore, we'll need
to continue until we get a constant in this case.
Here is the rest of the work for this example.

5x² + 19x + 76
x - 4 5x³ - x² + 0x + 6
- (5x³ - 20x²)
19x² + 0x + 6
- (19x² - 76x)
76 + 6
- (76x - 304)
310
What is division algorithm for polynomials?
Division algorithm states that : Given a polynomial P(x) with degree at least 1 and any
number R there is another polynomial Q(x), called the quotient, with degree one less
than the degree of P(x) and a number R, called the remainder, such that,
P (x) = (x - r) Q (x) + R
Division algorithm: Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder
Example Divide x³ -3x² +5x -3 by x² -2

(I) p(x) = x³ - 3x² + 5x - 3
q(x) = x² - 2
x-3
x² - 2 x³ - 3x² + 5x - 3
x³ - 2x
- +
- 3x² + 7x - 3
- 3x² +6
+ -
7x - 9
Quotient = x - 3
Remainder = 7x - 9
Example To check whether x2+3x+1 is a factor of 3x4 + 5x3-7x2+2x+2.

3x² - 4x + 2
x² + 3x + 1 3x4 + 5x³ - 7x² + 2x + 2
3x4 + 9x³ + 3x²
- - -
- 4x³ - 10x² + 2x + 2
- 4x³ - 12x² - 4x
+ + +
2x² + 6x + 2
2x² + 6x + 2
0
Since the remainder is 0,
Hence, x² + 3x + 1 is a factor of 3x4 + 5x³ - 7x² + 2x + 2
Discussion: How many zeroes a cubic polynomial has? Yes, you are right. A cubic
polynomial has at most 3 zeroes.
You have learnt how to find rational zero of a cubic polynomial. For the problem
discussed earlier we were able to found one zero and mentioned that rest of the zeroes
we will be able to find after learning Division Algorithm. Now, we will use the division
of polynomials process to do the same.
Example: If one zero of a cubic polynomial x³ - 3x² - x+3 is 1, then find the other zeroes.
In this problem, it is given that one zero is 1, this means (x-1) is a factor of given
polynomial.
We will divide the given polynomial by (x-1).
On dividing we get x³ - 3x² - x+3 = (x-1)(x²-2x-3) +0
But x² - 2x - 3 can be factorised as (x+1) (x-3)
.: x³ - 3x² - x + 3 = (x-1) (x²-2x-3) + 0
= (x-1) (x+1) (x-3) + 0
⇒
Factors of the polynomial x³ - 3x² - x + 3
are (x-1) (x+1) (x-3)
Note : Find all zeroes of polynomial x³ - 3x + 2 = 0
You already know that one zero of this polynomial is 1.
Teachers'
Support
Material
2.8 Activity 1- Warm up (W1)
Description: This is a starter activity to engage students in learning. Show the image
given below and ask the students to read the words one by one. Tell them we will play a
game using these terms.
Pre Preparation:
Prepare paper slips on which various terms and
statements are written. Put them in a bowl and
ask each student to pick up one slip.
monomial
A binomial having degree 4 A trinomial having degree 4
A constant polynomial A cubic polynomial
A quadratic polynomial A trinomial whose constant

term is 1
Execution: Each student will have to say one sentence about the written terms or give
examples in support of statement on the slip.
2.9 Activity 2- Warm up (W2)
Specific Objectives:
• To explore an algebraic expression and find whether it is a polynomial or not?
• To find If the given expression is a polynomial then it is a polynomial in one variable

or not?
• To find If the given expression is a polynomial then observe its degree and count the
number of terms
• To name the given polynomial according to its degree.
• To name the given polynomial according to the number of terms in it.
Description: This is a brainstorming warm up activity. Write any algebraic

expression on the board. Students will be asked to comment on the expression. They
will brainstorm on various aspects
• Is it a polynomial? Why and Why not?
• If yes, then what is the degree? What will you call it on the basis of degree?
• How many terms are there? What will you call it on the basis of number of terms?
• What are the coefficients of various terms?
Pre preparation:
Make a list of various algebraic polynomials.
Some of them are not to be polynomials.
Prepare a list of points for brainstorming.
Terms: Monomial, Binomial, Trinomial, Polynomial, Degree, Quadratic polynomial,

Cubic Polynomial, Coefficients
Execution :
Consider the given algebraic expression
4x³ + 3x² - 5x - 6
Ask the students to write observations on the following statements
1. The given algebraic expression is a polynomial
2. It is a polynomial in one variable
3. The coefficient of x is 5
4. Its constant term is 6
5. Its degree is 5
6. It is a cubic polynomial
7. It has 4 terms
8. The coefficient of x² is 3
9. If we remove -5x term then it will become a trinomial
10. If we remove any of one term, then it will become a trinomial
11. If we add one more term having degree 4 then it will become a polynomial of degree 4.
2.10 Activity 3 Pre Content (P1)
• To recall the concept of value of a polynomial at a given point
• To practice to find the value of a polynomial at a given point
• To revise the concept of zero of a linear polynomial
Description: Students have studied in class 9 to find the value of a polynomial at a given
point. Also, they have learnt to calculate zeroes of a linear polynomial. For example, to
calculate the zero of linear polynomial p(x) = 3x -2, put 3x-2 = 0. So, the zero of p(x) = 3x -
2 will be 2/3.
Prepare a worksheet for students for testing the previous knowledge based on two
concepts.
2 Finding the value of a polynomial at a given point
3 Zeroes of a linear polynomial
Execution: Ask the students to solve the worksheet. Discuss orally the important
points. Let students speak the method of finding zero of a linear polynomial.
2.11 Activity 4 Content Worksheet (CW1)

• to be able to write linear and quadratic polynomials
• to be able to find the zeroes of a linear polynomial
• to be able to find the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial by splitting the middle term
Description:
After learning to find the zeroes of a polynomial, students will be provided with
content worksheet CW1. It is a 20 minutes task in which students will use their
knowledge and solve the exercise given in the worksheet.
Follow up:
Revise important points learnt till now. Ask the students to make a mind map.
2.12 Activity5 Content Worksheet (CW2)

• To find the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial and verify the relationship between zeroes
and coefficients
• To write a quadratic polynomial when its zeroes are given
• To write a quadratic polynomial when sum and product of its zeroes are given
Description: After learning how to find the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial, students
will be given a worksheet on finding a relationship between zeroes and coefficients of a
quadratic polynomial. Students will use the knowledge of splitting the middle term
concept and find the zeroes of a given quadratic polynomial. They will further verify
the relationship between zeroes and coefficients of the polynomial.

• To practice the skill of drawing graphs of a linear polynomial on a graph paper
• To observe the graph of a polynomial and tell the number of zeroes
• To tell the value of zero(s) of a polynomial from its graph
Description: Teacher will ask the students to write a linear polynomial and draw its
graph. Each student will make the table of values and plot the points on a graph paper.
Students will be then asked to observe the points where the graph intersects the x- axis
(if any).
Let students verify that the abscissa of the point where the graph intersects the x- axis is
the required zero of the given polynomial.
To observe the number of zeroes of a polynomial from its graph.
Description:
Students will be asked to observe the graphs of polynomials. They will be asked.
(i) Is the graph intersecting x-axis at any point?
(ii) At, how many points, the graph in intersecting x-axis?
Hence, how much zeroes, the polynomials have?

To divide a polynomials of degree more than 1 by a linear polynomial.
To find the quotient and the remainder.
To understand the division algorithm to establish that
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder.
Description
Students will be given two polynomials p(x) and g(x) and will be asked.
1. Which of these polynomials can be divided by the other?
2. What will be the degree of quotient?
3. What will be the degree of the remainder?
Take different examples of p(x) and g(x) and find q(x), the quotient and r(x), the
remainder.
2.16 Useful Resources
(i) http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/factor/fac01/fac01.html
(On this web page the process of long division of polynomials is explained step by step)
(ii) http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/polynomials-division-long.html
(On this web page, some videos are inserted for the explanation of long division in
polynomials)
Useful Videos
i. Note: If the students find problem in splitting the middle term of a quadratic
polynomial then they may watch Video: Splitting the middle term
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07IenNnS3Xs
ii. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsotIB0Usvw
iii. Dividing a quadratic polynomial by a linear polynomial
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6_ghhd7kwQ&feature=relmfu
30
Students'
Support
Material
Student's Worksheet-1
Warm up (W1)
Name of student______________________________________ Date__________________
Consider the given algebraic expression
4x3 + 3x2 - 5x - 6
Give your comments on the following statements:
• The coefficient of x is 5
_____________________________________________________________
• This is a polynomial
_____________________________________________________________
• Its constant term is -6
_____________________________________________________________
• Its degree is 5
_____________________________________________________________
• It is a cubic polynomial.
_____________________________________________________________
• It has 4 terms
_____________________________________________________________
• The coefficient of x² is 3
_____________________________________________________________
• If we remove -5x term then it will become a trinomial
_____________________________________________________________
• If we remove any of one term, then it will become a trinomial
_____________________________________________________________
• If we add one more term having degree 4 then it will become a polynomial of degree 4.
_____________________________________________________________
Student's Worksheet - 1A
Warm up (W2)
Name of student________________________________________ Date__________________
Understanding of terms along with their meaning
Self Assessment Rubric - 1
Term Knows the meaning Aware of the term but Do not know
do not know the what it is?
meaning
Polynomial
Monomial
Binomial
Trinomial
Linear Polynomial
Quadratic Polynomial
Cubic Polynomial
Quartic Polynomial
Coefficient of terms
Degree of polynomial
Pre content (P1)
Name of student_________________________________________ Date___________________
Choose the correct answer.
1. The zero of the polynomial P(x) = x+5 is
(i) 5 (ii) -5 (iii) 0 (iv) 1
2. The remainder when x3+1 is divided by x+1 is
(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) -1 (iv) 0
3. If x-1 is a factor of 4x3+3x2-4x+K, then value of K is
(i) 3 (ii) -3 (iii) 0 (iv) -2
4. The value of the polynomial 5x-4x2+3 at x= -1 is
(i) 6 (ii) -1 (iii) -6 (iv) 3

Fill the table given below
Polynomial Value
P(x)= 4x3-5x+2 P(2)=
P(t) = 5t2 +3t -8 P(1)=
P(y)=7y² + 2u - 1 P(½) =
P(r) = 4r4 + 7y3 + 2 P(0) =
P(y) = 1 - ½y³ P(-1) =
P(r)= ar³ + 1 P(1) =
Self Assessment Rubric 2
Pre Content (P1)
Name of student____________________________ Date__________________
Rate your knowledge according to the given scale.
Skill
Able to find the zero of a

linear polynomial
Able to apply Remainder

theorem
Able to apply factor

theorem
Able to find value of a

polynomial at a given point
Content Worksheet (CW1)
Name of student_____________________________________________ Date______________
1. Write two examples each of a linear polynomial and a quadratic polynomial.
Type of polynomial Examples
Linear
Quadratic
2. Find the zeroes of following linear polynomials.
a) P(x) = 7x +3
b) Q(t) = 3t -2
3. Take any three linear polynomials. Find the zeroes. How many zeroes a linear
polynomial has?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Factorise the following quadratic polynomials using the splitting the middle term. Find
the zeroes.
a) 5x2 -6x + 1
b) t2-2x-8
c) 4m2-4m+1
Name of student_________________________________________ Date__________________
Skill
Able to write a linear/

quadratic/cubic poly-
nomial
Able to find zeroes of a

linear polynomial

quadratic polynomial
Name of student_____________________________________________ Date______________
Assignment:
Q1 Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship
between zeroes and coefficients.
(a) x² + 8x + 12
(b) x² + 3x - 4
(c) x² - 7x + 10
(d) y² - 4
Q2 Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its
zeroes respectively:
3 3
(a) 3 and 4 (b) -2 and (c) - and 0 (d) -√2 and √3
2 2
Q3 Find a quadratic polynomial with -1 as zero.
Q4 Find a cubic polynomial with zeroes as 2, -2½.
Q5 Find a cubic polynomial with zeroes 1, 1, 2.
Q6 Find a cubic polynomial with zeroes -1, -1, -1.
Skill
Able to verify the relation

between zeroes and
coefficient
Able to write a quadratic

polynomial when its zeroes
are given
Able to write a quadratic

polynomial when sum and
product of its zeroes is
given
1. Draw the graph of y = 2x + 5.
Find the points where the straight line cuts the x- axis and the y- axis.
The straight line cuts the x- axis at ……………………..
The straight line cuts the y- axis at …………………….
Now, to get zero, 2x + 5 = 0
⇒
x = -5/2
Observe that the graph of y = 2x + 5 intersects the x- axis at the point ( -5/2 , 0).
Note: The zero of the polynomial 2x + 5 is the x-coordinate of the point i.e. - 5/2 where the
graph of y = 2x + 5 intersects the x-axis.
2. Draw the graph of following linear polynomials. Find the zero from the graph. How
many zeroes a linear polynomial has? Verify you answer.
a) 5x-3
b) 2x+6
c) 6x-2
d) 2x-4
3. The graph of y = p(x) are drawn below. Mark the number of zeros in each case:
a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
Skill
Able to draw the graph of a

linear polynomial

linear polynomial from its
graph

polynomial from its graph
• A polynomial of degree n has at most n zeroes.
• Geometrically the zeroes of a polynomial are x coordinates of points where the graph of
polynomial cuts/touches the x-axis.
The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points, where the
graph of y = p(x) intersects the x -axis.
Observe the given graphs and fill the respective rows.

S. No. Graph of y = f(x) Number of Zeroes Zeroes
1. Graph of a
linear
polynomial
2. Graph of a
quadratic
polynomial
S. No. Graph of y = f(x) Number of Zeroes Zeroes
3. Graph of a
quadratic
polynomials
4. Graph of a
quadratic
polynomial
Skill
Able to find number of

zeroes of a polynomial
from its graph

polynomial from its graph
Exercise:
1. Apply the division algorithm to find the quotient and the remainder on dividing p(x) by
q(x)
I. p(x)= x3+15x2+48x, q(x)= x+8
ii. p(x) = 14x3-5x2+9x-1, q(x) = 2x-1
2. Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing the
second polynomial by the first polynomial:
a) (x-1), 5x2-3x+2
b) (x+1), 2x2+5x+3
3. On dividing x3-3x2+5x -3 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient is (x-3) and the remainder is
(7x-9). Find g(x). Write the formula used.
4. Find the value of a and b so that 1, -2 are the zeroes of the polynomial x3 + 10x2 + ax + b.
5. Divide the polynomial p(x) by q(x) in each of the following cases and find the quotient
and remainder:
a) p(x) = 7x3 - 5x + 8 q(x) = x - ½
b) p(x) = 6x² - 5x² + 4x + 3 q(x) = 4x² + 1
c) p(x) = 16x³ - 4x² + 2x + 7 q(x) = 2x - 1
Skill
Able to divide a quadratic polynomial by

a linear polynomial
Able to divide a cubic polynomial by a
linear polynomial
Able to divide a cubic polynomial by a
quadratic polynomial
Able to verify division algorithm for
polynomials
Able to find zeroes of a polynomial using
division algorithm
Post Content Worksheet (PCW1)
1. Fill in the blanks
i. Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called………….. , …………….. And cubic

polynomials respectively.
ii. A…………… polynomial in x with real coefficients is of the form ax2 + bx + c, where
a, b,c are real numbers with a?0.
iii. The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the …………………… of the points,
where the graph of y = p(x) intersects the x -axis.
iv. A quadratic polynomial can have at most ………….. zeroes and a cubic polynomial
can have at most …………… zeroes.
v. If and β
are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax² + bx + c, then
a. α
+β
= …………… and α
β
= …………………
vi. The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x) and any non-zero
polynomial g(x), there are polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x),where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) ……………. degree g(x).
2. Find the quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are
1) ½, -2
2) -3, -7
3) 5+√
3 & 5-√
2
3. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial p(x) =t ² - 15
4. How many maximum zeroes can a polynomial of degree two has?
5. What is the zero of the polynomial ax + b=0, a≠

0?
6. Find the sum & the product of the zeroes of the polynomial 6x²-x-2.
7. Give examples of polynomials f(x), g(x), q(x) & r(x) which satisfy the division algorithm
1) deg r(x)=0
2) deg f(x)=deg q(x)=2
8. Find the quadratic polynomial whose one zero is 5 & product of zeroes is 30.
9. The linear polynomial ax + b, a ? 0, has exactly one zero, namely, the__________ of the
point where the graph of y = ax + b intersects the x-axis.
10. Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder
in each of the following:
(i ) p(x)=x3-3x2+5x-3,g(x)=x2-2
(ii) p(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x2 + 1 - x
Post Content Worksheet (PCW2)
1. Express the polynomial given in column I in the form of and match with the
coefficients of their terms in Column II
COLUMN I COLUMN II
x² + 6x a=1 b=0 c=6
x² + 6 a=0 b=1 c=6
x+ 6 a=1 b=6 c=0
2. Match the polynomials in column I with their zeros in column II
COLUMN I COLUMN II
x² - 5x - 6 α
= -6 β
=1
x² + 5x - 6 α
= -6 β
=1
x² - 7x + 6 α
= -6 β
=1
x² + 7x + 6 α
= -6 β
=1
3. Fill in the appropriate boxes:
Dividend Divisor Quotient Remainder
x² + 3x + 4 x+1 2
x² + 7x + 7 x+5 1
x² - 5x + 6 x-1 -2
x² - 3x - 12 x-5 x+2
4. Fill in the blanks:-
i) The zeroes of the polynomial ________________ are -3 and -4.
ii) The remainder is ________________ when x³ + 5x² + 3x - 2 is divided by x + 1 .
iii) If the zeroes of the polynomial are 5 and 6 then the co-efficient of is _________.
iv) If the zeroes of the polynomial are opposite in sign then the co-efficient of x is
______.
-3
v) The sum and product of zeroes of the polynomial ______________ are -2 and
2
vi) The polynomial x² + 10x + 25 has______________ roots.
vii) If a polynomial of degree five is divided by a quadratic polynomial then the

degree of the quotient polynomial is _______________.
viii) The quotient polynomial is ______________ if the two zeroes of the polynomial
x³ + 5x² - 4x + 5 are 2 and -2.
Assessment guidance plan for teachers
With each task in student support material a self -assessment rubric is attached for students.
Discuss with the students how each rubric can help them to keep in tune their own progress.
These rubrics are meant to develop the learner as the self motivated learner.
To assess the students' progress by teacher two types of rubrics are suggested below, one is for
formative assessment and one is for summative assessment.
Suggestive Rubric for Formative Assessment (exemplary)
Parameter Mastered Developing Needs motivation Needs personal
attention
Factorisatio Able to factorise Able to factorise Able to factorise Not able to factorise
n of quadratic quadratic quadratic quadratic
polynomial polynomial by polynomial by polynomial by polynomial by
splitting of middle splitting of middle splitting of middle splitting of middle
term term term term
Able to factorise Able to factorise Not able to Not able to factorise
quadratic quadratic factorise quadratic quadratic
polynomial using polynomial using polynomial using polynomial using
formula formula formula formula
Able to find atleast Able to find atleast Able to find atleast Not able to find
one factor using one factor using one factor using atleast one factor
leading coefficient leading coefficient leading coefficient using leading
and constant term and constant term and constant term coefficient and
constant term
Able to use division Able to use Not able to use Not able to use
of polynomials to division of division of division of
find other factor polynomials to find polynomials to polynomials to find
other factor find other factor other factor
Able to find out the Able to find out the Not able to find Not able to find out
factors of cubic factors of cubic out the factors of the factors of cubic
polynomial by polynomial by cubic polynomial polynomial by
grouping them grouping them by grouping them grouping them
Able to find out Able to find out Able to find out Not able to find out
atleast one factor by atleast one factor atleast one factor atleast one factor by
use of leading by use of leading by use of leading use of leading
coefficients and coefficients and coefficients and coefficients and
constant term constant term constant term constant term
Able to find other Able to find other Not able to find Not able to find
factors using factors using other factors using other factors using
division of division of division of division of
polynomials and polynomials but polynomials and polynomials and
repeating the same not able to repeat repeating the same repeating the same
procedure to get all the same procedure procedure to get procedure to get all
factors to get all factors all factors factors
From above rubric it is very clear that
• Learner requiring personal attention is poor in concepts and requires the
training of basic concepts before moving further.
• Learner requiring motivation is able to do a lot but stuck up with division of
polynomials. He can be trained by peer trainers or by doing remedial
worksheets.
• Learner who is developing is able to almost all type of problems but needs more
practice to solve cubic polynomials and to understand how the procedure can be
repeated.
• Learner who has mastered the skill of factorisation of polynomials can be given
higher order polynomials for factorisation.
Teachers' Rubric for Summative Assessment of the Unit
Parameter 5 1
Factorisation of • Able to factorise • Not able to factorise
polynomial quadratic polynomial quadratic polynomial
algebraically • Able to factorise cubic • Not able to factorise
polynomial cubic polynomial
• Able to factorise • Not able to factorise
biquadratic polynomial biquadratic polynomial
• Able to find zeroes of • Not able to find zeroes of
polynomial by polynomial by
factorising it. factorising it.
• Able to read zeroes • Not able to read zeroes
from graph of from graph of
polynomial polynomial
Finding zeroes • Able to find zeroes of • Not able to find zeroes of
of polynomial polynomial using the polynomial using the
relation between relation between
coefficients of coefficients of
polynomial and its polynomial and its
zeroes. zeroes.
Division • Able to divide linear • Not able to divide linear
algorithm polynomial by a linear polynomial by a linear
polynomial. polynomial.
• Able to divide • Not able to divide
quadratic polynomial quadratic polynomial by
by a linear polynomial. a linear polynomial.
• Able to divide cubic • Not able to divide cubic
polynomial by a linear polynomial by a linear
polynomial. polynomial.
• Able to divide cubic • Not able to divide
polynomial by a cubic polynomial by a
quadratic polynomial. quadratic polynomial.
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar,
Delhi-110 092 India

Unit-2 Polymonials Core

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CLASS

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India

• 2.1 Introduction of Unit 5

• 2.2 Value of a Polynomial at a point 7

• 2.3 Zero of a Polynomial 7

• 2.4 Relation between zeroes and coefficients 10

• 2.5 Geometrical representation of zeroes of polynomial 12

• 2.6 Reading zeroes of linear and quadratic polynomial from graph 16

• 2.7 Division of Polynomials 18

4. Teacher's Support Material 21

• 2.8 Activity 1 - Warm up (W1) 22

• 2.9 Activity 2 - Warm up (W2) 24

• 2.10 Activity 3 - Pre Content (P1) 26

• 2.11 Activity 4 - Content Worksheet (CW1) 26

• 2.12 Activity 5 - Content Worksheet (CW2) 27

• 2.13 Activity 6 - Content Worksheet (CW3) 27

• 2.14 Activity 7 - Content Worksheet (CW4) 28

• 2.15 Activity 8 - Content Worksheet (CW5) 28

• 2.16 List of useful resources 29

• Worksheet 1 - Warm up (W1 & W2) 32

• Self assessment Rubric 1 34

• Worksheet 2 - Pre Content (P1) 35

• Worksheet 3 - Self assessment Rubric 2 36

• Worksheet 4 - Content (CW1) 37

• Worksheet 5 - Self assessment Rubric 3 39

• Worksheet 6 - Content (CW2) 40

• Worksheet 7 - Self assessment Rubric 4 41

• Worksheet 8 - Content (CW3) 42

• Worksheet 9 - Self assessment Rubric 5 44

• Worksheet 10 - Content (CW4) 45

• Worksheet 11 - Self assessment Rubric 6 47

• Worksheet 12 - Content (CW5) 48

• Worksheet 13 - Self assessment Rubric 7 49

• Worksheet 14 - Post Content (PCW1) 50

• Worksheet 15 - Post Content (PCW2) 51

6. Assessment Guidance Plan 53

Polynomial Recapitulation of vocabulary of polynomials

Zeroes of polynomial Zero of linear polynomial, zeroes of quadratic

1. To tell the possible number of zeroes for a given polynomial.

2. To find zero of a linear polynomial algebraically.

3. To find zeroes of a quadratic polynomial algebraically.

4. To find zeroes of a cubic polynomial algebraically.

5. To understand the geometrical meaning of zeroes.

6. To read the zeroes of a polynomial from given graph.

7. To find the polynomial when zeroes are known.

8. To divide the linear polynomial by a linear polynomial.

9. To divide the quadratic polynomial by a linear polynomial.

10. To divide the cubic polynomial by a linear polynomial.

11. To divide the cubic polynomial by a quadratic polynomial.

12. To express the division of two polynomials using division algorithm

1. Find the zeroes of a cubic polynomial by the method of grouping.

2. Find the zeroes of a bi-quadratic polynomial using division.

Physics and Engineering

Other polynomials can be derived (calculus) to find the rate of change.

Polynomial can be written in the form

Some examples of polynomial are

x2+5x+6, x8+8x2+15x+9, x3+2x2+x+4

7 The coefficient of highest power term is known as leading coefficient.

8 The coefficient of a term with power 0 is called a constant,

Let us revise these terms.

What is a monomial? Polynomial with one term is known as monomial

Examples of monomials are

15, 24x, 12y5, -100m3