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Real-valued function
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In mathematics, a real-valued function is a function whose values are real numbers. In other words, it is a function that
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assigns a real number to each member of its domain.

Many important function spaces are defined to consist of real-valued functions.

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About Wikipedia 1 In general
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2 Measurable Mass measured in grams is a
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3 Continuous function from this collection of weight to
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positive real numbers. The term
4 Smooth
"weight function", an allusion to this
Tools 5 Appearances in measure theory example, is used in pure and applied
What links here 6 Other appearances mathematics.
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7 See also
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8 Footnotes
Special pages Function
9 External links
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x ↦ f (x)
Wikidata item Examples by domain and codomain
In general
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X B, B X, Bn B
Let X be an arbitrary set. Let denote the set of all functions from X to real numbers R. Because R is a
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field, may be turned into a vector space and a commutative algebra over reals by adding the
X → Z, Z → X

→ →
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Download as PDF appropriate structure: X → R, R X, Rn X
Printable version – vector addition X → C, C → X, Cn → X
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Constant · Identity · Linear · Polynomial ·
Deutsch – pointwise multiplication Rational · Algebraic · Analytic · Smooth ·
Español Continuous · Measurable · Injective ·
Also, since R is an ordered set, there is a partial order on :
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5 more See also: Borel function

The σ-algebra of Borel sets is an important structure on real numbers. If X has its σ-algebra and a function f is such that the preimage f −1(B) of any Borel set B
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belongs to that σ-algebra, then f is said to be measurable. Measurable functions also form a vector space and an algebra as explained above.

Moreover, a set (family) of real-valued functions on X can actually define a σ-algebra on X generated by all preimages of all Borel sets (or of intervals only, it is
not important). This is the way how σ-algebras arise in (Kolmogorov's) probability theory, where real-valued functions on the sample space Ω are real-valued
random variables.

Continuous [ edit ]

Real numbers form a topological space and a complete metric space. Continuous real-valued functions (which implies that X is a topological space) are
important in theories of topological spaces and of metric spaces. The extreme value theorem states that for any real continuous function on a compact space its
global maximum and minimum exist.

The concept of metric space itself is defined with a real-valued function of two variables, the metric, which is continuous. The space of continuous functions on a
compact Hausdorff space has a particular importance. Convergent sequences also can be considered as real-valued continuous functions on a special
topological space.

Continuous functions also form a vector space and an algebra as explained above, and are a subclass of measurable functions because any topological space
has the σ-algebra generated by open (or closed) sets.

Smooth [ edit ]

Main article: Smooth function

Real numbers are used as the codomain to define smooth functions. A domain of a real smooth function can be the real coordinate space (which yields a real
multivariable function), a topological vector space,[1] an open subset of them, or a smooth manifold.

Spaces of smooth functions also are vector spaces and algebras as explained above, and are a subclass of continuous functions.

Appearances in measure theory [ edit ]

A measure on a set is a non-negative real-valued functional on a σ-algebra of subsets.[2] Lp spaces on sets with a measure are defined from aforementioned
real-valued measurable functions, although they are actually quotient spaces. More precisely, whereas a function satisfying an appropriate summability
condition defines an element of Lp space, in the opposite direction for any f ∈ Lp(X) and x ∈ X which is not an atom, the value f(x) is undefined. Though, real-
valued Lp spaces still have some of the structure explicated above. Each of Lp spaces is a vector space and have a partial order, and there exists a pointwise
multiplication of "functions" which changes p, namely

For example, pointwise product of two L2 functions belongs to L1.

Other appearances [ edit ]

Other contexts where real-valued functions and their special properties are used include monotonic functions (on ordered sets), convex functions (on vector and
affine spaces), harmonic and subharmonic functions (on Riemannian manifolds), analytic functions (usually of one or more real variables), algebraic functions
(on real algebraic varieties), and polynomials (of one or more real variables).

See also [ edit ]

Real analysis
Partial differential equations, a major user of real-valued functions
Norm (mathematics)
Scalar (mathematics)

Footnotes [ edit ]

1. ^ Different definitions of derivative exist in general, but for finite dimensions they result in equivalent definitions of classes of smooth functions.
2. ^ Actually, a measure may have values in [0, +∞]: see extended real number line.

External links [ edit ]

Weisstein, Eric W. "Real Function" . MathWorld.

Categories: Mathematical analysis Types of functions General topology Metric geometry Vector spaces Measure theory

This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 08:59 (UTC).

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