R

efrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology is designed a n d w r i t t e n f o r students in

vocational-technical schools a n d colleges, c o m m u n i t y colleges, a n d apprenticeship
programs. T h e content is i n a f o r m a t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r students w h o are a t t e n d i n g
classes full-time w h i l e p r e p a r i n g for their first job, f o r students a t t e n d i n g classes p a r t - t i m e
while preparing for a career change, or for those w o r k i n g i n the field w h o w a n t to increase
their knowledge a n d s k i l l s . E m p h a s i s t h r o u g h o u t the text is placed o n the p r a c t i c a l applica-
tions of the k n o w l e d g e a n d s k i l l s technicians need to be p r o d u c t i v e i n the r e f r i g e r a t i o n a n d
air-conditioning industry. T h e contents of this b o o k c a n be used as a study guide to prepare
for the E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y ( E P A ) m a n d a t o r y t e c h n i c i a n c e r t i f i c a t i o n examina-
tions. It can be used i n the H V A C / R field or closely related fields by students, technicians,
installers, contractor employees, service p e r s o n n e l , a n d o w n e r s o f businesses.
This text is also a n excellent study guide for the Industry C o m p e t e n c y E x a m ( I C E ) , the
North A m e r i c a n T e c h n i c i a n Excellence ( N A T E ) , the H V A C E x c e l l e n c e , the R e f r i g e r a t i o n
Service Engineers Society (RSES), the U n i t e d A s s o c i a t i o n ( U A ) S T A R c e r t i f i c a t i o n , a n d the
Heating, A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g , a n d R e f r i g e r a t i o n D i s t r i b u t o r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l ( H A R D I ) v o l u n t a r y
HVAC/R technician certification a n d h o m e - s t u d y e x a m i n a t i o n s .
The book is also w r i t t e n to c o r r e s p o n d to the N a t i o n a l S k i l l Standards for H V A C / R
technicians. Previous editions o f this text are often c a r r i e d to the job site by technicians a n d
used as a reference f o r service procedures. " D o - i t - y o u r s e l f e r s " w i l l find this text v a l u a b l e f o r
understanding a n d m a i n t a i n i n g heating a n d c o o l i n g systems.
As general technology has e v o l v e d , so has the refrigeration a n d a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g industry.
A greater emphasis is placed o n d i g i t a l electronic c o n t r o l s a n d system efficiency. A t the time
of this w r i t i n g . E v e r y central split c o o l i n g system m a n u f a c t u r e d i n the U n i t e d States t o d a y
must have a Seasonal Energy Efficiency R a t i o ( S E E R ) r a t i n g of at least 13. T h i s energy re-
quirement was m a n d a t e d by federal l a w as o f J a n u a r y 2 3 , 2 0 0 6 . S E E R is c a l c u l a t e d o n the
basis of the total a m o u n t o f c o o l i n g (in Btus) the system w i l l p r o v i d e over the entire season,
divided by the total n u m b e r w a t t - h o u r s it w i l l c o n s u m e . H i g h e r S E E R ratings reflect a m o r e
efficient c o o l i n g system. A i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g a n d refrigeration technicians are responsible for
following procedures to protect o u r e n v i r o n m e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h regard to the h a n d l i n g o f
refrigerants. T e c h n i c i a n certification has become increasingly i m p o r t a n t i n the i n d u s t r y .
G l o b a l w a r m i n g has become a m a j o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l issue. W h e n H V A C / R systems are
working correctly a n d efficiently, they w i l l greatly reduce energy c o n s u m p t i o n a n d green-
house gases. O r g a n i z a t i o n s l i k e the G r e e n M e c h a n i c a l C o u n c i l ( G r e e n M e c h ) are advocates
for the H V A C / R i n d u s t r y a n d assist the i n d u s t r y i n meeting w i t h g o v e r n m e n t , e d u c a t i o n a l ,
industry, a n d l a b o r interests to find s o l u t i o n s to the w o r l d ' s g l o b a l - w a r m i n g p r o b l e m . Green-
Mech has created a s c o r i n g system designed to help engineers, c o n t r a c t o r s , a n d c o n s u m e r s
know the "green v a l u e " o f each m e c h a n i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n . T h e " g r e e n v a l u e " encompasses the
system's energy efficiency, p o l l u t i o n o u t p u t , a n d sustainability. R e a l t o r s , b u i l d i n g inspectors,
builders, a n d p l a n n i n g a n d z o n i n g officials w i l l n o w have some k n o w l e d g e a b o u t a n d guid-
ance on h o w b u i l d i n g s a n d m e c h a n i c a l systems are p e r f o r m i n g . G r e e n b u i l d i n g s a n d green
mechanical systems are b e c o m i n g increasingly p o p u l a r in today's w o r l d as a w a y to c u r b
global w a r m i n g .
Energy audits have become an integral part o f e v a l u a t i n g a n d assessing an e x i s t i n g build-
ing's energy p e r f o r m a n c e . H i g h e r efficiency standards f o r the energy p e r f o r m a n c e o f n e w
buildings have been established. H i g h e r levels of t r a i n i n g a n d c e r t i f i c a t i o n have been devel-
oped for H V A C / R technicians to meet the needs o f m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d , energy-efficient build-
ings and H V A C / R e q u i p m e n t .
 Preface

TEXT DEVELOPMENT
T h i s text w a s d e v e l o p e d t o p r o v i d e the technical i n f o r m a t i o n necessary f o r a technic
be able t o p e r f o r m satisfactorily o n the j o b . It is w r i t t e n at a level that most studen
easily u n d e r s t a n d . P r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f the t e c h n o l o g y is e m p h a s i z e d . Terms com:
used by technicians a n d m e c h a n i c s have been used t h r o u g h o u t t o m a k e the text easy t'
a n d t o present the m a t e r i a l i n a p r a c t i c a l w a y . M a n y o f these key terms are also defi
the glossary. T h i s text is u p d a t e d regularly i n response t o m a r k e t needs a n d emerging t
R e f r i g e r a t i o n a n d a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g instructors have r e v i e w e d each u n i t . A technical i
takes place before a r e v i s i o n is started a n d also d u r i n g the r e v i s i o n process.
Illustrations a n d p h o t o s are used extensively t h r o u g h o u t the text. F u l l - c o l o r treatu
m o s t p h o t o s a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s helps a m p l i f y the concepts presented.
N o prerequisites are r e q u i r e d f o r this text. It is designed t o be used b y b e g i n n i n g stv
as w e l l as b y those w i t h t r a i n i n g a n d experience.

ORGANIZATION
C o n s i d e r a b l e t h o u g h t a n d study have been d e v o t e d t o the o r g a n i z a t i o n o f this text. D
decisions h a d t o be made t o p r o v i d e text in a f o r m a t that w o u l d meet the needs o f
i n s t i t u t i o n s . Instructors f r o m different areas o f the c o u n t r y a n d f r o m v a r i o u s instit
were asked f o r their ideas r e g a r d i n g the o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the i n s t r u c t i o n a l content.
T h e text is o r g a n i z e d so that after c o m p l e t i n g the first f o u r sections, students may c^
trate o n courses i n r e f r i g e r a t i o n o r air c o n d i t i o n i n g (heating and/or c o o l i n g ) . If the ob
is t o c o m p l e t e a w h o l e p r o g r a m , the i n s t r u c t i o n m a y p r o c e e d u n t i l the sequence s c h e d i
the school's c u r r i c u l u m is c o m p l e t e d .

NEW IN THIS EDITION

SERVICE TECHNICIAN CALLS

T h i s e d i t i o n o f the b o o k w i l l i n v o l v e a u n i v e r s a l change f o r units i n c o r p o r a t i n g SE]
T E C H N I C I A N C A L L S . T h e S E R V I C E T E C H N I C I A N C A L L S will n o w incorpora
t o m e r relations a n d t e c h n i c i a n soft s k i l l s .

INTRODUCTION
T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n is n o w part o f Section 1 . N e w and/or e x p a n d e d topics i n c l u d e :

• N e w updated timeline
• N e w topic o n Green Awareness
• E x p a n d e d ccwerage o n L e a d e r s h i p i n E n e r g y a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l D e s i g n ( L E E D )
• N e w topic o n Programmatic Accreditation

• E x p a n d e d coverage o n C u s t o m e r R e l a t i o n s a n d T e c h n i c i a n Soft Skills

UNIT 1 Heat, Temperature, and Pressure

• Some n e w images
• R e m o v a l o f metric terms (joule, g r a m , etc.) ''
• I m p r o v e d specific heat c h a r t
• A d d i t i o n a l content o n latent heat o f v a p o r i z a t i o n , latent heat o f c o n d e n s a t i o n , anc
heat o f f u s i o n
 Preface

UNIT 3 Refrigeration and Refrigerants

• Larger, c o l o r - c o d e d , a n d easier t o read pressure/temperature charts o f refrigerants
• Expanded coverage o f n e w refrigerants a n d refrigerant blends

UNIT 4 General Safety Practices

• N e w p h o t o a n d coverage o f a n e w c a r r y i n g strap f o r refrigerant c y l i n d e r s f o r ladder safety
• N e w toxicity and flammability matrix for A S H R A E Standard 34-2010 {Designation and
Safety C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f Refrigerants). Includes n e w A 2 L a n d B 2 L categories f o r l o w e r
flammability refrigerants.

UNITS Tools and Equipment

• Over 5 0 n e w p h o t o s o n t o o l s a n d e q u i p m e n t
• Ten n e w p h o t o s o n residential energy a u d i t i n g t o o l s a n d e q u i p m e n t

UNIT 6 Fasteners
• Addition of many
• Expanded content
• Expanded content
• Expanded content
• Over 25 n e w p h o t o s
h o l l o w w a l l fasteners
o n c o n n e c t i n g stranded w i r e u n d e r screw t e r m i n a l s
o n p o w e r - a c t u a t e d fastener systems
o n t h r e a d e d r o d a n d steel c h a n n e l

UNIT7 Tubing and Piping

• Over 2 0 n e w images a n d p h o t o s i
• Regulatory i n f o r m a t i o n o n line sets
• Expanded content o n f l u x i n g
• Information r e g a r d i n g the s c r u b b i n g effect that esther-based l u b r i c a n t s have o n i n t e r i o r
piping surfaces a n d the i m p o r t a n c e o f u s i n g n i t r o g e n d u r i n g the b r a z i n g process

UNITS Leak Detection, System Evacuation, and System Cleanup

Entirely n e w section o n a d v a n c e d leak detection. R e v i s e d sections o n e v a c u a t i o n a n d system
clean-up p r o c e d u r e s . T h e f o l l o w i n g topics are discussed:

• O v e r 3 0 n e w p h o t o s o n leak detection a n d e q u i p m e n t , e v a c u a t i o n , a n d system c l e a n - u p

• D e f i n i n g leaks
• Types o f leaks
• E x p o s i n g the leak site
• S t a n d i n g leaks
• Pressure-dependent leaks .
• Temperature-dependent leaks "
• V i b r a t i o n - d e p e n d e n t leaks
• C o m b i n a t i o n - d e p e n d e n t leaks -^ - -
• Cumulative micro-leaks
• Testing f o r e v a p o r a t o r section leaks
• Testing f o r condenser section leaks
• Spotting o i l residue f r o m leaks
• Testing f o r s u c t i o n a n d l i q u i d line leaks '
• A d v a n c e d leak detection \
• M o d e r n e v a c u a t i o n techniques a n d e q u i p m e n t
• M o d e r n system clean-up procedures

UNIT 9 Refrigerant and Oi! Chemistry and M a n a g e m e n t — R e c o v e r y , Recycling,

Reclaiming, and Retrofitting
• N e w toxicity and flammability matrix for A S H R A E Standard 34-2010 (Designation a n d
Safety C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f Refrigerants)
• M a n y new p o p u l a r refrigerants a n d refrigerant blends w i t h their c o m p a t i b l e oils are discussed
 Preface

• N e w c a l c u l a t i o n s o n f i g u r i n g h o w m u c h refrigerant ( m a x i m u m c y l i n d e r weight)
p u t i n t o a recovery c y l i n d e r u s i n g the tare w e i g h t a n d w a t e r capacity o f the cylind
• N e w p h o t o s o f m o d e r n recovery machines a n d the internals o f recovery machines
• N e w section o n refrigerant a n d o i l r e t r o f i t t i n g . T h i s section also includes a n e
refrigerant retrofit g u i d e l i n e f r o m D u P o n t F l u o r o c h e m i c a l s f o r r e p l a c i n g R - 2 2 ( H C
with R-407C ( H F C - 4 0 7 C ) .

UNIT 10 System Charging

• A d d i t i o n a l c o n t e n t o n u s i n g c h a r g i n g charts a n d tables
• E x a m p l e s u s i n g c h a r g i n g charts a n d tables

UNIT 17 Types of Electric Motors

M a n y n e w p h o t o s a n d e x p a n d e d coverage o n shaded pole m o t o r s , potential relay
tive temperature coefficient resistors ( P T C R s ) , a n d V a r i a b l e F r e q u e n c y D r i v e s ( V F D
troubleshooting. Topics include:

• N e w p h o t o s a n d coverage o f shaded pole m o t o r s

• N e w p h o t o s o f p o t e n t i a l relay internals
• C o n t i n u o u s c o i l voltage
• P i c k - u p voltage
• D r o p - o u t voltage
• P o t e n t i a l relay t r o u b l e s h o o t i n g
• N e w p h o t o s a n d e x p a n d e d coverage o n Positive T e m p e r a t u r e Coefficient K
(PTCRs)
• Positive T e m p e r a t u r e C o e f f i c i e n t R e s i s t o r ( P T C R ) t r o u b l e s h o o t i n g
• N e w p h o t o s a n d e x p a n d e d coverage o n V a r i a b l e F r e q u e n c y D r i v e s ( V F D s ) w i t h
shooting
• Inverter h i s t o r y a n d o p e r a t i o n s
• M o t o r speed c a l c u l a t i o n s
• Rectification
• Filtering
• Switching
• S w i t c h o r carrier frequency
• V F D electrical d i a g r a m s a n d sign waves

UNIT 18 Application of Motors

• N e w coverage a n d charts o n Service F a c t o r A m p e r a g e ( S F A )
• N e w coverage o n rated l o a d amperage ( R L A ) a n d full l o a d amperage ( F L A )
• N e w a n d e x p a n d e d coverage o n c o m p r e s s o r p e r f o r m a n c e data w h i c h include n e

UNIT 19 Motor Controls

• N e w coverage a n d p h o t o s o n c o m p r e s s o r o v e r l o a d devices

UNiT 20 Troubleshooting Electric Motors

• N e w coverage o n m e g o h m m e t e r s (meggers) w i t h p h o t o s a n d charts
• N e w coverage a n d p h o t o s o f a u n i v e r s a l c a p a c i t o r

UNIT 21 Evaporators and the Refrigeration System

• N e w p h o t o s o f e v a p o r a t o r s a n d f i n spacings o n e v a p o r a t o r s

UNIT 22 Condensers
• E x t e n d e d coverage a n d m a n y n e w p h o t o s o n w a t e r - c o o l e d condensers a n d
methods
• E x t e n d e d coverage o n c o n d e n s e r f a n c y c l i n g f o r head pressure c o n t r o l
• N e w coverage a n d d i a g r a m s o n condenser s p l i t t i n g f o r head pressure c o n t r o l
 Preface

UNIT 23 Compressors
• Extended coverage and photos o n electronic c o m p r e s s o r p r o t e c t i o n a n d m o n i t o r i n g

UNIT 24 Expansion Devices

• New photos of electronic e x p a n s i o n valves

UNiT 25 Special Refrigeration System Components

• Extended coverage o n defrosting methods \
• Many updated photos o n special system c o m p o n e n t s

UNIT 26 Applicationsof Refrigeration Systems • |

• New coverage o n the G r e e n C h i l F p a r t n e r s h i p
• New system diagrams o n parallel r e f r i g e r a t i o n systems f o r s u p e r m a r k e t s
• New coverage o n preserving l i q u i d s u b c o o l i n g t h r o u g h use o f a surge-type receiver
• Detailed new coverage, photos, graphs, a n d d i a g r a m s o n c a r b o n d i o x i d e ( C O , ) refrigera-
tion systems including subcritical a n d t r a n s c r i t i c a l cycles. C a s c a d e a n d i n d i r e c t systems
are covered. '

UNIT 30 Electric Heat " ,

• Expanded content on radiant floor heating
• Expanded content o n unit and w a l l heaters
• Expanded content o n electric boilers

UNIT 33 Hydronic Heat

• Addition of solar heat as a supplemental heat source
• Pool heating
• Active and passive solar heating systems
• Direct and diffuse radiation
• Solar constant and the declination angle

UNIT 34 Indoor Air Quality , ^

• Additional information o n U V air cleaners
• More information on m o l d r e m e d i a t i o n
• New content on bi-polar i o n i z a t i o n
• New content on polarized filtration
• New content on photocatalytic o x i d a t i o n , P C O , filters

UN1T39 Residential Energy Auditing (New Unit)

Entirely new unit w i t h 69 new p h o t o s . T h i s n e w u n i t i n c l u d e s :

• Categories of a residential energy a u d i t

• '"hernial boundaries
• Base load inspections
• Diagnostic tests for residential energy audits
• Health and safety issues as they relate to i n d o o r a i r q u a l i t y
• Infrared scanning using a thermal i m a g i n g c a m e r a
• Sealing air leaks in a residential structure
• Duct leakage tests
• Blower door tests
• Sealing air leaks for energy conservation
• Combustion efficiency
• Furnace efficiency testing
• Draft as it applies to c o m b u s t i o n appliances
• Safety issues of properly venting c o m b u s t i o n appliances
• Flame safeguard controls
 Preface

• H i g h efficiency gas furnace a n a t o m y

• N u m e r i c a l analysis a n d r e p o r t i n g
• Base l o a d a n d seasonal usage o f energy
• H o m e energy indexes

UNIT 42 Heat Gains and Heat Losses in Structures (New Unit)

• C o n c e p t s o f heat g a i n a n d heat loss
• I m p o r t a n c e o f accurate c a l c u l a t i o n s \
• D e s i g n heating a n d c o o l i n g temperatures
• H e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g temperature differentials
• R-values and U-values
• C o n s t r u c t i o n elements
• H e a t gains a n d heat losses t h r o u g h c o n s t r u c t i o n panels
• N e t a n d gross w a l l area
• Building orientation
• A b o v e a n d b e l o w grade w a l l s
• W i n d o w shading

UNIT 44 Geothermal Heat Pumps

• D e t a i l e d n e w coverage a n d p h o t o s o n D i r e c t G e o E x c h a n g e systems
• N e w coverage a n d p h o t o g r a p h s o f s l i n k y l o o p s a n d their installations f o r clos
g e o t h e r m a l systems

UNIT 45 Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers

• C o n s o l i d a t i o n o f o r i g i n a l units 4 5 a n d 4 6
• U p d a t e d refrigerant i n f o r m a t i o n t o stress R - 1 3 4 a
• M a n y a r t w o r k changes
• A d d i t i o n o f P T C devices as c o n t r o l devices . ""
• D i s c u s s i o n o n s o l i d state defrost timers
• A d d i t i o n a l coverage o n E P A r e g u l a t i o n s

UNIT 47 High-Pressure, Low-Pfessure, and Absorption Chilled-Water Sys

• N e w c o n t e n t o n c h i l l e d w a t e r systems w i t h s c r o l l c o m p r e s s o r s

UNIT 48 Cooling Towers and Pumps

• N e w coverage a n d m a n y n e w p h o t o s o n c h e m i c a l - f r e e c o o l i n g t o w e r water tr
i n c l u d i n g e n c a p s u l a t i o n , e l e c t r o p o r a t i o n , a n d particle separation
• M a n y new photos o n cooling towers, pumps, and p u m p cut-aways
• N e w coverage o n c a l c u l a t i n g the c o o l i n g t o w e r l o a d a n d range

UNIT 50 Commercial Packaged Rooftop, Variable Refrigerant Flow

and Variable Air Volume Systems (New Unit)
• R o o f t o p package units
• Equipment rigging
• Crane components and terminology
• C o m m u n i c a t i n g w i t h the crane o p e r a t o r
• R o o f curbs
• R o o f safety I
• Variable air volume ^ ~^
• C h i l l e d water V A V systems
• V a r i a b l e refrigerant f l o w ( V a r i a b l e refrigerant v o l u m e )
• Reheat
• Economizers
• A S H R A E Standard 62
• Demand Control Ventilation
• C a r b o n d i o x i d e sensors
 Preface

HOW TO USE THE TEXT AND

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
T h i s t e x t m a y be u s e d as a c l a s s r o o m t e x t , as a l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e f o r a n i n d i v i d u a l student,
as a reference t e x t f o r t e c h n i c i a n s o n the j o b , o r as a h o m e o w n e r ' s g u i d e . A n i n s t r u c t o r
m a y w a n t to present the u n i t o b j e c t i v e s , b r i e f l y d i s c u s s the t o p i c s i n c l u d e d , a n d assign the
u n i t t o be r e a d . T h e i n s t r u c t o r t h e n m a y w a n t to d i s c u s s the m a t e r i a l w i t h students. T h i s
c a n be f o l l o w e d by s t u d e n t s c o m p l e t i n g the r e v i e w q u e s t i o n s , w h i c h c a n later be r e v i e w e d i n
class. T h e lecture o u t l i n e p r o v i d e d i n the Instructor's Guide m a y be u t i l i z e d i n this process.
L a b assignments may be m a d e at t h i s t i m e , f o l l o w e d by the students c o m p l e t i n g the lab
review questions.
T h e i n s t r u c t o r r e s o u r c e C D m a y be used t o access a c o m p u t e r i z e d test b a n k f o r e n d - o f - u n i t
InsUiictors r e v i e w q u e s t i o n s , t e a c h i n g t i p s , PowerPoint® p r e s e n t a t i o n s , a n d m o r e .
Manual

FEATURES OF THE TEXT B J ! C T I V E S

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objective statemerits have been stated clearly and simply dHcutiih* k u K t o a o l t l w c a B d v w i a coi.
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Safety Checklists
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cable, immediately following the Objectives. This checklist emphasizes the Rtnjttin U*ndi MotA and n-« raA.

importance of safety and Is included In units where "hands-on" activities are

discussed.
Safety is emphasized throughout the text In addition to the Safety _ fcei! In i*iicti (hr« II tlw polwiajl (a iffr^rjin leda iholid be
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Checklist at the beginning of most units, safety precautions and techniques are V- EKD) tHKiiJtonffiouldM iili«n loeniuv that ro <tf n j t m Mki
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highlighted in red throughout. It would be impossible to include a safety pre- [WiimiJiii a* mad n cmuiiad courxn ami thauU bt
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caution for every conceivable circumstance that may arise, but an attempt has wvi •itwichKttigp'VKni and la'wi nntainng i^rq«i>TB
been made to be as thorough as possible. The overall message Is to work safely fivn#vcDnVwioaTVTMiia fron^ V>« T^sfem to in acp^Hl

whether in a school shop, laboratory, or on the job and to use common sense.

Preventive Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance procedures are
included in many units and relate specifically
to the equipment presented in that unit.
Technicians can provide some routine
preventive maintenance service when on
other types of service calls as well as when
on strictly maintenance calls. The preventive
.,.<„od,t«"n9 « - f h e only * f t « - « « ! ^ ^ maintenance procedures provide valuable
information for the new or aspiring technician
and homeowner, as well as for those
technicians with experience.

SERVICE CALLI
A customer calls and complains that the compressor for a
medium-temperature walk-in cooler with a remote con-
densing unrt is short cyding and not cooling correctly.
The evaporator has two fans, and one is burned. The unit is
ihort cyding on the kw-pressuie control because there is not
enou^ load on the coit.
On the way to the job the tech nician goes over the pos-
sible problems.This is where it helps to have some famil-
iarity with the setupi The technician remembers that the
unit has a Icyw-pressure cojp^[ a high-pressure control, a
Service Technician Calls
In many units, practical examples of service technician calls
are presented in a down-to-earth situational format. These
are realistic service situations in which technicians may find
themselves. In many Instances, the solution Is provided in
the text, and in others the reader must decide what the best
solution should be. These solutions are provided in the Instruc-
tor's Guide. The Service Technician Calls will now incorporate
customer relations and technician soft skills.
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— '
Green :ess
As previously mentioned, global warming stemming from
the uncontrolled rate of greenftouse gas emissions is a major
global environmental issue. Buildings are important users of
energy and materials and so ore a major source of the green-
house gases that are the by-products of energy and materials
use. At the time of this writing, there are approximately 5 mil-
lion commercial buildings and 125 million housing units in
the United States. Surprisingly, almost every one of their me-
chanical systems is obsolete. Discussions relating to the green
awareness movement (for example, lowering energy costs,
reducing operating and maintenance costs, increasing pro-
ductivity, and decreasing the amount of pollution generated)
are highlighted in green throughout the text.
Preface
HVACGOl D f N R U i E S
when making a service call to a busiocss:
Never park your truck or van in a %pacc reserved
cuaromers.
Look pfofcfiBiooal and be pro^uoDal.
Before Etajting troublcabooting proccdureis get all
iaformatjoa you can regarding the problem.
Be extremely careful Dot to scratch tile floors or to i
carpeting with your rooU or by moving equipment
Be »ure to practice good sanitary and hygjrne babittwl
working in a food preparation area.
Keep your tools and equipment out of the cuatomi
and employees* way if the equipment you are servicin
located in a normal traffic pattern-
Be prepared with the correct tools and ensure that t
arc i o good c o ndi tion.
Always clean up after you havefinished.Try to pro
a little extra service by cleaDiDg filters, oiling mot
or providing some other service that will impress
customer.
• Always discuss the results of your service call with
owner or repceseotarive of the company Try to persn
the owner to call if there are any quations as a resub
the Bcrvice call
HVAC Golden Rules
Golden Rules for the refrigeration and air-conditioning
nician give advice and practical hints for developing go
customer relations. These "golden rules" appear in app
ate units.
Recovery/Recycling/Reclaiming/Retrofit
Discussions relating to recovery, recycling, reclaiming, re
ting, or other environmental issues are highlighted in or
throughout the text In addition, one complete unit on r
erant management is included—Unit 9, "Refrigerant an
Chemistry and Management—Recovery, Recycling, Recl
ing, and Retrofitting."
—
The more efficient the HVAC/R eguipment is, the less e
energy needed, but even refrigeration or air-conditioning
ment with a relatively small charge of refrigerant that nev
)ut may have a great impact on global warming if the
ment is undercharged or overcharged. The equipment w
very inefficient under these conditions, and the carbon
generated from the longer run times created by these ine
cies would contribute to global warming more than the
of refrigerant because the longer run times would requi
electricity, resulting in more carbon dioxide from the com
of more fossil fuels. In the United States, fossil-fuel combu
used for much of the generation of electricity. Thisisanex
of an indirect effect of global warming.
 Preface

SUMMARY
Summary
The Summary appears at the er)d of each unit prior
MalRi rtket up apitT. i«i nuu.tnd can ID the foni r c^f IIrilewm rbe fre»um(4each ot rkv
oi i wbd, 1 Itqufel ot i ^Ai to the Review Questions. It can be used to review
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the unit and to stimulate class discussion.
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nibium pci vuhic kwt irrAl br ibe c i b K toot, o<L u fntrduBH tnf (IK «iLk>ft(
SpmK ^ i v i i * A rkr triii uvd to vomponr tbr den«T dnd coal u untuW l*v (he too EtKtricitT • p T c h i t d
ot tinoui mbviocei tton The ekarh:
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p« 41 ^ wiH occupy VoikitTbt dmoim ot hirceftrceu^ryro awrApobKCt]
• Bottom Uw aim thit iLr »olUiW o» i fAiw* lo- Voile Focop DiiUEWv
Honepown i i the ntuivikni o* littiH« 11,000 lb to a
tirr KsuiH cotttinr
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heijU (•M k in 1 mjB '4fc.™c m b i n j i n i to4j|m(tiit Review Questions
iBK oi J Bii mm dirrctiT ** io xbe tbtoJure rerarcrt' Wim irc 1 nmureivfit ot electricil pcwei One bone
nie,4nd >r j caiitinr vnttme ibe preiuitr <>f « Bd« VK- power eqiuU "^46 M" Review Questions follow the Summary in each unit
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and can help to measure the student's knowledge
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of the unit. There are a variety of question types—
multiple choice, true/false, short answer, short es-
REVIEW QUESTIONS
say, and fill-in-the-blank.

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gitrs Ik tbe liquU tibcoakd u die condcater'
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diagnostic Charts
3wgnosf/c Charts are included at the end of
vany units. These charts include material on Rgptieefmew K M I breaker Mtd tietcnnnc
natty rt opened.
wbleshooting and diagnosis.
Repfif or (cptace hulty nwifing or con<iectior&
PnfK» . _-—.nef Reptooe nnaformer •od boh ht potMUe over-
load coodtbon
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chamber; f none, react the corVroJ ind

(^un>i'_- :aiV. but notgniban
Ekcirodcs out of •ItTMnent
observe fire and Harrie characienttKi.
P m t fei«t bunon check arnperage. if too much,
check motor or pixnp for birdtn^
Owch c>d cHI for ahgnrrKnt and imokc on
Icnr—if it^ere are imohe d^o«it» on the
leni. ad^fl the burner for cormtlirfc
Nofud
Heptooe cad cdl and reset.
Change pnrrwy controt.
Fillfud tank.

DeftcOve oil punp

Reitnctcd Aid Mttt

Defecove couping txtween p u * ^ "^P'oce filer.

 Preface

SUPPORT MATERIALS
Instructor's Guide
T h i s g u i d e includes a n o v e r v i e w o f each text u n i t , i n c l u d i n g a s u m m a r y descri
list o f objectives, a n d i m p o r t a n t safety notes. T h e guide p r o v i d e s diagnoses f o i
t e c h n i c i a n calls that are n o t solved i n the text. It also includes references t o l a b e
associated w i t h each u n i t . " S p e c i a l N o t e s t o I n s t r u c t o r s " specify h o w to create a
ment " p r o b l e m " f o r students t o resolve d u r i n g c e r t a i n l a b exercises. T h e g u
p r o v i d e s answers t o the r e v i e w questions i n the text a n d t o a l l questions in t
Guide/Lab Manual (review a n d l a b exercises). I S B N : 1 - 1 1 1 6 ^ 4 4 9 - 7 .

Study Guide/Lab Manual

T h e Study Guide/Lab Manual includes a u n i t o v e r v i e w , k e y terms, a n d a u n
test. E a c h l a b includes a general i n t r o d u c t i o n t o the l a b , i n c l u d i n g object!'
references, t o o l s , m a t e r i a l s , a n d safety p r e c a u t i o n s . T h e m a n u a l then provides
o f p r a c t i c a l exercises f o r the student t o c o m p l e t e i n a " h a n d s - o n " l a b e n v i r o n r
e l u d i n g m a i n t e n a n c e i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r the w o r k s t a t i o n a n d t o o l s . C r o s s referenc
" S p e c i a l N o t e s t o I n s t r u c t o r s " i n the Instructor's Guide a l l o w the instructor t o
system " p r o b l e m " t o be s o l v e d i n the l a b . I S B N : 1 - 1 1 1 6 - 4 4 4 8 - 9 .

instructor Resource C D
T h i s e d u c a t i o n a l resource creates a t r u l y electronic c l a s s r o o m . It is a C
s c o n t a i n i n g t o o l s a n d i n s t r u c t i o n a l resources that e n r i c h the c l a s s r o o m ar
I the instructor's p r e p a r a t i o n time shorten T h e elements o f the instructor
! l i n k directly t o the text t o p r o v i d e a u n i f i e d i n s t r u c t i o n a l system. W i t h
structor resource the i n s t r u c t o r c a n spend time teaching, n o t p r e p a r i n g t
I S B N : 1-1116-4450-0.
Features c o n t a i n e d i n the i n s t r u c t o r resource i n c l u d e the f o l l o w i n g :

• S y l l a b u s . T h i s is the s t a n d a r d course syllabus f o r this t e x t b o o k , p r o v i d i n g a s

outline for teaching H V A C / R .
• T e a c h i n g T i p s . T e a c h i n g hints f o r m a basis f o r presenting concepts a n d matei
p o i n t s a n d concepts c a n be h i g h l i g h t e d g r a p h i c a l l y t o enhance student retention.
• L e c t u r e O u t l i n e s . T h e k e y topics a n d concepts that s h o u l d be covered f o r each
outlined.
• P o w e r P o i n t Presentation. These slides c a n be used t o outline a lecture o n the cone
m a t e r i a l . K e y points a n d concepts are h i g h l i g h t e d g r a p h i c a l l y t o enhance student r
• O p t i c a l Image L i b r a r y . T h i s database o f key images (all i n full c o l o r ) taken f r o m
c a n be used i n lecture presentations, as transparencies, f o r tests a n d quizzes, i
P o w e r P o i n t presentations.
• C o m p u t e r i z e d Test B a n k . O v e r 1 0 0 0 questions o f v a r y i n g levels o f difficulty are
in true/false, m u l t i p l e - c h o i c e , f i l l - i n - t h e - b l a n k , a n d s h o r t - a n s w e r formats f o r asses
dent c o m p r e h e n s i o n . T h i s versatile t o o l a l l o w s the i n s t r u c t o r t o m a n i p u l a t e tht
create o r i g i n a l tests.

Video DVD Set

A s i x - D V D v i d e o set a d d r e s s i n g o v e r 1 2 0 topics covered i n the text is a v a i l a b l e .
contains f o u r 2 0 - m i n u t e videos. T o o r d e r the s i x - D V D set, reference I S B N : 1 - 1 1 1 6 -
A new, seventh D V D c o n t a i n i n g v i d e o o f content n e w t o the seventh e d i t i o n text is
separately. I S B N : 1 - 1 1 1 - 6 4 4 5 3 - 5 .
 Preface

fdiobook
This is a collection o f a u d i o files c o v e r i n g every u n i t i n Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Technology, Seventh Edition. T h e a u d i o files are o r g a n i z e d i n t o " A " head g r o u p i n g s (com-
parable to songs), w h i c h a l l o w s access t o c o n t e n t w i t h i n the u n i t . O n c e d o w n l o a d e d , M P 3
audio files can be played o n p o r t a b l e M P 3 players o r o n P C s w i t h s t a n d a r d m e d i a p r o g r a m s .
Students can listen to content being read w h i l e they f o l l o w a l o n g a n d l o o k at the illus-
trations. References t o page n u m b e r s i n the text are i n c l u d e d at the b e g i n n i n g o f each file.
Unit objectives, b o x e d features, figure a n d p h o t o c a p t i o n s , a n d e n d - o f - c h a p t e r elements are
included as well (but not end-of-chapter questions). T h e a u d i o files w i l l n o t replace the b o o k ,
since the artwork and photos are essential a n d must be v i e w e d . I S B N : 1 - 1 1 1 6 - 4 4 5 2 - 7 .

eb Tutor Advantage ^
Web Tutor Advantage f o r the B l a c k b o a r d o n l i n e c o u r s e - m a n a g e m e n t system is a v a i l a b l e . T h e
Web Tutor includes unit presentations i n P o w e r P o i n t , e n d - o f - u n i t r e v i e w q u e s t i o n s , tests,
discussion springboard t o p i c s , a n d m o r e , a l l designed t o enhance the c l a s s r o o m experience.
ISBN: 1-1116-4455-1.

ourseMate
CourseMate complements the text a n d course c o n t e n t w i t h study a n d practice m a t e r i a l s .
Cengage Learning's C o u r s e M a t e b r i n g s course concepts t o life w i t h interactive l e a r n i n g ,
study, and exam p r e p a r a t i o n tools that s u p p o r t the p r i n t e d t e x t b o o k . W a t c h student compre-
hension soar as your class w o r k s w i t h the p r i n t e d t e x t b o o k a n d the t e x t b o o k - s p e c i f i c website.
CourseMate includes a n integrated e B o o k , interactive t e a c h i n g a n d l e a r n i n g t o o l s includ-
ing quizzes, flashcards, videos, E n g a g e m e n t Tracker, a f i r s t - o f - i t s - k i n d t o o l that m o n i t o r s
student engagement i n the course, a n d m o r e .
CourseMate goes b e y o n d the b o o k to d e l i v e r w h a t y o u need!
To access a d d i t i o n a l course materials, including C o u r s e M a t e , please visit
www.CengageBrain.com. A t the C e n g a g e B r a i n . c o m h o m e page, search f o r the I S B N ( f r o m
the back cover of the b o o k ) u s i n g the search b o x at the t o p o f the page. T h i s w i l l take y o u t o
the product page where these resources c a n be f o u n d .

ONLINE COURSEWARE
Online courseware developed f r o m the contents o f the core text is a v a i l a b l e o n t w o plat-
forms, Web A n g e l a n d B l a c k b o a r d . W e b T u t o r A d v a n t a g e o n A n g e l I S B N : 1 - 1 1 1 6 - 4 4 5 6 - X ,
Blackboard I S B N : 1 - 1 1 1 6 - 4 4 5 5 - 1 .

ONLINETRAINING SIMULATION
Similar to a video game, this s i m u l a t i o n a l l o w s students t o engage inside a l i f e - l i k e , 3 - D simu-
lated environment m i m i c k i n g H V A C - R service c a l l scenarios. F r o m the c u s t o m e r i n t e r a c t i o n
•'soft skills" to the technical t r o u b l e - s h o o t i n g , students w i l l be c h a l l e n g e d w i t h a b e g i n n i n g -
to-end, field-Hke t r a i n i n g experience. I S B N : 1 - 1 3 3 5 - 9 4 3 8 - 7 .

SIMUTECH LAB MANUAL

A lab manual f o r use w i t h S i m u t e c h s i m u l a t o r s is also a v a i l a b l e . Simutech's t h i r d p a r t y
computer-based s i m u l a t o r s p r o v i d e realistic " h a n d s - o n " service t r a i n i n g o f generic H V A C
and refrigeration systems. I S B N ; 1 - 1 3 3 5 - 9 7 4 1 - 6 .