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Mathematics 54: Elementary Analysis II Exam III Formula Sheet

1 The Three Dimensional


 Coordi- 3. The points of the y-axis are of the form (0, b, 0).
3
nate System R 4. The points of the z-axis are of the form (0, 0, c).
1.1 Introduction to the Three Dimensional 5. The points of the xy-plane are of the form (a, b, 0).
Coordinate System (R3 )
6. The points of the xz-plane are of the form (a, 0, c).
Definition 1.1. The correspondence between the
set if points in space and the set of all or- 7. The points of the yz-plane are of the form (0, b, c).
dered triples (x, y, z) of real numbers is called
the three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system or
Cartesian Space, and is commonly denoted by R3 . 1.2 Distance Formula
1. To represent points in space: Choose a fixed point O, The distance d between the point P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
called the origin. P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 )
q
2. Construct 3 perpendicular lines passing through O, 2 2 2
d (P1 , P2 ) = (x1 − x2 ) + (y1 − y2 ) + (z1 − z2 )
called the coordinate axes.

1.3 Midpoint Formula


The midpoint M of the line segment connecting the points
P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) is
 
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2
M , ,
2 2 2

1.4 Spheres
Definition 1.2. A sphere is the set of all points P (x, y, z)
3. These three coordinate axes determine the whose distance from the point C is r > 0. The point C is
three coordinate planes. called the center of the sphere, and r its radius.
4. These three coordinate planes divide space into eight
The equation of the sphere centered at C (h, k, l) with ra-
parts, called octants. The octant that contains
dius r is given by
points whose coordinates are all positive is called the
first octant. 2 2 2
(x − h) + (y − k) + (z − l) = r2
5. To locate a point P (a, b, c)
This is called the center-radius form of the sphere. In par-
ticular, the sphere centered at the origin with radius r has
equation
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2

2 Vectors in R2
Vector in Two Dimensional Space (Plane Vector): ordered
pairs of real numbers ~v ha, bi

2.1 Representation of a Vector


Arrow from point P (x, y) to point Q(x + a, y + b)
Remark 1.1.1.

1. The origin has coordinates (0, 0, 0). 2.2 Magnitude of a Vector


p
2. The points of the x-axis are of the form (a, 0, 0). k~v k = a2 + b2

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Mathematics 54: Elementary Analysis II Exam III Formula Sheet

2.3 Direction Angles Remark 3.1.1. A vector’s norm is always non-negative,


i.e., k~v k≥ 0.
Direction angles α and β such that
a b Remark 3.1.2. The vector ~v = h0, 0, 0i is called the
cos α = , cos β = zero vector and is also denoted by ~0. The zero vector is
k~v k k~v k
the only vector that has no magnitude and no specific di-
cos2 α + cos2 β = 1 rection.

cos α = sin β, and cos β = sin α Remark 3.1.3. A vector of length or magnitude 1 is called
a unit vector.
2.4 Remarks
Remark 2.0.1. A plane vector ha, bi can be treated as a 3.3 Directional Angles
vector in three-dimensional space by taking it to be ha, b, 0i.
The direction angles of a nonzero vector ~v are the angles
α, β, and γ (in the interval [0, π]) that it makes with the
3 Vectors in R3 positive x, y, and z-axes.

3.1 Representation of a Vector The cosines of these direction angles, α, β, and γ are
called the directional cosines of the vector ~v .
1. A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and
direction. So for ~v = h0, 0, 0i,
2. Vector in Three Dimensional Space: ordered pairs of
a b c
real numbers ~v ha, b, ci cos α = , cos β = , and cos γ =
k~v k k~v k k~v k
3. Consider the ray from the origin to the point (a, b, c).
This ray/arrow is the position representation of the Remark 3.1.4. The direction cosines satisfy cos2 α +
vector ha, b, ci. The numbers a, b, and c are called cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1.
components of the vector.
4. A vector is: 4 Vector Operations
(a) geometrically represented by an arrow. The length
of the arrow represents the magnitude/norm of the Remark 4.0.1. The geometric interpolation of the opera-
vector and the arrow points in the direction of the tions on plane vectors is the same as that of the operations
vector. on vectors in three-dimensional space.
(b) denoted by a letter with an arrow above it.
~ = ha1 , a2 , a3 i, B
Let A ~ = hb1 , b2 , b3 i, and c ∈ R.
Remark 3.0.1. A vector ~v can be represented by any di-
rected line segment that has the same magnitude and di-
rection as of ~v . 4.1 Scalar Multiplication

Remark 3.0.2. Two vectors ~v ha1 , b1 , c1 i and ~u ha2 , b2 , c2 i Definition 4.1 (Scalar Multiplication).
are equal (or equivalent) if and only if a1 = a2 , b1 =
b2 , and c1 = c2 . ~ = hca1 , ca2 , ca3 i
cA

Remark 3.0.3. Let ~v be the vector from P (a1 , b1 , c1 ) to



~
Remark 4.1.1. kcAk=
~
|c| · A
Q(a2 , b2 , c2 ), then

−→ ~ has the same direction


Remark 4.1.2. If c > 0, then cA
~v = P Q = ha2 − a1 , b2 − b1 , c2 − c1 i
~
as A.
3.2 Magnitude and Direction of a Vector ~ is the opposite the di-
Remark 4.1.3. If c < 0, then cA
~
rection of A.
3.2.1 Norm of a Vector
Definition 3.1. The magnitude (or length) of the vector Remark 4.1.4. Two vectors A ~ and B~ are parallel if and
~v = ha, b, ci, also called its norm, is given by ~ = cB
only if A ~ for some c ∈ R \ {0}.
p
k~v k= a2 + b2 + c2 ~ = ~0
Remark 4.1.5. 0A

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Mathematics 54: Elementary Analysis II Exam III Formula Sheet

4.2 Vector Addition/Subtraction Remark 4.3.1. For plane vectors,


Definition 4.2 (Vector Addition/Subtraction). ı̂ := h1, 0i , ̂ := h0, 1i ,
~±B
A ~ = ha1 ± b1 , a2 ± b2 , a3 ± b3 i so ha, bi = aı̂ + b̂.

Theorem 4.3 (Triangle Inequality).


4.4 Normalizing a Vector
k~u ± ~v k ≤ k~v k + k~uk To normalize a nonzero vector ~v means to find a unit vector
that points in the same points in the same direction as ~v .
4.3 Standard Basis Vectors in R3 That is,
~v
Considering ~u~v =
k~v k

ı̂ := h1, 0, 0i , ̂ := h0, 1, 0i , k̂ := h0, 0, 1i 1 1
Note 4.3.1. k~u~v k =
~v =
k~v k (since k~v k > 0).
k~v k k~v k
Any vector ~v = ha, b, ci can be written as
Note 4.3.2. k~v k ~u~v = ~v and since ~v > 0, then ~u~v and ~v
~v = aı̂ + b̂ + ck̂ have the same direction.

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