Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.4 Spheres
Definition 1.2. A sphere is the set of all points P (x, y, z)
3. These three coordinate axes determine the whose distance from the point C is r > 0. The point C is
three coordinate planes. called the center of the sphere, and r its radius.
4. These three coordinate planes divide space into eight
The equation of the sphere centered at C (h, k, l) with ra-
parts, called octants. The octant that contains
dius r is given by
points whose coordinates are all positive is called the
first octant. 2 2 2
(x − h) + (y − k) + (z − l) = r2
5. To locate a point P (a, b, c)
This is called the center-radius form of the sphere. In par-
ticular, the sphere centered at the origin with radius r has
equation
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2
2 Vectors in R2
Vector in Two Dimensional Space (Plane Vector): ordered
pairs of real numbers ~v ha, bi
cos α = sin β, and cos β = sin α Remark 3.1.3. A vector of length or magnitude 1 is called
a unit vector.
2.4 Remarks
Remark 2.0.1. A plane vector ha, bi can be treated as a 3.3 Directional Angles
vector in three-dimensional space by taking it to be ha, b, 0i.
The direction angles of a nonzero vector ~v are the angles
α, β, and γ (in the interval [0, π]) that it makes with the
3 Vectors in R3 positive x, y, and z-axes.
3.1 Representation of a Vector The cosines of these direction angles, α, β, and γ are
called the directional cosines of the vector ~v .
1. A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and
direction. So for ~v = h0, 0, 0i,
2. Vector in Three Dimensional Space: ordered pairs of
a b c
real numbers ~v ha, b, ci cos α = , cos β = , and cos γ =
k~v k k~v k k~v k
3. Consider the ray from the origin to the point (a, b, c).
This ray/arrow is the position representation of the Remark 3.1.4. The direction cosines satisfy cos2 α +
vector ha, b, ci. The numbers a, b, and c are called cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1.
components of the vector.
4. A vector is: 4 Vector Operations
(a) geometrically represented by an arrow. The length
of the arrow represents the magnitude/norm of the Remark 4.0.1. The geometric interpolation of the opera-
vector and the arrow points in the direction of the tions on plane vectors is the same as that of the operations
vector. on vectors in three-dimensional space.
(b) denoted by a letter with an arrow above it.
~ = ha1 , a2 , a3 i, B
Let A ~ = hb1 , b2 , b3 i, and c ∈ R.
Remark 3.0.1. A vector ~v can be represented by any di-
rected line segment that has the same magnitude and di-
rection as of ~v . 4.1 Scalar Multiplication
Remark 3.0.2. Two vectors ~v ha1 , b1 , c1 i and ~u ha2 , b2 , c2 i Definition 4.1 (Scalar Multiplication).
are equal (or equivalent) if and only if a1 = a2 , b1 =
b2 , and c1 = c2 . ~ = hca1 , ca2 , ca3 i
cA