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Muhammad Yousaf
Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics
Comsats Institute of Information Technology,
Islamabad
where
provided the limit exists. For simplicity, we will also call this the tangent line to
y = f(x) at .
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
Example
Find an equation for the tangent line to the curve y = 2/x at the point
(2, 1) on this curve.
.
Solution
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
VELOCITY
If a particle in rectilinear motion moves along an s-axis so that its position
coordinate function of the elapsed time t is s = f(t)
then f is called the position function of the particle; the graph is the position
versus time curve.
The average velocity of the particle over a time interval is defined
as
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
Example
Suppose that is the position
function of a particle, where s is in meters and t is
in seconds. Find the average velocities of the particle
over the time intervals a) [0, 2] and b) [2,3].
Solution (a)
Solution (b)
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
SLOPES AND RATES OF CHANGE
Example Let
(a) Find the average rate of change of y with respect to x over the interval [3, 5].
(b) Find the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x when x = −4.
Solution (a).
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
Solution (b)
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
THE DERIVATIVE FUNCTION
Definition :
The function defined by the formula
Example. Find the derivative with respect to x of f(x) = , and use it to find the
equation of the tangent line to y = at x = 2.
Solution.
Solution (b).
Since f (x) can be interpreted as the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
y = f(x) at x, it follows that f ′ (x) is positive where the tangent line has
positive slope, is negative where the tangent line has negative slope, and is
zero where the tangent line is horizontal.
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
DIFFERENTIABILITY
A function f is said to be differentiable at if the limit
exists. If f is differentiable at each point of the open interval (a, b), then we say that
it is differentiable on (a, b), and similarly for open intervals of the form (a,+ ),
(− , b), and (− ,+ ). In the last case we say that f is differentiable everywhere.
Two common ways in which a function that is
continuous at can fail to be differentiable at
• corner points
• points of vertical tangency
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
Example
The graph of y = |x| has a corner at x = 0, which implies that f(x) = |x| is not
differentiable at x = 0.
(a) Prove that f(x) = |x| is not differentiable at x = 0 by showing that the limit
does not exist at x = 0.
(b) Find a formula for f ′ (x).
Solution (a).
f is not differentiable at x = 0.
Solution (b).
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENTIABILITY
AND CONTINUITY
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
INTRODUCTION TO TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION
DERIVATIVE OF A CONSTANT
Theorem: The derivative of a constant function is 0; that is, if c is any real
number, then
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
Example: Find the area of the triangle formed from the coordinate axes and
the tangent line to the curve at the point (5, 0).
Solution.
HIGHER DERIVATIVES
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
Theorem:(The Product Rule) If f and g are differentiable at x, then so is the
product f · g, and
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
Theorem(The Chain Rule) If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at
g(x), then the composition f ◦g is differentiable at x. Moreover, if
y = f(g(x)) and u = g(x) then y = f(u) and
Example:
Solution.
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad
AN ALTERNATIVE VERSION OF THE CHAIN RULE
Example:
Solution.
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Dr. Muhammad Yousaf , CIIT Islamabad