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Effect-of-Plan-Irregularity-on-RC-Buildings-due-to-BNBC-2006-Earthquake-Load

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 International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 1, January-2016 761
ISSN 2229-5518

Effect of Plan Irregularity on RC Buildings due to

BNBC-2006 Earthquake Load
M.Z. Habib, M.A. Alam, S. Barua, M.M. Islam

Abstract— To dates irregular shape of building is being mostly designed by the architects; which offers more beauties. This irregularity
may be plan or vertical. Plan or vertical irregularity makes structures vulnerable under seismic loading. Torsional irregularity, overturning
moment can rise abruptly having irregularity in a structure. Hence, effect of irregularity is a very important issue to be considered during
building design. Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) 2006 requires that practically all multi-storied buildings be analysed as three-
dimensional systems. This is due to the irregularities in plan or elevation or in both. In the current study six buildings of different shape has
been chosen and analysed by imposing seismic loads using finite element software (ETABS v 9.7.4). The shapes of the buildings are
rectangular, square, Inverted L, T, U and L. Each of the building has G+6 number of storey and located at seismic zone-I of BNBC 2006.
The current study discusses the performance evaluation of RC (Reinforced Concrete) Buildings with plan irregularity. Structural
irregularities are important factors which decrease the seismic performance of the structures. The parameters whose effects are regulated
such as: Lateral displacement, Storey Drift, Time period, Base Shear, Torsional Irregularity Ratio, Overturning Moment.Eventually it is
revealed that, the rectangular shaped building undergo maximum lateral displacement as well as drift in both direction. No change in time
period is observed due to change in building plan. Base shear and overturning moment is found maximum for T-shaped building. It has
been studied that rectangular shaped building is torsionally irregular.

Index Terms— Plan Irregularity, Drift, Seismic Load, RC Building, Torsional Irregularity, Time period, Base shear

——————————  ——————————

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1 INTRODUCTION
Modern buildings are being widely designed as irregular
structures. A building is said to be a regular when the building
configurations are almost symmetrical about the axis and it is
said to be the irregular when it lacks symmetry and disconti-
nuity in geometry, mass or load resisting elements [1], [4] and
[5]. Asymmetrical arrangements cause a large torsion force
which makes the structure torsionally irregular [1]. The build-
ing configuration has been described in BNBC-2006 as regular
or irregular in terms of the size and shape of the building, ar-
rangement of structural the elements and mass. There are two
types of irregularities such as: 1) Horizontal irregularities re-
fers to asymmetrical plan shapes (L, T, U and F) or discontinu-
ities in horizontal resisting elements such as re-entrant cor-
ners, large openings, cut outs and other changes like torsion,
deformations and other stress concentrations, 2) Vertical ir-
regularities referring to sudden change of strength, stiffness,
geometry and mass of a structure in vertical direction. The
behaviour of a building during an earthquake depends on
several factors, stiffness, adequate lateral strength, ductility,
simple and regular configurations [2] and [3].
Ashvin et al.[3] evaluated the performance of RC (Reinforced
Concrete) Buildings with irregularity. They studied five
————————————————
• Md. Zakaria Habib is currentlyworking as a Lecturer at Department of
Civil & Environemental Engineering in Uttara University, Bangladesh,
PH-+8801718101165. E-mail: mzh.ce.97@gmail.com
• Md. Ashraful Alam is currentlyworking as a Lecturer at Department of
Civil & Environemental Engineering in Uttara University, Bangladesh,
PH-+8801556383742. E-mail: ashraf.duet25@gmail.com
• Shisir Barua is currentlyworking as a Lecturer at Department of Civil &
Environemental Engineering in Uttara University, Bangladesh, PH-
+8801913912586. E-mail: shisir.ce007@gmail.com
• Md. Mohaiminul Islam is currentlyworking as a Lecturer at Department
of Civil & Environemental Engineering in Uttara University, Bangladesh,
PH-+8801673530974. E-mail: manikmsce14@gmail.com
IJSER © 2016
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frames and their lateral storey-displacements, storey drifts and
base shears have been computed to obtain the effects of irregu-
larities on the frames. Their study as a whole makes an effort
to evaluate the effect of vertical irregularity on RC buildings,
in terms of dynamic characteristics and the influencing pa-
rameters which can regulate the effect on Story Displacement,
Drifts of adjacent stories, Excessive Torsion, Base Shear, etc.
Konakalla et al.[5], investigated the behavior of irregular
building under dynamic loading using linear static analysis. In
their analysis they studied lateral displacement due to seismic
loads. In the result they found no change in the displacement
due to the change in plan.
In the current study, six different shapes of building have been
studied to outline the effect of plan irregularity. The location
of the building is assumed to be in the seismic zone-I as speci-
fied in BNBC-2006[1]. The effect is outlined with the following
parameters: Lateral Displacement, Storey Drift, Base Shear,
Time Period, Torsional Irregularity Ratio and Overturning
Moment.
2 IRREGULARITY
Based on the structural configuration, each structure shall be
designed as a regular, or irregular structure as defined below:
Regular Structure: Regular structures have no signifi-
cant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration
or in their lateral force resisting systems.
Irregular Structures: Irregular structures have signifi-
cant physical discontinuities in configuration or in their lateral
force resisting systems. Irregular structures have either verti-
cal irregularity or plan irregularity or both in their structural
configurations.
a) Vertical Irregularity: Structures having one or more
of the irregular features listed in the Table 1 shall be designed
as having a vertical irregularity.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 1, January-2016
ISSN 2229-5518
Exceptions:
When no storey drift ratio under lateral force is greater than
1.3 times the storey drift ratio of the storey above, the struc-
ture may be deemed not to have irregularities of type I or II in
the Table 2. For this case, the storey drifts may be calculated
neglecting torsional effect and the storey drift ratio for the top
two storey's need to be considered.
b) Plan Irregularity: Structures having one or more of
the irregular features listed in the Table 1.2 shall be designated
as having a plan irregularity.
Table 1: Vertical irregularity of Structures
BNBC
Type Definition Section
Ref.
Stiffness Irregularity (Soft Storey):
A soft storey is one in which the lateral
stiffness is less than 70% of that in the
I 2.5.5.1
storey above or less than 80% of the
average of the stiffness of the three sto-
reys above.
Mass Irregularity:
Mass irregularity shall be considered to
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exist where the effective mass of any
II storey is more than 150% of the effec- 2.5.5.1
tive mass of an adjacent storey. A roof
which is lighter than the floor below
need to considered.
Vertical Geometric Irregularity:
Vertical geometric irregularity shall be
considered to exist where horizontal
III dimension of the lateral force resisting 2.5.5.1
system in any storey is more than 130%
of that in an adjacent storey, one-storey
penthouses need to be considered.
In-Plan Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral
Force-Resisting Element:
IV An in-plane offset of the lateral load 1.5.5
resisting elements greater than the
length those elements.
Discontinuity in Capacity (Weak Sto-
rey):
A weak storey is one in which the the
storey strength is less than 80% of that 1.5.4.3
V
in the storey above. the total strength is 1.3.5
the total strength of all seismic resisting
elements sharing the storey shear for
the direction under consideration.
Table 2: Plan Irregularity of Structures
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762
BNBC Sec-
Type Definition
tion Ref.
Torsional Irregularity (to be consid-
ered when diaphragms are not flexi-
ble ):
Torsional irregularity shall be con-
1.5.4.2,
sidered to exist when the maximum
2.5.6.5,
I storey drift, computed including ac-
1.5.4.3,
cidental torsion, at one end of the
1.7.2.9(d)
structure transverse to an axis is
more than 1.2 times the average of
the storey drifts of the two ends of
the structure.
Reentrant Corners:
Plan configurations of a structure
and its lateral force resisting system
contain reentrant corners, where both
II 1.7.2.9(d)
projections of the structure beyond a
reentrant corner are greater than
1.5% of the plan dimension of the
structure in the given direction.
Diaphragm Discontinuity:
Diaphragms with abrupt discontinui-
ties or variations in stiffness, includ-
ing those having cutout or open are-
III as greater than 50% of the gross en- 1.7.2.9(d)
closed area of the diaphragm, or
changes in effective diaphragm stiff-
ness of more than 50% from one sto-
rey to the next.
Out-of-Plane Offsets:
Discontinuities in a lateral force path, 1.5.5
IV
such as out-of-plane offsets of the 1.7.2.9(d)
vertical elements.
Nonparallel Systems:
The vertical lateral load resisting el-
V ements are not parallel to or symmet- 1.5.4.2
ric about major orthogonal axes of
the lateral force-resisting system.
3 SEISMIC LOADS
Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake en-
gineering which means application of an earthquake-
generated agitation to a structure. It happens at contact sur-
faces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent
structures.
 Seismic loading depends, primarily, on:
 Anticipated earthquake's parameters at the site -
known as seismic hazard
 Geotechnical parameters of the site
 Structure's parameters
 Characteristics of the anticipated gravity waves.
Sometimes, seismic load exceeds ability of a structure to resist
it without being broken, partially or completely Due to their
mutual interaction; seismic loading and seismic performance
of a structure are intimately related.
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2.1 Seismic zone and zone coefficient spectively. The overturning moment Mx at any storey level-x
Seismic zone for a building site shall be determined based on of a building shall be determined as:
the location of the site on the Seismic Zoning Map as in BNBC-  n

M x = Ft  hn − h x + ∑ Fi (hi − h x ) (3)
2006. Each building or structure shall be assigned a Seismic  i =1 
Zone Coefficient, Z corresponding to the seismic zone of the where,
site as set forth in Table 3. hi, hx, hn = Height in meters at level-i, -x or -n respectively.
Fi = Lateral force applied at level-i, i=1 to n.
Table 3: Seismic zone coefficient in Bangladesh Ft = Concentrated lateral force applied at level-n in ad-
Seismic Zone Zone Coefficient, Z dition to Fn applicable for earthquake.
I 0.075 .
II 0.15
III 0.25
6 METHODOLOGY AND BUILDING STUDIED
.2.2 Design Earthquake Forces for Primary Framing
Systems 6.1 Figures and Tables
The design earthquake lateral forces on the primary framing It is obvious to address an area where the study is carried out.
systems of every building or structure shall be calculated In the present study seismic zone-I of Bangladesh National
based on the provisions set forth in this section. The design Building Code-2006 is taken as study area. The soil profile of
seismic forces shall be assumed. the study area is assumed to be S3 i.e a soil profile 21 meters or
The total base shear can be calculated as follows: more in depth and containing more than 6 meters of soft to
Vb =
ZIC
W (1) medium stiff clay but not more than 12 meters of soft clay.
R Model is a technique by which anything can be described
Where, maintaining a proper scale. A three dimensional Finite Ele-
Z = Seismic Zone coefficient ment analysis has been performed for this building based on

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I = Structural Importance coefficient as-built Layout Plan. The building consists of concrete beam-
W = Total Seismic dead load columns frame structure with edge supported slab. Beams and
C = Numerical coefficient given by the following relation : columns were modelled with appropriate frame elements. The
slab was modelled with shell elements. Extended Three Di-
mensional Analysis of Building Structure (ETABS v 9.7.4) has
3 STOREY DRIFT
been used as finite element modelling software. In any finite
Storey drift is the displacement of one relative to the level element analysis, applying appropriate boundary conditions
above or below due to the design lateral forces. Except other- are important. In the present project, the foundations included
wise permitted in BNBC Sec 1.3.4.2(a) calculated storey drift in the FE model have not been applied beneath the shallow
shall include both translational and torsional deflections and footing. For simplicity fixed supports are used in all direc-
conform to the following requirements: tions.
a) Storey drift, Δ, shall be limited as follows: The present study has been carried out by a finite element
i ) ∆ ≤ 0.04h / R ≤ 0.0005h for T < 0.7 second. analyses. First of all, the building models has been developed
ii ) ∆ ≤ 0.03h / R ≤ 0.0004h for T ≥ 0.7 second. using the knowledge ETABS. Then analysis is carried out for
iii )∆ ≤ 0.0025h for unreinforced masonry structures. different parameters. After the analyses some outputs have
where, h= height of the building or structure been taken and processed using MS Excel. The Study building
b) The drift limits set out in (a) above may be exceeded where are shown below [Fig. 1] with their lateral dimension ratio.
it can be demonstrated that greater drift can be tolerated by Information of the building used in the study are summarized
both structural and non-structural elements without affecting in Table 4. Three dimensional view of the selected shaped
life safety. building are shown in Fig. 2.

4 TIME PERIOD
For all buildings the value of Time period, T may be approxi-
mated by the following formula :
T = Ct (hn ) 4
3
(2)
where, Ct = 0.083 for steel moment resisting frames
= 0.073 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames
= 0.049 for all other structural systems
hn = Height im metres above the base to level n.

Fig. 1: Relation of geometric forms selected in first stage and

5 OVERTURNING MOMENT
its general dimensions standardizing in reference to the square
Every structure shall be designed to resist the overturning plant.
effects by wind or earthquake forces as specified in BNBC re-
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7 RESULTS
7.1 Lateral storey displacement

Lateral Storey displacement or sway is usually found when

lateral load is applied to a structure. The lateral load may be
seismic or wind load. In the current study seismic load is
imposed on the structures. Fig. 3 represents the lateral maximum
displacement for X and Y direction respectively. It is seen from
the figures that sway in the X-direction for all types of buildings
are seemed to be similar. However, Rectangular shape building
undergoes a large sway in the Y-direction and others undergo
almost similar level sway. From the sway point of view, it can be
said that rectangular shape building has to undergo most effect
perpendicular to its narrow side. Rectangular Shape building
undergoes 74.5% more sway in the Y-Direction than X-Direction.

Fig. 2: Three dimensional view of study buildings

Table 4: Information of Building used in the study

Shape of the Build- Rectangular, Square, Inverted L,
ings T, U and L Shaped.

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Lateral Dimension Fig. 3: Lateral Displacement
20 ft 0 inch
of each bay
No. of Storey G+6 7.2 Storey drift
Floor Height 10 ft 0 in Storey drift is defined as the relative sway of frame to the ad-
Foundation Bed jacent floor. Storey drift should be limited to the prescribed
-8 ft 0 in value of BNBC-2006. Fig. 4 represents the storey drifts along
Level
Concrete Strength, different directions. Figures clearly demonstrates that, rectan-
5,000 psi gular building undergo a huge large storey drift in Y-direction
f'c
Yield Strength of than any other shape building in any direction.
72,000 psi
Steel, fy
Corner Column Size 18 in X 18 in
Other Column Size 20 in X 20 in
Grade Beam Size 12 in X 18 in
Floor Beam Size 12 in X 20 in
Slab Thickness 6 in.
Live Loads 40 Psf
Floor Finish 25 psf
Fig.4: Maximum storey drift
Partition Wall 450 plf (5 in Brick Wall)
Seismic Zone Zone-I 7.3 Base shear
Zone Co-efficient, Z 0.075 Base shear is the force which is acts in the base of any struc-
Moment Resisting ture to overturn the building when earthquake load acts in a
IMRF
Frame structure. Fig. 5 represents base shear value for different types
Response Modifica- of buildings when plan irregularity is exists. It is seen from the
8.0
tion Factor, R figure that, base shear varies by a large value due to the
Site Co-efficient, S3 1.5 change of shape of building. U-shaped building undergo most
base shear followed by TSB, LSB, RSB and SSB.

Fig. 5: Base Shear Value for different shape buildings

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 1, January-2016
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7.4 Time period
Time period of any building expresses that how long the
building will take to collapse whiles the ground acceleration
exceeds its tolerable limit. Fig. 6 represents the comparison of
computed time period by ETABS and time period from BNBC.
It is seen that time period recommendation in BNBC is 40%
higher than the actual one found in ETABS analysis irrespec-
tive the shape of Building.
Fig. 6: Time Period ETABS vs Time Period BNBC
7.5 Torsional Irregularity
Bangladesh National Building Code recommends that no one
building can have the ratio of average drift to minimum drift
in any direction more than 1.2. If so then those building will
have to be taken for special treatment to withstand torsional
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forces. Fig. 7 represents the comparison of torsional irregulari-
ty factor. It has found from the analysis that Rectangular
shape building is vulnerable to torsional irregularity. Other
shapes are found within the prescribed value by BNBC code.
Fig. 7: Torsional Irregularity Ratio (TIR) Comparison
7.6 Overturning moment
Overturning is a phenomenon that occurs tilting of the struc-
ture when lateral load is imposed in the building. Fig. 8 repre-
sents the overturning moment of different shape buildings.
Figure shows that maximum overturning moment will pro-
duce if the shape of building is like a T followed by U, L, IL, R
and S.
Fig. 8: Overturning moment of different shapes
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8 CONCLUSION
The following conclusions can be made from this study:
I. Lateral displacement of all shaped structure is found
very close to each other in each direction. However,
74.5% increased lateral displacement is found in rec-
tangular shaped building in Y-direction;
II. Findings for storey drift is similar as in the case of lat-
eral displacement because drift is totally depends on
lateral displacement. A 74.5% higher value of drift is
computed for rectangular building in Y-direction;
III. Base shear varies by a large value due to the change
of shape of building. U-shaped building undergo
most base shear followed by TSB, LSB, RSB and SSB.
the computed base shear values are 159, 85,36, 162.12,
353.54, 478.72 in Kips and 277.73 for RSB, SSB, ILSB,
TSB, USB and LSB respectively.
IV. It is seen that time period recommendation in BNBC
is 40% higher than the actual one found in ETABS
analysis irrespective the shape of Building.
V. It has found from the analysis that Rectangular shape
building is vulnerable to torsional irregularity
(TIR=1.39). Other shapes are found within the pre-
scribed value by BNBC code.
VI. Maximum overturning moment is produced for T-
shaped building followed by U, L, IL, R and S.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge their beloved parents.
REFERENCES
[1] Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC), Housing and Building Research
Institute and Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institutions, Pt. 06, cp.1-3, 2006.
[2] C.M. Ravikumar, N.K.S. Babu, B.V. Sujith and V.D. Reddy, "Effect of Irregular
Configurations on Seismic Vulnerability of RC Buildings," Scientific & Aca-
demic Publishing, Architecture Research, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 20-26, 2012.
[3] G.S. Ashvin, D.G. Agrawal and A.M. Pande, "Effect of Irregularities in Build-
ings and their Consequences," International Journal of Modern Trends in Engi-
neering and Research, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 14-21, 2015.
[4] Indian Standard (IS), "Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design Of Structures",
General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision). Pt. 01, 1893:2002.
[5] R. Konakalla, R.D. Chilakapati and B.R. Harinadha, "Effect of Vertical Irregu-
larity in Multi-Storied Buildings Under Dynamic Loads Using Linear Static
Analysis," International Journal of Education and applied research, vol. 4, no. 2, pp.
29-34, 2014.