8/11/2018 How to Determine Suitable Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution in Buildings?

How to Determine Suitable Pipe Sizes for

Water Distribution in Buildings?
Factors Affecting and Procedure for Selection of Pipe Sizes for Buildings

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Pipes for water distribution in a building are available in various sizes. Determination of suitable
pipe sizes for various purposes in a building based on various factors such as cost, pressure etc.
are discussed.

Following points regarding pipe sizes in buildings are discussed:

What are the factors that influence the selection of water distribution pipe size in buildings?
Procedures used for the determination pipe sizes for water distribution in buildings

Fig.1: Different Pipe Sizes to Distribute Water in Buildings

Factors Influencing Selection of Water Distribution Pipe

Size in Buildings
Cost effectiveness
Pressure at the source of water supply
Required pressure at each outlet fixture (examples of outlet fixture are bathtubs, channel
drains, bidets, drinking fountains, kitchen sinks, bathroom sinks, showers and others)
The loss of pressure of outlets placed above water source. Loss of pressure is commonly caused
by friction of water. The friction is occurred due to flow of water in pipes, water flow meter, and
backflow preventer.
Restriction on water flow velocity to avoid noises and pipe erosion.
Extra capacity of possible expansion in the future. Generally, the additional capacity if around
10 percent.
Economic considerations govern the selection process to a great extent. But other factors
explained above may enforce the use specific pipe size other than the most economical ones.

Procedures for Determination of Pipe Sizes for Water

Distribution in Buildings

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8/11/2018 How to Determine Suitable Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution in Buildings?

Draw all suggested horizontal mains, risers and branch lines with necessary information
includes types and number of fixtures and flow that is needed.
Calculate fixtures demand weight employing Table 1 and Table 2.
Specify water demand in gallon per millimeter using Figure 2 and Figure 3 and total number of
fixture units.
Estimate equivalent length of the pipe for each stack in the system. This step should start from

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the street main.
Determine average minimum pressure in the street main. This can be obtained from Water
Company or by test.
Specify minimum pressure required for the highest fixture
Calculate the loss of pressure in the pipes using the computed equivalent length of the pipe.
Finally, select the size of the pipe using Figure 4.

Note:
Unit sizes provided in the table 1 and table 2 is in mm, but the size of pipes in the chart is in
inch. 1 inch= 25.4mm, 1 ft. = 304.8mm, 1 gallon/m=3.785L/m.
Water velocity should not be greater than 2.438m/s at valve seat to prevent noise and erosion.
So, Pipe area should be at least equal to water flow rate divided by eight.
Sizes for fixture supply pipes provided in table 1 and table 2 are minimums.

Table-1: Fixture Units, Trap and Connection Sizes for Plumbing

Fixtures for Domestic Waters
Domestic water
Fixture-unit value as load Minimum size of
Types of fixture
factors connections, mm
Private Public Hot water Cold water
Bathtub (with or without
overhead shower 2 4 12.7 12.7
Bidet
Combination sink and tray 3 – 12.7 12.7
Combination unit and tray
4
with food disposal unit
Dental unit 1 9.525
Dental lavatory 1 2 12.7 12.7
Dish water, domestic 2
Drinking fountain 1 2 9.525
Floor drains 1
Kitchen sink 2 4 12.7 12.7
Kitchen sink, domestic, with
3
food waste grinder
Lavatory 1 19.05 9.525
Lavatory 2 12.7 12.7
Lavatory, barber, beauty
2
parlor
Lavatory, surgeon’s 2
Laundry tray (1 or 2
2 4 12.7 12.7
compartments)
Shower, per head 2 4 12.7 12.7
Sinks Surgeon’s 3 12.7 12.7
Sinks Flushing rim (with
2 19.05 19.05
valve)
Sinks Service (trap standard) 3 12.7 12.7
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8/11/2018 How to Determine Suitable Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution in Buildings?

Sinks Service (P trap) 2 4 12.7 12.7

Sinks Pot, scullery, 4
Urinal, pedestal, siphon jet,
10 25.4
blowout
Urinal, wall lip 5 12.7
Urinal stall 5 50.8 19.05

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Urinal with flush tank 3
Wash sink (circular or
2 12.7 12.7
multiple) each set of faucets
Water closet, tank-operated 3 5 19.05
Water closet, valve-operated 6 10 25.4

Table-2: Fixture Units, Trap and Connection Sizes for Plumbing

Fixtures for Drainage

Drainage
Types of fixture Fixture-unit value as load Minimum size of
factors trap, mm
Bathtub (with or without overhead
shower 2
Bidet
38.1
Combination sink and tray 2
Combination unit and tray with food
3
disposal unit
Dental unit 1
31.75
Dental lavatory 2
Dish water, domestic 2 38.1
Drinking fountain 1 31.75
Floor drains 2 50.8
Kitchen sink 2 or 3
Kitchen sink, domestic, with food waste 38.1
2
grinder
Lavatory 1 31.75
Lavatory 2
Lavatory, barber, beauty parlor 2
38.1
Lavatory, surgeon’s 2
Laundry tray (1 or 2 compartments) 2
Shower, per head 2 50.8
Sinks Surgeon’s 3 38.1
Sinks Flushing rim (with valve) 6
76.2
Sinks Service (trap standard) 3
Sinks Service (P trap) 3 50.8
Sinks Pot, scullery, 3 38.1
Urinal, pedestal, siphon jet, blowout 6 76.2
Urinal, wall lip 2 38.1
Urinal stall 2 50.8
Urinal with flush tank 2
Wash sink (circular or multiple) each set 38.1
3
of faucets
Water closet, tank-operated 4
76.2
Water closet, valve-operated 6

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8/11/2018 How to Determine Suitable Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution in Buildings?

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Fig.2: Domestic Water Demand Curve Specify Rate of Flow Using the Number of Fixture
Units Served

Fig.3: Domestic Water Curve, Enlarged Portion for Low Water Demand

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8/11/2018 How to Determine Suitable Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution in Buildings?

Fig.4: Determination of flow in copper tubing and other pipes that will be smoothed
after service of 15 to 20 years

Read More:
Types of Plumbing Pipes used in Building Construction

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Types of Plumbing and Drainage Systems in Buildings

Types of Pipe Joints in Plumbing System

Types of Pipe Fittings in Plumbing System for Different Purposes

References
ASPE. Plumbing engineering design handbook: Engineer’s guide to system design and
construction. Chicago: American Society of plumbing engineers , v. I, 2004.

FREDERICK S. MERRITT, JONATHAN T. RICKETTS. Building design and construction hand book. 6th
edition. ed. New York: McGRAW-HILL, 2001.

GESAP, Water Supply Facilities 2017. Accessed on: 30 Sep. 2017.

Madeh Izat Hamakareem

Madeh is a Structural Engineer who works as Assistant Lecturer in Koya University. He is the author, editor and
partner at theconstructor.org.

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