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Wind Load of Overhead Electrical Lines


Exceeding AC 1 kV

Stanislav Ilenin Ladislav Varga


Department of Electric Power Engineering Department of Electric Power Engineering
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Technical University of Košice Technical University of Košice
Košice Košice
stanislav.ilenin@tuke.sk ladislav.varga@tuke.sk

Abstract Ð The article deals with the influence of wind on For the conductors of 22 kV overhead electrical line, the
wires and poles of overhead power lines. Wind causes AlFe 42/7 rope is used [1]:
additional load; thereby, it increases the mechanical stress
• diameter of rope d = 9,0 mm,
in the wires. The calculation of wind force on wires
depends on its velocity, span size, direction, and various • mathematical cross - section S = 49,48 mm2,
factors affecting it. Wind may be also exerting flagpoles;
therefore, they must be dimensioned to the total force • cross - section ratio SAl:SFe = 6,
converted to the top of the mast. • nominal weight q1 = 0,17159kg.m-1,
Keywords: overhead power lines, wires, wind speed, wind • weight density γ = 0,03401 MN.m-3,
force
• maximum allowable stress sdov = 115,866 MPa,
I. INTRODUCTION • temperature coefficient of expansion
Load impacting poles of the overhead electrical lines may a = 18,714.10-6 °C-1,
be constant and random. Random load can be short-term and
extraordinary. Load-bearing parts of the flagpole structure, • length of spans L = 80 m.
consoles and brackets of earthing ropes, insulating hinges,
wires, earthing and anchoring ropes, and pulling from II. CALCULATION ACCORDING TO STN 33 3300 (TO 2006)
anchorages of the anchored flagpoles are considered to be a Under wind load, it is always assumed that wind direction
constant load. Heavy icing on wires and earthing ropes, is horizontal. The static component of wind load in N
furthermore wind pressure, insulting hinges, conductors and applied perpendicular to the wires and utility poles [2].
anchoring ropes are important from a short-term perspective.
(1)
The article deals with the effects of wind overloading external
power lines. It focuses mainly on overloading the wires and the where
flagpoles. The calculation is made for specific 22 kV overhead
electrical line based on different standards, whereas the results standard wind pressure on line element in N.m-2,
are compared. The dimensions of the flagpoles, consoles and A area of the line element exposed to wind in m2.
wire mount are shown in Figure 1.
A. Wind Forces on Conductors
(2)
where
static component of wind load conductors in N,
standard wind pressure for wires in N.m-2,
surface of conductor exposed to the wind in m2.
According to STN 33 3300, table 18, standard wind
pressure for conductors with diameter less than 16 mm, if the
hinging point of the conductors of the terrain is up to 20 m
= 484 N.m-2.
The area of the conductors exposed to the wind is
calculated as the product of the driver diameter and the length
of the span = 0,72 m2.
The wind force per one conductor is = 348,48 N.
Figure 1. Dimensions of the pole Wind force acting on three conductors is = 1045,44 N.

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B. Wind Force on Flagpoles III. CALCULATION OF FORCES ACCORDING TO STANDARDS


The area of the flagpole in the wind in m2 shall be STN EN 50 341-1 AND STN EN 50 423-1 (TO 2016)
calculated: Standard STN EN 50 431 defines rules necessary to
determine the designed load of the wind acting on the part of
(3) the overhead electric line on the basis of meteorological data.
These rules apply to the height of the support points up to the
where values specified in the national normative aspect (NNA). If no
requirements are specified in this aspect, the generally
the diameter of the flagpole at the top in m,
acceptable value of 60 m is accepted [3].
the diameter of the flagpole in the ground in m,
A. Wind Speed
h height of the pole above the ground in m. When designing external power lines for load capacities, it
The diameter of the pole at the ground level is calculated: is determined either by the mean wind speed or by its
velocity . Based on the standard, it is possible to use the
(4) average wind speed or the wind speed as the basis for
determining the extreme wind speed in accordance with the
where refers to the diameter of the pole in the heel. practice in each country [3].

Area of the pole exposed to wind = 1,728 m2. Average wind velocity is defined as the mean wind
speed in m.s-1 measured over a 10 meter interval over 10
The force of the wind acting on the flagpole in N is minutes above the ground in a relatively open terrain.
calculated: Calculated according to (NNA) the STN EN 50341-1, article
4.2.2.1.2:
(5)
(8)
where
standard wind pressure on the pole in N.m-2, where refers to the coefficient of altitude and
is the base reference speed of the wind. According to the table
area exposed to wind in m2. 4.2.2/SK1 in (NNA) for wind zone 2, = 1, = 26
According to STN 33 3300, table 19, standard wind m.s-1 (for altitude H ≤ 700 m).
pressure on the flagpole is = 385 N.m-2. The reference wind speed is the wind speed at 10 m
above the ground at the appropriate location. In countries
The force acting on the flagpole is = 665,28 N
calculating with the average wind speeds, the reference wind
C. Wind Force at the Top of the Pole speed at the appropriate site of the given terrain category can be
calculated from the wind speed reference at the nearest metric
Wind forces acting on the overhead line conductors and station in the terrain of category II based on the
on the pole should be recalculated for the top of the pole . following formula:
#$
!" (9)
%
where refers to the factor of the terrain and % is rub of
height. Value of and % are given in STN EN 50341-1, table
4.2.1.
When constructing overhead electrical lines, terrain
categories I and II are usually applied. For terrain category II
= 0,19, % = 0,05
The reference wind speed is reported in NNA. In cases
where the wind speed reference data are not sufficient, other
data sources should be used to determine the extreme wind
speed at the appropriate location. In most European countries,
wind speed maps are being processed for different regions. For
regions not illustrated in these maps, the services of
Figure 2. Recalculation of forces by the moment sentence
meteorologists should be used.
The force at the top of the pole is determined by the The wind speed at any altitude above ground h shall be
moment balance of forces, according to Figure 2. determined in accordance with STN EN 50341-1, article
4.2.2.1.6.
(6)
!" (10)
%
For overhead electrical line elements up to 10 m above the
(7) ground, the wind speed is directly equal to the reference
wind speed ). In case of elements of the overhead
The force at the top of the pole = 1523 N. electrical line at a height of more than 10 m above the ground,
logarithmic dependence is used to increase the wind speed.
According to STN EN 50423-1 art. 4.2.2.3, lines up to 45
kV for elements with a maximum height of up to 20 m, the
fixed dynamic wind pressure given for height of 10 m is given.

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According to STN EN 50341-1, article 4.2.2.1.5 (in NNA): IV. CALCULATION OF FORCES ACCORDING TO STN EN
50341-1 AND STN 50341-2-23 (FROM 2017)
Then: A. Wind Speed
#$ The basic wind speed is defined as a 10-minute average
!" & #' ( )*# (11)
% wind speed independent of wind direction and seasons, at a
height of 10 m above the terrain level in an open low-
B. Wind Pressure vegetation landscape such as grass and isolated obstacles
spaced at least 20 times their height. The basic wind speed is a
According to STN EN 50341-1, article 4.2.2.2 the dynamic characteristic value with an annual probability of 0.02 being
wind pressure in N.m-2 at height h over the ground is exceeded, corresponding to a mean return time of 50 years.
determined from the formula: According to geographic location, the territory of Slovakia is
# # divided into two basic wind areas. Furthermore, it is divided by
+ # , & #' -#. -/ 01 (12) altitude. This division defines four basic wind areas for which
different basic wind speeds according to STN EN 50341-2-23
where ρ refer to air density equal to 1,225 kg.m-3 at 15 °C table 4/SK.1 are defined [5].
and at 1013 hPa. At other temperature and atmospheric
pressure values, the corresponding air density is either Table 1. Basic wind speeds
calculated or proportional values can be used. Wind area I II III IV
C. Wind Forces on Conductors Basic wind speed 24 26 30 33
Wind pressure on conductors causes the forces to act Areas I and II are basic geographic locations. Area III corresponds
transversely to the direction of the line and at the same time it to locations with an altitude of 700 to 1300 m. Area IV
increases the pull in conductors. The force of the wind at a corresponds to locations with an altitude above 1300 m.
support point in the direct route caused by each separate Average wind speed depends on:
conductor from both neighboring spans is:
• basic wind speed ,
23 2 4 56 7 (13)
wind direction coefficient
• <=> ,

where ϕ refers to the angle of rise of the decisive wind • the reference height of the considered component over
direction, ϕ = 0 (cosϕ = 1), 23 is the impact coefficient of the the terrain h,
wind, according to STN EN 50341-1 table 4.2.4 23 = 2,05, 2 • length of roughness % ,
is conductor response factor, according to STN EN 50341-1
table 4.2.5 (comment 3) 2 = 0,936, 4 is a drag factor for • orography coefficient .
conductor, according STN EN 50341-1, article 4.2.2.4.1/SK,
4 = 1,2, and are span length, 8 is wind span, The wind direction coefficient may have different values
is conductor diameter. for different wind directions. The average wind speed is
independent of wind direction in Slovakia. The value of the
Then wind direction coefficient is used <=> # $. The reference
height above the terrain h to be considered depends on the
-#. -/ $, $ .9& # $ $$. /$ # &., -9 :
winding component of the line. The smallest reference height
The wind force per one conductor is = 695,43 N above the terrain for each lead component to be considered is
10 m. The length of roughness % and the terrain coefficient,
Wind force acting on three conductors is = 2086,30 N
? that are directly linked to the length of roughness,
characterize the roughness of the terrain, that modifies the
D. Wind Force on Pole
mean velocity and intensity of the turbulence ! . Values %
The power of the wind acting on the pillars (steel, concrete, and ? are stated in STN 50341-1 table 4.1 ( % = 0,05,
wood) comes from the wind force on the conductors and
? = 0,189) [6].
insulators and also from the wind pressure on the flagpole
itself. The wind force directly on the pole is equal: Assuming that the average slope of the terrain side of the
terrain is small, the effect of the topography may be neglected.
23 2 4 (14) In this case, the recommended value of the orography
where 23 is the impact coefficient of the wind, according to coefficient is 1. The mean wind speed in m.s-1 at the
STN EN 50341-1 table 4.2.4 23 = 2,05, 2
reference height above terrain h can be determined from the
is the dynamic
relationship:
pole coefficient, according to STN EN 50341-1 (comment -
typical value) 2 = 1,15, 4 is drag factor of pole,
<=> > @A B C (15)
according to STN EN 50423-1, article 4.2.2.4.4 4 = 0,7, %
is the area of the pole projection, = 1,728 m2 [4]. Then
Then #$
, # # $D#/. !" B C , $9 ( )*#
-#. -/ $, # #, $ ' # ' / ##.& $9 ; $ $,
For elements connected to structures with a rated voltage
The force acting on the pole is = 1196,03 N above 1 kV and up to and including 45 kV and with a
The force at the top of the pole = 2974 N maximum height of 20 m, it is permissible to use a constant
average wind speed calculated at a height of 10 m above the
ground.
B. Wind Pressure
Wind pressure in Pa at the height h is designated as:

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# # according to STN EN 50341, article 4.4.4 4 = 0,7,


+ # , , $- 9/9 '9 01 (16)
= 1,728 m2.
where ρ refers to the density of air in kg.m-3, which Then
depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure
that can be expected in the region during wind storm. ρ = 1,225 /.$ '$ # $ ' # ' / #$'' 9. : (21)
kg.m-3 at temperature 15°C and atmospheric pressure 1013
hPa. For other temperature and atmospheric pressure values, The force acting on the pole is = 1077,39 N.
the air density can be calculated or the relative values from the The force at the top of the pole = 2072 N.
table can be used.
C. Turbulence Intensity and Peak Wind Pressure V. CONCLUSION
The turbulence intensity ! at the reference height In conclusion, it is possible to compare the results obtained
above terrain h is defined as the standard deviation of the by the calculation. Calculations of wind forces on wires and
turbulence divided by the mean wind velocity. The intensity of poles have been made using three different methodologies
the turbulence can be calculated based on the following listed in the standards. Calculated values are shown in Table 2.
formula: Table 2. Wind Force Value
# # Wind force
Wind force The force at
! $ #/. (17) on
E !" 8% F E# !" #$8$ $, F Calculation according to:
conductors
on pole the top of
[N] the pole [N]
[N]
The peak wind pressure at the reference height
STN 33 3300 1045 665 1523
above terrain h, that takes into account the intensity of the
turbulence: STN EN 50341-1
2086 1196 2974
STN EN 50423-1
E# ' ! F (18) STN EN 50341-1
1347 1077 2072
STN EN 50341-2-23
Then On the basis of these forces, it is possible to properly
dimension the poles of the overhead electrical line, thus
# ' $ #/. 9/9 '9 /.$ '$ 01 limiting the disturbances in the electricity system [7].

D. Wind Forces on Conductors ACKNOWLEDGMENT


The wind pressure on the wires produces forces acting This work was supported by the Ministry of Education,
transversely on the direction of the line and simultaneously Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the
increasing the pull in the wires. The total wind force for the Slovak Academy of Science under contract No. VEGA
phase conductor bundle is defined as the sum of the forces on 1/0132/15.
the individual bundle conductors, without considering the
possible shielding effect on the leeward conductors. REFERENCES
[1] Fecko, Š., Reváková, D., Varga, L., Lago, J., Ilenin, S.:
In general, the force of the wind at the support point of
Vonkajšíe elektrické vedenia. Vydavate stvo Renesans
each individual driver from both adjacent spans is given as: Bratislava 2010. 599 pp. ISBN 80-89402-35-9.
2 4 (19) [2] STN 33 3300 Stavba vonkajších silových vedení, Slovenský
ústav technickej normalizácie, 1983
where 2 stands for the conductor response factor,
according to STN EN 50341-1, table 4.4c 2 = 0,7, 4 is the
[3] STN EN 50431-1: Elektrické vonkajšie vedenia so striedavým
napätím nad 45 kV. as 1: Všeobecné požiadavky. Spolo né
drag factor for conductors, according to STN EN 50341, article špecifikácie., Slovenský ústav technickej normalizácie, 2006
4.4.1.3 4 =1, = 0,72 m2. [4] STN EN 50423-1: Vonkajšie elektrické vedenia so striedavým
Then napätím nad 1 kV do 45 kV vrátane. as 1: Všeobecné
požiadavky. Spolo né špecifikácie., Slovenský ústav technickej
/.$ '$ $ ' # $ ' --/ .# : normalizácie, 2006
[5] STN EN 50341-2-23: Elektrické vonkajšie vedenia so
The wind force per one conductor is = 448,91 N. striedavým napätím nad 1 kV. as 2-23: Národné normatívne
Wind force acting on three conductors is h adiska (NNA) pre Slovensko (založené na EN 50341-1:2012),
= 1346,74 N. Úrad pre normalizáciu, metrológiu a skúšobníctvo, 2017
[6] Z. onka, M. Kolcun,ªImpact of the regulators on the size of the
E. Wind Force on Poles short-circuit currentsº In: Elektroenergetika 2013 : proceedings
of the 7th International Scientific Symposium on Electrical
The strength of the wind on the pole (steel, concrete, wood,
Power Engineering, Stará Lesná, Slovak Republic. - Košice :
etc.) results from the wind force on the conductors and TU, FEI, 2013 S. 86-89. - ISBN 978-80-553-1441-9
insulators and from the wind pressure on the pole itself. The
[7] STN EN 50341-1: Elektrické vonkajšie vedenia so striedavým
reference height to be considered when calculating the wind
napätím nad 1 kV. as 1: Všeobecné požiadavky. Spolo né
force on the pillars can be determined by one of the methods špecifikácie., Slovenský ústav technickej normalizácie, 2013
[6].
[8] D. Medve , M. Kolcun, Z. onka, P. Hocko, M. Novaák.
The force of the wind directly on the pole in a direction "Simulation of Faults in the Power System and Their
perpendicular to the wind direction is determined by the Elimination in the EMTP-ATP" In: Elektroenergetika 2013:
formula: Proceedings from the Seventh International Scientific
Symposium on Electrical Power Engineering : September 18-20,
2 4 (20) 2013, Stará Lesná, Slovak Republic. - Košice : TU, FEI, 2013 S.
484-487. - ISBN 978-80-553-1441-9.
where 2 is coefficient of pole design, according to STN
EN 50341, article 4.4.4 2 = 1,. 4 is drag factor of pole,

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