Notes of Operario. M.

(BMLS - 4A/3I)
MLS 322 A Lecture : Prelims

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
Microbiology Robert Hooke (1665, England)
↳ study of very small living organism seen - “Micrographia” (book)
only with the use of a microscope - Only used the compound microscope
↳ Microorganisms/Microbes and discovered cells (in the cork)
Micros = very small - History of cell – The Beginning of Cell
Bios = life Theory
Logos = study of… ↳ “all living things are composed of cells”
- 1978, “Little boxes” or “Cells” --- cellar
● Infection
● Disease
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Pathogens → pathogens almost swept the (1673, 1723, Delf, Holland)
whole human race - First to observe and demonstrated live
microorganisms
Why study?
(Animalcules – Archaic microscopic
70%: Beneficial Aspects
animal)
● normal microbiota
- Single-lens microscope (magnifying)
● decomposers
- Discovered his own fecal sample
● industrials (food & beverage) probiotics
↳ Giardia lamblia (protozoa)
● produces of O2 (algae)
- Letters to the Royal Society of London –
● food chain
governs body of knowledge and
● microbial ecology
discovery
● genetic engineering
● pharmaceuticals (antibiotics)
TRANSITION PERIOD
20%: Opportunistic Pathogens
1700’s Focus:
10%: Pathogenics Organisms
● Plants & animal life
(infectious diseases & microbial intoxication)
● Attempts for categorization of microbes

Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish Botanist)

- Binomial nomenclature:
genus & specific epithet (species)
- “Systema Naturae” (1735)
- Are italicized (computer) or underlined
(written)
- Are “Latinized” and used worldwide
- May be descriptive or honor a scientist:
Scopes: ○ Staphylococcus aureus
● General ○ Escherichia coli
● Medical ↳ Theodore Escherich
● Agricultural - colon / large intestine
● Sanitary
Carl Woese
● Industrial
- system of classification based on
● Microbial physiology & Genetics
cellular organization of organisms
● Environmental

ABIOGENESIS VS. BIOGENESIS

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Notes of Operario. M. (BMLS - 4A/3I)
MLS 322 A Lecture : Prelims

Spontaneous Generation / Abiogenesis:

- That living organisms arise from non- John Needham (1745-1748)
living matter - Put boiled nutrient broth into covered
flasks
- “Vital Force” – importance of oxygen to
life; forms life

Aristotle’s Hypothesis:

Decaying spontaneous Living

action of nature
CONDITIONS RESULTS
Jan Baptista van Helmont recipe for mice:
Nutrient broth heated, Teemed with microorganisms
Dirty a few In 21 days, cooled then placed in / microbial growth
+ grains of = sealed flask
shirt or Adult Mice
wheat/wh
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Example:
Manure + Decaying/Rotten Flesh = Flies & Maggots - Showed that fluids heated in sealed
sewage & Garbage = Rats flasks did not contain microbes

Biogenesis: (Rudolf Virchow)

- Alternative Hypothesis: Production of
new living organisms/organelles that
the living organisms arise from pre-
existing life

EVIDENCE PRO & CON

Francesco Redi (Italian physician, 1668)
Rudolf Virchow / Theodor Schwann / Matthias
- Gave a series of blow
Schleiden (1839-1858)
- 1st real experiment to dispute
- Cell Theory = Omnis cellula e cellula :
abiogenesis
“All cells come from cells”
- Rudolf Virchow proposed the theory of
Biogenesis

1860 : Paris Academy of Sciences offered a prize for any

experiment that would help resolve the conflict
1864 : Pasteur claimed the prize

Louis Pasteur (1864)

CONDITIONS RESULTS

1st : 3 Sealed Jars No maggots

2nd : 3 jars covered No maggots and no flies inside

with fine net (only at the top of the net)

3rd : 3 open jars Maggots appeared after flies

Notes of Operario. M. (BMLS - 4A/3I)
MLS 322 A Lecture : Prelims

- Microbes are present in the air and can
contaminate sterile solutions but air
- Spoilage bacteria could be killed heat
that was not hot enough to evaporate
alcohol in wine.
- Pasteurization
↳ (low) heating to kill microorganisms
but not to destroy proteins w/o boiling
↳ application of higher heat for a short
time

SU Y ALC Bac VIN

itself does not create microbes. (no

⇒Diseases were thought to be caused by:

● Demons
● evils spirits
● wrath of God
⇒Hard for people to believe that diseases were caused by
microbes

② Germ Theory of Disease

- to prove that the cause are microbes
- Germ is a general term of bacteria,
fungi, etc.
1835 : Agostino Bassi discovered a
- Conclusion: There’s no such life force in silkworm disease caused by a fungus
air & organisms do not arise by
1865 : Pasteur discovered another
spontaneous generation in this matter
silkworm disease caused by a
CONDITIONS RESULTS protozoan
Nutrient broth placed in Free from 1840’s : Ignaz Semmelweis advocated
long necked-flasks, heated, microorganisms / no
bacterial growth
disinfection (handwashing to
then sealed
prevent the spread of Puerperal
Fever / Childbirth Fever
THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY (1857-
1860’s : Joseph Lister used phenol (toxic, kills
1914)
bacteria) to prevent surgical wound
● Pasteur’s Work infection
● Germ Theory of Disease
● Vaccination 1876 : Robert Koch provided experimental
● Antimicrobial Drugs steps, Koch’s Postulates, used to
prove that a specific microbe causes
① Pasteur’s Work a specific disease
- Microbes are responsible for:
Microbial Etiology of Important Diseases
● fermentation
established Koch:
● spoilage of food
● Vibrio cholerae ➨cholera
- Vinegar (HAc) is produced when
● Mycobacterium tuberculosis ➨
bacteria ferments ethanol in wine.
tuberculosis
● Bacillus anthracis ➨Anthrax
Notes of Operario. M. (BMLS - 4A/3I)
MLS 322 A Lecture : Prelims
Benefit of knowing: we know what and/or how
to treat them
Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates:
1. Many healthy people carry pathogens
but do not exhibit symptoms of the
disease.
2. Some microbes are very difficult or
impossible to grow on artificial media.
3. To induce a disease from a pure culture,
the experimental animal must be
susceptible to the pathogen.
4. Certain diseases develop only when an
opportunistic pathogen invades a
weakened host.
③ Vaccination
- to provide immunity (protection)
1796 : Edward Jenner inoculated a person
with cowpox virus resulting to
protection from smallpox*
* only virus has been eliminated
** Vaccination from vacca (cow)
*** Pasteur finished Henner’s works
**** Attenuated- alive but extremely weakened
***** Antibody will react to the antigen who
cause the disease
Europe ➞ America (smallpox)
America ➞ Europe (Syphilis)
THE BIRTH OF MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy
- use of chemical drugs to treat
something or a condition
Chemotherapeutic Agents
- used to treat infectious disease can be
synthesized or natural (antibiotics)
Antibiotics
- are chemicals produced by bacteria and
fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
1910 : Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic
arsenic drug, Salvarsan*, to treat
syphilis
1930’s : Salvarsan (arsphenamine) were
synthesized but not produced by
microorganism
1928 : Alexander Fleming (bacteriologist)
discovered the first antibiotic,
Penicillin***
* considered to offer salvation from syphilis
(arsenic derivative)
** Before this discovery, the only known
chemical in Europe’s medical arsenal was an
extract from the bark of a South American Tree,
Quinine, which had been used by Spanish
conquistadors to treat malaria
*** Penicillium chrysogenum ( new name) /
Penicillium notatum (old name) ➞fungus (mold)
**** 1940’s : penicillin was tested & produced
***** Hormones & enzymes can be drugs
 Notes of Operario. M. (BMLS - 4A/3I)
MLS 322 A Lecture : Prelims

1901 : von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin

MODERN DEVELOPMENT IN MICROBIOLOGY
1902 : Ross Malaria transmission
● Bacteriology
● Mycology 1905 : Koch TB bacterium
● Parasitology
1908 : Metchnikoff Phagocytes
● Virology
● Phycology 1945 : Flemming, Chain, Florey Penicillin
● Genomics, the study of an organism’s
1952 : Waksman Streptomycin
genes, have provided new tools for
classifying microorganisms 1969 : Delbrück, Hershey, Luria Viral replication

Immunology 1987 : Tonegawa Antibody genetics

- study of immunity
1997 : Prusiner Prions

Rebecca Lancefield (1933) MICROBES AND HUMAN WELFARE

- proposed and used immunology to
identify bacteria according to serotypes
Vaccines & Interferon are being investigated to
prevent and cure viral diseases
Paul Berg (1960’s)
- introduced Recombinant DNA by
inserting animal DNA into bacterial DNA
resulting in the production of an animal
protein
Recombinant DNA / Genetic Engineering
- involves microbial genetics & molecular
biology
Using Microbes:
George Beadle & Edward Tatum (1942)
- showed that genes encode a cell’s
enzymes
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, & Maclyn
McCarty (1944)
- showed that DNA was the hereditary
material
Francois Jacob & Jacques Monod (1961)
- discovered the role of mRNA in protein
synthesis
Selected Nobel Prizes in Physiology / Medicine:
Bioremediation
- bacteria degrade organic matter in
sewage & detoxify pollutants (eg. oil,
mercury)
Biological Insecticides
- microbes that are pathogenic to insects
are alternatives to chemical pesticides
- Bacillus thuringiensis (hahs toxic
abilities) infections are fatal in many
insects but harmless to other animals,
humans & plants
Modern Biotechnology:
Genetic Engineering
- a biotechnological technique
Bacteria & Fungi can produce a variety of
proteins (vaccines, enzymes)
Gene Therapy
- replacement of missing/defective genes
Genetically Modified Bacteria
- used to protect crops from insects &
freezing
- GMO
Flora, Microflora
- microbes were once classified as plants

Microorganisms
Notes of Operario. M. (BMLS - 4A/3I)
MLS 322 A Lecture : Prelims

- new term for microbes Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

(CRKP)
Normal Microbiota / Normal Flora ● Pneumonia
- normally present in & on the human ● Meningitis
body ● UTI
- prevents growth of pathogens since ● Wound infections
they occupy the area ● Blood infections
- produces growth factors (folic acid & - LA-2011
vitamin K) - COLISTIN (50 yr old drug) is one of the
antibiotics of last resort for the
Resistance treatment of CRKP
- ability to ward off diseases
- factors: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
○ skin (MRSA)
○ stomach acid - Boils & abscesses resembling infected
○ antimicrobial chemicals bug bites, but can also present as
pneumonia or flu-like symptoms
Disease - VANCOMYCIN is the reference standard
- results when a pathogen overcomes the for the treatment of systemic infection
harsh resistance caused by MRSA

** Both are transmitted via contact

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
** Affects elderly, immune-compromised
BACTERIAL:
Invasive group A Streptococcus (1995)
- rapidly growing bacteria
- cause extensive tissue damage
- necrosis (“eats” fascia to flesh)

Anthrax
- Bacillus anthracis
- Veterinarians and agricultural workers
(at risk)

Escherichia coli O157:H7*

- Enterotoxigenic E. coli
- leading cause of diarrhea** worldwide

* strain of the organism

O - somatic antigen
H - flagellar antigen
** always deadly due to dehydration of
electrolytes & minerals
*** hamburger

SUPERBUGS:
Notes of Operario. M. (BMLS - 4A/3I)
MLS 322 A Lecture : Prelims

VIRAL: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

West Nile Encephalitis
- West nile virus (Uganda)
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- “Mad Cow Disease”
- Prions (infectious protein)
- also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Sexually-transmitted disease
- Pandemic identified in 1981
- infecting 40 million (14,000 new
infections daily)

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

- Ebola Virus
● Fever
● Hemorrhaging
● Blood Clotting

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

- Hantavirus
- cause hemorrhagic fever
- U.S. (1995) : a disease with respiratory
symptoms was seen
- Hantavirus Sin Nombre Virus (U.S.,
carried by rats)