1-Concept of Stress and Strain (March2012)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Mechanics Centre of Studies
V{tÑàxÜ D
Concept of Stress & Strain
Materials for this chapter are taken from :
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek “ Mechanics of Materials” 5th Edition in SI units
2. R.C.Hibbeler “ Mechanics of Materials “ Seventh Edition
MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 1

Introduction
► Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between the external loads

on a body and the intensity of the internal loads within the body.
► This subject also involves the deformations and stability of a body when
subjected to external forces or in other words; the behavior of materials and
structures under load. The way in which they react to applied forces, the
deflections resulting and the stresses and strains set up in the bodies will
be the main concern in this scope of study.

External Forces
External Forces
caused by direct contact of

Surface Forces other body’s surface
other body exerts a force

Body Forces
without contact

Reactions
Surface forces developed at the supports/points of contact between bodies.
Type and direction of

Constraints Description
forces produced
The connection point on the bar can

not move downward.
joint can not move in vertical and

horizontal directions.
The support prevents translation in

vertical and horizontal directions
and also rotation, Hence a couple
moment is developed on the body in
that direction as well.

Equation of Equilibrium
The condition of statics are:
⇒ the algebraic sum of all forces (or components of forces) in any direction
must equal to zero or ∑ F = 0
⇒ the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about any axis or point must
equal to zero or ∑ M = 0.
These two conditions can be expressed mathematically as:
∑F x =0 ∑F y =0 ∑ M( at any point ) =0

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force and moment acting within a
body.
⇒ In general, there are 4 different types

of resultant loadings:
Normal force, N
Shear force, V
Torsional moment or torque, T
Bending moment, M

Example 1.1
Determine the resultant internal loadings Solution

540 N
acting on the cross section at C of the
beam. NA
MA
A C B
2m 1m 3m
540 N VA
⇒ Solve support reactions at A

A C B
∑ F = 0; V = 540 N
2m 1m 3m
y
∑ F = 0;x
=0
∑ M = 0; A
− 540 ( 2 ) − M A = 0
M A = −1080 Nm

Example 1.1
⇒ Apply Method of Section at point C
540 N
540 N
MC
1080 Nm A C NC
2m 1m
VC
∑ F = 0; V = 540 − 540 = 0 Ans.

y
∑ F = 0; = 0 Ans.
x
∑ M = 0; 1080 + 540 (1) + M = 0;

C C
M A = −1620 Nm Ans.

Example 1.2
Determine the resultant internal loadings Solution

acting on the cross section at C of the
540 N
beam. 180 N/m
MC
270 N/m
NC
C B
2m 4m
VC
A C B
⇒ Distributed loading at C is found by
3m 6m proportion,
w 270
= ⇒ w = 180 N m
6 9
⇒ Magnitude of the resultant of the
distributed load,
F= 1
2
(180)(6) = 540 N
⇒ which acts 1
3
(6) = 2m from C
Example 1.2
⇒ Free Body Diagram
540 N
180 N/m
MC
NC
C B
2m 4m
VC
⇒ Applying the equations of equilibrium we have
∑ M = 0; 540 ( 2 ) − M
C c
= 0; M c = 1080 Nm Ans.
∑ F = 0; V − 540 = 0;
y
V = 540 N Ans.
∑ F = 0; = 0 Ans.
x

What is Stress ?
Distribution of internal loading is important in mechanics of materials.
We will consider the material to be continuous.
This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.

Stress (Cont.)
Normal Stress , σ
• Force per unit area acting normal to ∆A
∆Fz  F
σ z = lim ; σ = 
∆A→0 ∆A  A
Shear Stress ,τ
• Force per unit area acting tangent to ∆A
∆Fx 
τ zx = lim 
∆A→0 ∆A  V
 τ =
∆Fy  A
τ zy = lim
∆A→0 ∆A 

Example 1.3
Each of the four vertical links has an 8

x 36 mm uniform rectangular cross
section and each of the four pins has a
16 mm diameter. Determine the
maximum value of the average normal
stress in the links connecting (a)
points B and D, (b) points C and E.

Example 1.3
⇒ Use bar ABC as a free body diagram.
⇒ Solve for FBD and FCE
∑M C = 0; ( )
0.04 FBD − (0.025 + 0.04 ) 20 *103 = 0
FBD = 32.5 ×103 N [Tension]
∑ M B = 0; ( )
− 0.04 FCE − 0.025 20 *103 = 0
FCE = −12.5 ×103 N [Compression]

Example 1.3
⇒ Calculation of net area ⇒ Calculation of stress
FBD 32.5 *103

for one link (tension) = 0.008(0.036 − 0.016 ) σ BD = = −6
= 101.56 ×106
Anet 320 *10
= 160 ×10 −6 m 2
−6
= 101.6 MPa [ans]
for two links (tension) = 320 × 10 m 2
FCE − 12.5 *103

for one link (compression) = 0.008(0.036 )
−6
σ CE = = = −21. 7 × 10
A 576 *10 −6
= 288 × 10 −6 m 2
−6
= −21.7 MPa [ans]
for two links (compression) = 576 ×10 m 2

Average Shear Stress
The average shear stress distributed over each sectioned area that develops a
shear force.
V
τ avg =
A
τ = average shear stress

V = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section
2 different types of shear:
a) Single Shear b) Double Shear

Example 1.4
The inclined member is subjected to a

compressive force of 3000 N. Determine the
average compressive stress along the smooth
areas of contact defined by AB and BC, and the
average shear stress along the horizontal plane
defined by EDB.
⇒ The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are
+ → ∑ Fx = 0; FAB − 3000( 53 ) = 0 ⇒ FAB = 1800 N

+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0; FBC − 3000( 54 ) = 0 ⇒ FBC = 2400 N

Example 1.4
⇒ The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane EDB is
+ → ∑ Fx = 0; V = 1800 N
⇒ Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are
1800
σ AB = = 1.80 N/mm 2 Ans.
( 25)( 40 )
2400
σ BC = = 1.20 N/mm 2 Ans.
( 50 )( 40 )
⇒ Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is
1800
τ avg = = 0.60 N/mm 2 Ans.
( 75 )( 40 )

What is Strain ?
Normal Strain
• The elongation / contraction of a line segment per unit of length is referred to as
normal strain.
• Average normal strain is defined as;
∆s '−∆s
ε avg =
∆s
• If the normal strain is known, then the approximate final length is:
∆s ' ≈ (1 + ε )∆s
+ε line elongate
-ε line contracts

Strain (Cont.)
Units
Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity since it is a ratio of two lengths.
Shear Strain
Change in angle between 2 line segments that were perpendicular to one another
refers to shear strain.
π
γ nt = − lim θ'
2 B → A along n
C → A along t
θ <90 + shear strain

Θ >90 - shear strain

Example 1.5
The plate is deformed into the dashed

y
shape. If, in this deformed shape, 3 mm
horizontal lines on the plate remain B D

2 mm
horizontal and do not change their
300 mm
length, determine (a) the average
normal strain along the side AB, and (b)
x
the average shear strain in the plate A
300 mm
C
relative to the x and y axes.

Example 1.5
the average normal strain along the side AB
Line AB, coincident with the y axis,

becomes line after deformation, thus
the length of this line is
AB ' = ( 250 − 2 )2 + 32 = 248.018 mm
The average normal strain for AB is

therefore
The Negative Sign

AB '− AB 248.018 − 250
(ε AB )avg = =
Indicates The Strain
Causes A Contraction
AB 250 Of AB.
( )
= −7.93 10−3 mm/mm (Ans)

Example 1.4
the average shear strain in the plate

relative to the x and y axes.
As noted, the once 90°angle BAC between

the sides of the plate, referenced from the x, y
axes, changes to θ’ due to the displacement of
B to B’.
−1  3 
γ xy = tan   = 0.121 rad (Ans)
 250 − 2 

Deformation due to Stress & Strain
When a force is applied to a body, it will change the body’s shape and size.
These changes are deformation.

P
Change of length on
horizontal and vertical
lines as well as change
Before
After
of angle for inclined line
proves that deformation
occurs.
P
Schematics arrangement for P
tensile test

Stress – strain Curve (from tensile test)
Ductile Materials Brittle Materials

Factor of Safety
Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a member.
A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load.
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load divided by the allowable
load.
F fail σ fail τ fail

F .S = ; F .S = ; F .S =
Fallow σ allow τ allow

Example 1.6
The two wooden members shown, which

support a 20 kN load, are joined by plywood
splices fully glued on the surfaces in
contact. The ultimate shearing stress in the
glue is 2.8 MPa and the clearance between
the members is 8 mm. Determine the factor
of safety, knowing that the length of each
splice is L = 200 mm.

Example 1.6
There are 4 separate areas of glue. Allowable shear stress

Each glue area must transmit 10 kN of
shear load. V P/2 10 ×103
τ all = = = −
= 0.87 MPa
A A 11.52 ×10 3
P = 10 ×103 N
Length of splice Factor of safety
L = 2l + c τU 2.8 ×106
F .S = = = 3.22 Ans.
1 τ all 0.87 ×10 6
l= (L − c ) = 1 (0.2 − 0.008) = 0.096 m
2 2
l = length of glue ; c = clearance.
Area of glue
A = lw = 0.096 ( 0.120 ) = 11.52 ×10−3 m2

Stress-strain Relation
τ = Gγ
εy
σ = Eε ν=
εx
Linear
Elastic
Material
Behavior
E = modulus of elasticity , G = modulus of rigidity or shear modulus, and v = Poisson’s ratio

Supplementary Problem 1
1. Determine the resultant internal loadings

acting on the cross section through point D
of member AB.
[MD = 8.75 Nm (ccw); ND = 131.25 N (→); VD = 175 N (↓)]
2. The beam AB is pin supported at A and

supported by a cable BC. Calculate the resultant
1200 N
internal loading at point D. 1.6 m
D
[MD = 0; ND = 2235.5 N ; VD = 0]
0.6 m
A
C
1.2 m 0.8 m

C
3. The two-member frame is subjected to the
a
distributed load w = 8 kN/m. The cross-section
b
of member CB is 35 x 35 mm. Determine the 4m

a
average normal stress and average shear

A
stress acting at section a-a and b-b. 3m b
B
[ FBC = 15 kN, a-a: σ = 12.24 MPa, τ = 0 ; b-b: σ = 4.41 MPa,
τ = 5.88 MPa ] w
4. Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists

of a rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB.
If a force is applied to the end D of the member
and causes it to rotate by θ = 0.3°, determine
the normal strain in the cable. Originally the
cable is unstretched. [0.00251]

5. The square deforms into the position shown by

the dashed lines. Determine the shear strain at
each of its corners, A, B, C, and D. Side D'B‘
remains horizontal.
[-26.18 x 10-3 rad; -205.2 x 10-3 rad; 204.7 x 10-3 ; 26.18 x 10-3 rad]
6. The corners of the square plate are given the

displacements indicated. Determine the shear
strain along the edges of the plate at A and B.

Previous Exam Questions
OCT2009/MEC411/KJM454
In the hanger shown in Figure Q3(b) the upper portion of link ABC is 10 mm thick and the
lower portions are each 6 mm thick. Epoxy resin is used to bond the upper and lower
portions together at B. The pins at A and C are 10 mm and 6 mm diameter respectively.
Determine:
a) the shearing stress in pin A and C. [42.5 MPa; 59.02 MPa]
b) the shearing stress on the epoxy bonded area B. [1.24 MPa]
c) the largest normal stress in link ABC. [16.69 MPa]
2225 N Figure Q3(b)

APR2010/MEC411/KJM454
A steel rod, 10 mm diameter is 2.2 m long elongates under a 8.5 kN load applied to it.
Determine the Young’s modulus of this steel rod and the corresponding diametral
contraction. Use Poisson’s ratio, ν = 1/3. [a) 198.4 GPa; b) 0.00182 mm]
APR2011/MEC411/KJM454
The steel truss shown in Figure Q1(b) is subjected to
load P = 50 kN at joint C.
Determine;
i. the support reactions at joints A and E, [75 kN, 75 kN, 50 kN]
ii. the stress in member AD if the area of its cross
section is 220 mm2, and [284.1 MPa]
iii. factor of safety of member AD if the failure stress of
Figure Q1(b)
this member is 400 MPa. [1.41]

JUN2011/MEC411/KJM454
A brass tube 50 mm outside diameter and 40 mm bore, 0.3 m long is compressed between
two ends by a load of 25kN. The reduction in length measured is 0.2 mm. Assuming Hooke’s
law to apply, determine the Young’s Modulus of the hollow tube. [53.05 GPa]
JAN2012/MEC411/KJM454
The hanger assembly is used to support a distributed
B
loading of w = 15 kN/m. Determine the average shear
stress in the 10-mm diameter bolt at A and the
average tensile stress in rod AB, which has a diameter 0.9 m
of 12 mm. If the yield shear stress of the bolt is τy =

175 MPa and the yield stress for the rod is σy = 260
C A
MPa, determine the factor of safety with respect to
w
yielding in each case. Assume double shear at the
1.2 m 0.6 m
pinned joint A and B. [bolt : 0.814, rod AB: 0.871 ]

1-Concept of Stress and Strain (March2012)

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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Engineering Mechanics Centre of Studies

Materials for this chapter are taken from :

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 1

► Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between the external loads

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 2

caused by direct contact of

other body exerts a force

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 3

Type and direction of

The connection point on the bar can

joint can not move in vertical and

The support prevents translation in

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 4

The condition of statics are:

These two conditions can be expressed mathematically as:

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 5

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

⇒ In general, there are 4 different types

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 6

Determine the resultant internal loadings Solution

⇒ Solve support reactions at A

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 7

⇒ Apply Method of Section at point C

∑ F = 0; V = 540 − 540 = 0 Ans.

∑ M = 0; 1080 + 540 (1) + M = 0;

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 8

Determine the resultant internal loadings Solution

beam. 180 N/m

⇒ Applying the equations of equilibrium we have

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 10

Distribution of internal loading is important in mechanics of materials.

We will consider the material to be continuous.

This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 11

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 12

Each of the four vertical links has an 8

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 13

⇒ Use bar ABC as a free body diagram.

⇒ Solve for FBD and FCE

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 14

⇒ Calculation of net area ⇒ Calculation of stress

FBD 32.5 *103

FCE − 12.5 *103

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 15

Average Shear Stress

τ = average shear stress

2 different types of shear:

a) Single Shear b) Double Shear

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 16

The inclined member is subjected to a

⇒ The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are

+ → ∑ Fx = 0; FAB − 3000( 53 ) = 0 ⇒ FAB = 1800 N

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 17

⇒ The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane EDB is

⇒ Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 18

• Average normal strain is defined as;

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 19

θ <90 + shear strain

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 20

The plate is deformed into the dashed

horizontal lines on the plate remain B D