ffl Emphatic inversions

. Not since the Second World War, concludes the

report, has air trauel experíenced the kind of
ffi Emphatic adverbs
8.1 test gourself disruptíon caused by the uolcanic ash cloud. 8.3 studg
8.2 studg , At no time during the inuestigatíon did any of the
A Rewrite each sentence to emphasiz or limited
Note that most of the adverbs in this section take
the wordtsJ If you want to emphasize the negative senior managers offer their resignation.
underlined phrase, startingwith certain negative , a mid-position (just after the auxiliary verbs be and
place Neuer had pharmaceutical companies seen such a
in brackets nature of a situation, you can haue and just before other verbs), but some, such as
the beginning of a period of growth as the 1980s.
a healthy resewes account or tt*t,tng words or phrases at
1 A business requires in fact, undoubtedly, and inuariably, can also come
(What "') sentence or a clattse'
for its long-term viability' 3 Negative phrases: on no eccount, under no fìrst in a sentence, and a few, such as categorically and
were seeking a funda4e-nl4l
- The Americanspresidential election of 2008'
2 (= leverse or circumstances, neither/nor emphatically, may come after the main verb.
When you do this, you must invert
in the by placing the auxiliary
"!** .trungó normal word order ! Especially, essentiolly, euen, in particular, only, and
(It was ...) if there is one' or a By placing these words and phrases at the beginning
encYcloPedia o, *ãdul verb (be, haue, wtll, etc'), particularly can all be used to focus attention on
3 The advocates of a traditional ofyour sentence or clause you can emphasize the
is more obi ective than form of do, in front of the subfect' particular parts of a sentence, which are underlined
contend that its research . *"r"+* has there been a time' argues Patel' negative nature of your meaning. Note that on no
RsrelA in the examples below.
that of WikiPedia' (What "') medical changes were account and under no circumstances ate often followed
the law when so many demographic and . It is dfficult, esþecially during a recession, for small
4 slY' by should.
o ccurring simultane ou
comþang , 0n no account/Under no circumstances should infants companies to persuade their bsnks to lend them money.
on the . No sooner the-eowe¡ï-reP# dídthe . Collins argues that there are essentiallg two forces
5 ín 2009' than it sold its factory younger than six months be uaccinated against yellow
reþort record earnings
of celebrities. (What "') completely' feueT according to practitioners.
that motiuate people: self-interest and fear.
value for in Northampton and changed direction , . Riuerside property in þarticular needs to be protected
6 Travellers are generallY Iooking for The UK had not experienced this leuel of industrial
in an airline operator' + -ing' rarely against flooding
money rather than luxurY 1 Limiting words and phrases: only ' dispute before, and neíther/nor had it prepared
(It is ...) seldom itself for the resulting shortage of coal and therefore
2 Actually, índeed, in fact, and of course emphasize
electricity.
to make beginning ofyour that something is true.
B Add one or two words to each sentence By placing these words at the
or restrict the action (See page 067 in unit 7 Connectors for more
. None of the euidence actuallg confirms that humans
them correct. sentence or clause you can limit
on it' information on the use of nof only ... but also.) suffer injury as a result of regular exposure to these
1 What the journalist Hongkyu Choe
saw or event, and therefore put emphasis
first when he arrived hundreds of refugees . OnIg by hotding a referendum wiU the gouernment be Iow temperatures.

attemPting to leave the citY'
Asimov's
Z Cotm IZOOZ) suggests that was Isaac
profound knowledge of chemistry and
physics
most
enabted him to become one of America's
influential science fiction novelists'
3 Layard (2008) argues that some economists
idea of
do not understand is that people's
with their actual
a sufflcient income grows
income.
4 What the festivalorganizers failed to do
the extra
provide enough car parking space for
participants arriving for the final night'
climate in
S e" H" tZOOg) explains, the tropical
two
the Nanling region of China that allows
croPs of rice to grow Per Year'
6 According to Nahm (2010), itwas William
potential
Ramsay fi*rst appreciated the medical
of radiotheraPY.
able to resolue this issue' ' The majority of new employees within the ciuil
. Rarely/Seldom do we see a collection of paintings €:,2 test Uourself seruice are drawn from the ranks of the temporary
currently or contract staff. Infact, the auailqble statisfics
as ínnouatiue and wide-ranging as those Rewrite the sentences, starting with the word Is)
Gallery's exhibition'The demonstrate that the most common way to secure a
on display at the Nqtional in brackets.
job is to begin as a casual employee.
Modernists'. 1 Prime Minister Eden never appeared to be in
by will or can'
control of the Suez crisis. (At no time ...) 3 Absolutely , categorically, completely , entirely , utterly ,
Note that only by is normally followed
phrases are possible
2 Business confìdence has not been so low since and wholly all share the core meaning of completely.
Other prepositional/adverbial the recession of the early 1990s. (Not since ...)
Absolutely is the most flexible, collocating with
afler onIY. 3 The capital has rarely witnessed such a large
years did Hilbrandt many adjectives and verbs. Utterly tends to be used
' Onla áfter teaching for twenty protest march. (Rarely ...)
when being critical or disapproving of someone or
turn to comPosing'
4 The amount of food transportation will decline something.
sooner "' than' when people buy more local produce. (Only . Angry trauellers absolutely refused to wsit calmly as
2 Time phrases: hardly "' when' no
not since/until, at no time' neuer when...)
the number of cancelled flights increased.
5 Doctors should never be employed without a , Craigson denied categoricallg that he had been
phrases at the beginning full check oftheir qualifications. (Under no
By placing these words and inuolued in insider trading.
ofyour sentence or clause (and using when
or than circumstances ...) . Scmson argued that it was utterlg irresponsible for
you can
in ihe middte with the first two structures)'
6 The moment the talks broke down, fighting
Iocal councils to subcontract seruices to prouiders
emphasize the speed or unique
nature of an event or began once again in the region. (No sooner ...)
with ciuil court actions agoinst them.
action.
when the lrlp- Not. that the aàverb quite can have the same
' Hardlg had the committee reconuened
procee'd no
chairierson declsred that they could meaning as the adverbs in 3 above when combined
further. with ungradable adjectives such as absurd, certain,
.'No than it was
sooner did the aduertísement appear diffe rent, false, imp o s sible, right, su r e, t¡ue, useless, and
reported to the Trading Standards
Authority' (It is wrong. (= completely wrong).
the aduertisentettt '
also possible to say Nã sooner had The argumentthat childrenfrom privileged
appeared than "' without changing the meaning') backgrounds are innately more intelligentis quitewrong.

0B Being emph attc , 077

076 : 0B Beingemphatic