“Known as” just means that it’s the name that most people call

that thing or person, or possibly a nickname, a pen or a stage

name (‘Known as’ is used to describe someone or something that
is clearly recognized by or familiar to all people or to a particular
group of people).
Example:
 This is my brother, John. But around here he’s known as twinkle toes.
 "He is known as 'Bob' to his friends."
 The New Zealand singer Ella Yelich O”Connor is known as Lorde.

“Known as” is also used when referring to something after

describing it.
 The process of removing trees from forests and clearing their lands for development
is known as deforestation.

‘Called’ is used for someone or something by a particular name

or title you give them that name or title.
Example:
 What is that over there? That’s called a toaster.
 They called their cat 'Cleo'.
 Her youngest daughter was called 'Shelley'.
 The nurse in Rheumatology is called 'Karen'.
 That bird is called a 'robin'.