Handout 8!7!12 R Kissell 2perPageGrayscale

Designing Aluminum Structures
Aluminum Structural
Member Design
Randy Kissell, P.E.

TGB Partnership
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Aluminum alloys and tempers
3 Aluminum material properties
4 Aluminum structural design overview
5 Axial tension
6 Axial compression
7 Flexure
Designing Aluminum Structural Members 2
1
1. Introduction
Why learn aluminum structural design?
To design aluminum structures
To better understand steel structural design
Designing Aluminum Structures 3
Examples of Aluminum Structures

Curtain walls and storefronts
Roofing and canopies
Space frames
Tanks and vessels (corrosive & cryogenic)
Portable structures (scaffolding, ladders)
Highway products (signs, light poles,
bridge rail)
2
Science Land Egg (164’ wide)
courtesy of Temcor
Science Land Egg
courtesy of Temcor
3
The Aluminum Association

Founded in 1933, 50+ members are the
major US producers
AA writes most standards on aluminum;
has worldwide influence
Contact: www.aluminum.org
1525 Wilson Blvd, Suite 600
Arlington, VA 22209
703-358-2960; pubs 301-645-0756
2010 Aluminum Design Manual
4
Aluminum Design Manual (ADM)

Now issued every 5 years
Latest edition is ADM 2010
Previous editions in 2005, 2000
1st edition (1994) was compilation of
several AA pubs previously issued
separately; most importantly, the
Specification for Aluminum Structures
(SAS)
Aluminum Design Manual Contents

The Aluminum Design Manual (ADM)
provides aluminum structural design tools
Part I – Specification for Aluminum Structures
Part II – Commentary
Part III – Design Guide
Part IV – Material Properties
Part V – Section Properties
Part VI – Design Aids
Part VII – Illustrative Examples
5
Specification for Aluminum

Structures (SAS)
The Specification for Aluminum Structures
is Part I of the Aluminum Design Manual
SAS is also called “the Aluminum
Specification”
Adopted in BOCA, UBC, SBC, and IBC
It’s the source of all aluminum structural
design requirements in the US
Specification for Aluminum

Structures (SAS)
2010 edition is a major rewrite
It’s a unified Specification, with both:
Allowable Strength Design
 For buildings and bridges
Load and Resistance Factor Design
 For buildings only
 Load factors from ASCE 7 (= 1.2D + 1.6L …)
6
2010 Specification for

Aluminum Structures (SAS)
A. General Provisions
B. Design Requirements
C. Design for Stability
D. Design of Members for Tension
E. Design of Members for Compression
F. Design of Members for Flexure
G. Design of Members for Shear
H. Design of Members for Combined Forces and
Torsion
J. Design of Connections
2010 Specification for

Aluminum Structures (SAS)
L. Design for Serviceability
M. Fabrication and Erection
Appendices
1. Testing
3. Design for Fatigue
4. Design for Fire Conditions
5. Evaluation of Existing Structures
6. Design of Braces for Columns and Beams
New in 2010
7
2. Aluminum Alloys and Tempers

Wrought alloy designation system
Aluminum temper designation system
Material specifications
Aluminum Isn’t Just One Thing

Like other metals, aluminum comes in
many alloys
Alloy = material with metallic properties,
composed of 2 or more elements, of which
at least one is a metal
Different aluminum alloys can have very
different properties
Alloying elements are usually < 5%
8
Alloys
Alloys of iron are called “steel”
Carbon < 0.5% or it’s cast iron
C, Cr, Ni, Mb, Cu, Ti used
Alloys of aluminum are called “aluminum
alloys”
Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ti used
Designating Aluminum vs. Steel

Steel is identified by ASTM no. and grade
Example: ASTM A 709 Grade 50
Steel ASTM specs are for one alloy and a few
products (for example, shapes and plate)
Aluminum is identified by AA no., temper,
and product
Example: 6061-T6 sheet
Aluminum ASTM specs are for many alloys
and one product (e.g., ASTM B 209)
9
Wrought Alloy Designation System

Number Main Alloy Strength Corrosion
1xxx > 99% Al Fair Excellent
2xxx Cu High Fair
3xxx Mn Fair Good
4xxx Si Good Good
5xxx Mg Good Good
6xxx Mg Si Good Good
7xxx Zn High Fair
8xxx others
Wrought Alloy Key

1st digit denotes main alloying element
3rd and 4th digits are sequentially assigned
2nd digit denotes a variation
Example:
2319 is AlCu alloy (2xxx), variation on 2219
2319 composition is identical to 2219 except
slightly more Ti (grain refiner to improve weld
strength); both have 6.3% Cu
10
1xxx Alloys (pure Al)

Common uses:
Electrical conductors
Corrosive environments
Examples
1060 (99.60% aluminum)
1100 (99.00% aluminum)
Pro: corrosion resistant, good conductors
Con: Not very strong
2xxx Alloys (Al-Cu)

Common Uses
Aircraft parts, skins
Fasteners
Example
2024
Pro: Strong
Con: Not very corrosion resistant; hard to
weld
11
3xxx Alloys (Al-Mn)

Common Uses
Roofing and siding
Gutters and downspouts
Examples
3003, 3004, 3105
Pro: Formable, good corrosion resistance
Con: Not that strong
4xxx Alloys (Al-Si)

Common Uses
Welding and brazing filler metal
Example
4043
Pro: Flows well
Con: Lower ductility
12
5xxx Alloys (Al-Mg)

Common Uses
Marine applications
Welded plate structures
Examples
5052, 5083
Pro: Strong, even when welded
Con: Hard to extrude; those with 3%+ Mg
can have corrosion resistance issues
6xxx Alloys (Al-Mg2Si)

Common Uses
Structural shapes
Pipe
Examples
6061, 6063
Pro: Good combination of strength and
corrosion resistance, very extrudable
Con: Lose considerable strength when
welded
13
7xxx Alloys (Al-Zn)

Common Uses
Aircraft parts
Two classes
With copper (example: 7075)
Without copper (example: 7005)
Pro: Very strong (7178-T6 Ftu = 84 ksi)
Con: Not very corrosion resistant;
hard to weld
How Alloys are Strengthened

Alloying elements (Mg is good example)
Treatment:
Strain hardening (cold working)
Heat treatment
Heat treatable: 2xxx, 6xxx, 7xxx
Non-heat treatable: 1xxx, 3xxx, 5xxx
14
Annealed Condition
Before tempering, alloys start in the
annealed condition (-O suffix)
Annealed condition is weakest but most
ductile
Tempering increases strength, but
decreases ductility
Most alloys are annealed by heating to
650oF (melting point is about 1100oF)
Strain Hardening
Mechanical deformation at ambient temps
For sheet and plate, deformation is by
rolling to reduce the thickness
Some non-heat treatable alloys undergo a
stabilization heat treatment
Purpose: to prevent age softening
Only used for some Al-Mg (5xxx) alloys
15
Strain Hardened Tempers

Temper Ftu (ksi) Description
5052-O 25 Annealed
5052-H32 31 ¼ hard
5052-H34 34 ½ hard
5052-H36 37 ¾ hard
5052-H38 39 Full hard
Effect of Strain Hardening 5052
16
Heat Treating
1) Annealed material is
solution heat treated
6061-O is heated to 990oF, then quenched
Resulting temper is 6061-T4
2) Solution heat treated material is
precipitation heat treated (artificially aged)
6061-T4 is heated to 350oF and held for 8 hrs
Resulting temper is 6061-T6
Heat Treatment Tempers

T1 through T4: naturally aged (6005-T1)
T5 through T9: artificially aged (6063-T6)
Artificial aging makes the stress-strain
curve flatter after yield, which affects the
inelastic buckling strength
17
Tempers Summarized
-H is for strain hardened tempers
1xxx, 3xxx, 5xxx alloys
Higher 2nd digit: stronger, less ductile
-T is for heat treated tempers
2xxx, 6xxx, 7xxx alloys
T4 = solution heat treated
T5 and greater = precipitation heat treated
ASTM Wrought Aluminum

Specifications
B 209 Sheet and Plate
B 210 Drawn Seamless Tubes
B 211 Bar, Rod, and Wire
B 221 Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles
and Tubes
B 241 Seamless Pipe and Seamless
Extruded Tube
B 247 Die Forgings, Hand Forgings,
Rolled Ring Forgings
18
ASTM Wrought Aluminum

Specifications
B 308 Standard Structural Profiles
B 316 Rivet and Cold Heading Wire and
Rod
B 429 Extruded Structural Pipe and Tube
B 928 High Magnesium Aluminum Alloy
Sheet and Plate for Marine and Similar
Service (has corrosion resistance reqs)
There are others not included in SAS,
including some used structurally
3. Aluminum Material Properties

Strengths
Modulus of Elasticity, Poisson’s Ratio
Ductility
Effect of Welding on Properties
19
Aluminum’s Stress-Strain Curve
Stress
Fy
After yield, plastic behavior
Linear region at low strains
slope is E
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

0.002 Strain
Yield Strength
Aluminum doesn’t exhibit a definite yield
point like mild carbon steel – stress-strain
curve is more like high strength steel’s
0.2% offset is used to define yield
Gage length for yield is 2 in. (50 mm)
Artificially aged tempers have different
shape stress-strain curve vs. non-
artificially aged tempers
20
Types of Strengths
Type of Stress Yield Ultimate
Tension Fty Ftu
Compression Fcy 
Shear 0.6Fty Fsu
Some Aluminum Alloy Strengths

Alloy-temper, product Fty Ftu
(ksi) (ksi)
5052-H32 sheet & plate 23 31
5083-H116 plate 31 44
< 1.5” thick
6061-T6 extrusions 35 38
6063-T5 extrusions 16 22
< 0.5” thick
21
Modulus of Elasticity,
Poisson’s Ratio
Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus) E
Measures stiffness and buckling strength
Compressive E = 1.02(Tensile E)
Varies by alloy; Ec = 10,100 to 10,900 ksi for
SAS alloys
Compares to 29,000 ksi for steel
Poisson’s ratio ν
Average value = 0.33
Shear Modulus G = 3800 ksi = E/[2(1+ ν)]
Ductility
Ductility : the ability of a material to
withstand plastic strain before rupture
Fracture Toughness: Aluminum doesn’t
have a transition temperature like steel
Elongation (e)
Notch-Yield Ratio =
(Ftu of standard notched specimens)/Fty
If notch-yield ratio > 1, that’s good
22
Effect of Welding
Other than alloying, strength comes from
strain hardening or artificial aging
Heating (like welding) erases these effects
So welding reduces strengths:
For -H tempers, to annealed (-O)
For -T tempers, to ≈ solution heat treated(-T4)
Reduction is least for 5xxx alloys
Some 2xxx, 7xxx aren’t weldable
Welded Strengths
Welded strengths are in SAS Table A.3.5
Notation: add w to subscript
Ftuw = welded Ftu
AWS D1.2 Table 3.2 gives same Ftuw as
SAS Table A.3.5
To qualify groove weld procedures, Ftuw must
be achieved
23
Effect of Welding on Strength
4. Aluminum Structural
Design Overview
Limit states
Strength limit state design:
Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Analysis
24
Limit States
A structural engineer considers limit states
Static strength
 available strength > required strength
Serviceability (deflection, vibration, etc.)
Fatigue
What a Structural Engineer Does

Analysis: determine forces, moments in
the structure (required strength)
Use the same methods for all materials
But beware: since aluminum is more flexible
than steel, 2nd order effects may be more
significant
Design: proportion the aluminum structure
to safely resist the loads (provide available
strength)
25
ASD vs. LRFD

Allowable Strength Design (ASD):
(strength)/(safety factor) > load effect
allowable strength > load effect
Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD):
(strength)(resistance factor) > (load
factor)(load effect)
design strength > (load factor)(load effect)
The difference is load factors
Safety/Resistance Factors for

Aluminum Building Structures
Limit State Safety Resistance
Factor Ω Factor 
Yield Ω = 1.65  = 0.90
Rupture Ω = 1.95  = 0.75
Fastener 1.2Ω = 2.34  = 0.65

rupture
26
Aluminum Safety Factors

Stress type yielding buckling or rupture
Axial tension 1.65 1.95
Bending tension 1.65 1.95
Axial compression 1.65 1.65
Bending compression 1.65 1.65
Shear 1.65 1.65
SAS Section C.2: Analysis

Must Account for:
Axial, flexural, and shear deformations
Second-order effects (P-∆ and P-δ)
Geometric imperfections (use construction
and fabrication tolerances)
Effect of inelasticity on flexural stiffness
(use τb I in place of I )
Uncertainty in stiffness and strength (use
0.8E in place of E, i.e. 8000 ksi)
27
Loads for Analysis

For LRFD, use load factors prescribed for
LRFD and use the resulting forces and
moments produced by the analysis to
determine the required strengths Pr
For ASD, use 1.6 times the ASD loads,
then divide the resulting forces and
moments produced by the analysis by 1.6
to determine the required strengths Pr
Loads for Analysis

Design LRFD ASD
method
Load 1.2D + 1.6L 1.6(D + L)
Combination
Analysis PLRFD PASD
Results
Required PLRFD PASD /1.6
Strength
Available Rn Rn /Ω
Strength e.g. 28.5 ksi e.g. 19.5 ksi
28
Second-Order Analysis
Many structural analysis applications
include 2nd order effects
Most applications address P-Δ (effect of loads
acting on the displaced location of joints)
Some don’t include P-δ (effect of loads acting
on the deflected shape of member between
joints)
To check, compare results to benchmark
examples given in 2005 AISC Spec
commentary Section 7.3
P-Δ and P-δ Effects

P-Δ P-δ
P P
Δ
P P
29
Geometric Imperfections
Tolerance on
out-of-plumbness
specified by the
designer
This is the
structure
analyzed
Effect of Inelasticity
on Flexural Stiffness
Factor τb on flexural stiffness for
inelasticity is a function of how highly
stressed the structure is
τb ranges from:
1.0 for Pr < 0.5Py /α = 0.31Py for ASD
0 for Pr = Py /α = 0.62Py for ASD
In between, τb = (4α Pr /Py)(1 – α Pr /Py)
α = 1.0 for LRFD, 1.6 for ASD
30
5. Axial Tension
SAS Chapter D covers axial tension
Tensile limit state is reached at:
Rupture on the net section (Ω = 1.95)
Yield on the gross section (Ω = 1.65)
Same criteria as in AISC for steel
It’s assumed that the net section exists
only over a short portion of the member
length, so yielding there won’t cause much
elongation
Net and Gross Sections
Rupture on the Yield on the

net section gross section
31
Allowable Tension Stress Example

6061-T6 Extrusions:
Fty = 35 ksi, Ftu = 38 ksi
Allowable stress on the gross section:
F /Ω = Fty /Ω = 35/1.65 = 21.2 ksi
Allowable stress on the net section:
F /Ω = Ftu /(Ω kt) = 38/[(1.95)(1.0)] = 19.5 ksi
Net section always governs
Allowable Tensile Stress Example

6063-T5 Extrusions:
Allowable stress on the gross section:
F /Ω = Fty / Ω = 16/1.65 = 9.7 ksi
Allowable stress on the net section:
F /Ω = Ftu /(Ω kt) = 22/[1.95)(1.0)] = 11.3 ksi
Gross or net section could govern
32
Tension Coefficient kt
kt is a notch sensitivity factor
For alloys in SAS, kt > 1 only for :
2014-T6, 6005-T5, and 6105-T5, kt = 1.25
6066-T6 and 6070-T6, kt = 1.1
LRFD Tension Example

6061-T6 Extrusions:
LRFD design stress on the gross section:
F = y Fty = 0.90(35) = 31.5 ksi
LRFD design stress on the net section:
F = u Ftu /kt = 0.75(38)/(1.0) = 28.5 ksi
So just like ASD, net section governs.
33
Shear Lag in a Channel
flanges are not connected

and not fully stressed at member end
Effective Area in Tension (Ae)

SAS Section D.3.2
If all parts of x-section aren’t connected to
joint, full net area isn’t effective in tension
Example: Channel bolted through its web
only (not flanges)
SAS addresses angles, channels, tees,
zees, and I beams
34
Effective Net Area Ae

Effective net area =
where
An = net area
x = eccentricity in x direction
y = eccentricity in y direction
L = length of connection in load direction
Ae > An of connected elements
Effective Net Area Example

For a tee bolted through its flange only:
neutral axis
of tee
Other examples are in ADM Part II D.3.2

When only a single row of fasteners is
used, L = 0 and Ae = An of connected
elements only
35
6. Axial Compression
Column = axial compression member
SAS Chapter E addresses columns
Column strength is the least of:
Member buckling strength
Local buckling strength
Interaction between member buckling and
local buckling strengths
Member Strength
Member’s compressive limit states are
Yielding (squashing)
Inelastic buckling
Elastic buckling
36
Yielding, Inelastic Buckling, and

Elastic Buckling
Elastic Buckling
Elastic buckling stress = Fe = 0.852E / 2
E is the only material property that elastic
buckling strength depends on
 = kL/r = largest slenderness ratio for
buckling about any axis
All other things equal, Fe for aluminum is
1/3 Fe for steel since Ea = Es /3
37
Inelastic Buckling
Inelastic buckling strength =
0.85[Bc - Dc(kL/r)]
Bc (y intercept) and Dc (slope) are buckling
constants that depend on Fcy and E
Calculate them by SAS equations in:
Table B.4.1 for O, H, T1 thru T4 tempers
Table B.4.2 for T5 thru T9 tempers
Bc and Dc are tabulated in ADM Part VI
Table 1-1 (unwelded) and 1-2 (welded)
Member Buckling
0.85 factor accounts for member out-of-
straightness
k = 1 for all members (see Section C.3)
Allowable member buckling strengths
really haven’t changed from 2005 SAS:
38
Yielding
Yield strength is simply Fcy
Yielding depends only on material strength
Buckling Strength vs. Slenderness

Stress
Yielding
Fc = Fcy Inelastic Buckling
Fc = 0.85(Bc – DckL/r)
Elastic Buckling
Fc = 0.85π2E/(kL/r)2
Slenderness ratio kL/r
39
Slenderness Limits S1, S2

S1 is the slenderness for which yield
strength = inelastic buckling strength
S2 is the slenderness for which inelastic
buckling strength= elastic buckling
strength
Slenderness ratios (kL/r) are not limited by
S1 and S2; S1 and S2 are just the limits of
applicability of compressive strength
equations
6061-T6 Column Strength

ADM Part VI, Table 2-19 gives allowable
stresses based on SAS rules
Inelastic buckling allowable is always
< Fcy /Ω = 21.2 ksi, so S1 = 0
For kL/r < 66, Fc /Ω = 20.3 – 0.127(kL/r)
For kL/r > 66, Fc /Ω = 51,350/(kL/r)2
S2 = Cc = 66
40
Slenderness Limits Demonstrated

For kL/r = S2 = 66:
Inelastic buckling allowable stress is
20.3 – 0.127(66) = 11.9 ksi
Elastic buckling allowable stress is
51,350/(66)2 = 11.8 ksi ≈ 11.9 ksi
Difference is only due to round off in allowable
stress expressions
Column Example
What’s the allowable member buckling
compressive stress for a column given:
6061-T6
Pinned-end support conditions
Length = 95”
Shape is AA Std I 6 x 4.03
rx = 2.53”, ry = 0.95”
No bracing
41
Column Example Answer

Column will buckle about minor axis since
slenderness ratio kL/r is larger there:
kL/r = (1.0)(95”)/0.95” = 100
Since kL/r = 100 > S2 = 66 (buckling is
elastic), so
Fc /Ω = 51,350/(100)2 = 5.1 ksi
We need to check local buckling, too
Flexural & Torsional

Column Buckling
Deflected shape Undeflected shape
Flexural Buckling Torsional Buckling

(lateral movement) (twisting)
42
Types of Column Member Buckling

Flexural (lateral movement)
Torsional (twisting about longitudinal axis)
Torsional-flexural (combined effect)
Local Buckling
Local buckling is buckling of an element of
a shape (i.e., a flange or web)
Buckle length ≈ width of element
If local buckling strength of all elements >
yield strength, shape is compact, and local
buckling isn’t a concern
Since aluminum shapes vary widely
(extrusions, cold-formed shapes), we can’t
assume aluminum shapes are compact
43
Local Buckling
buckled
shape
Web Buckling Flange Buckling
Elements of Shapes are Called:

Element
Flange or web
Component
Plate
44
Dividing a Shape Into Elements
Elements of Shapes
Cross sections can be subdivided into two
types of elements:
Flat elements (slenderness = b/t )
Curved elements (slenderness = Rb /t )
Longitudinal edges of elements can be:
Free
Connected to another element
Stiffened with a small element
45
Element Support Conditions

supported edge stiffened edge free edge
Elements in Uniform Compression

Addressed by the SAS
B.5.4.1 Flat element supported on one edge
(flange of an I beam or channel)
B.5.4.2 Flat element supported on both edges
(web of I beam or channel)
B.5.4.3 Flat element supported on one edge,
other edge with stiffener
B.5.4.4 Flat element supported on both edges,
with an intermediate stiffener
B.5.4.5 Curved element supported on both edges
46
Local Buckling Strengths

Yielding Fc = Fcy
Inelastic buckling Fc = Bp – Dp (kb/t)
Elastic buckling Fc = 2E /(kb/t)2
Postbuckling Fc = k2 (BpE)1/2/ (kb/t)
k = edge support factor
k = 5.0 for elements supported on 1 edge
k = 1.6 for elements supported on both edges
k2 = postbuckling factor ≈ 2 (Table B.4.3)
Postbuckling Strength
Only elements of shapes have
postbuckling strength – members do not
Postbuckling strength is not recognized by
SAS for all types of elements
Postbuckling strength is only recognized
for elements so slender that they buckle
elastically
47
Element Strength vs. Slenderness
6061-T6 Column Flange Strength

Yielding Fc /Ω = Fcy /Ω
S1 = 6.7 Fc /Ω = 35/1.65 = 21.2 ksi
Inelastic buckling Fc /Ω = [Bp – Dp (5.0b/t)]/ Ω
S2 = 12 Fc /Ω = 27.3 – 0.910b/t
Elastic buckling Fc /Ω = [2E /(5.0b/t)2]/ Ω
S2 = 10.5 Fc /Ω = 2417 /(b/t)2
Postbuckling Fc /Ω = [k2 (BpE)1/2/(5.0b/t)]/ Ω
Fc /Ω = 186 /(b/t)
48
Column Local Buckling - Flange

Shape is AA Std I 6 x 4.03:
4”
flange slenderness = b/t
b/t = (4” – 0.19”)/2/0.29” = 6.6
S1 = 6.7 > 6.6 so
Fc /Ω = 21.2 ksi 0.19” 6”
R
0.29”
Column Local Buckling - Web

Shape is AA Std I 6 x 4.03:
4”
web slenderness = b/t
b/t = [6” – 2(0.29”)]/0.19” = 28.5
S1 = 7.6 < 28.5 < 33 = S2, so
Fc /Ω = 27.3 – 0.291b/t = 0.19” 6”
Fc /Ω = 27.3 – 0.291(28.5) = 19.0 R

0.29”
49
Weighted Average Allowable

Compressive Stress of I 6 x 4.03
Fcf /Ω = 21.2 ksi
4”
Fcw /Ω = 19.0 ksi
Af = 2(4”)(0.29”)
= 2.32 in2
Aw = (6” – 2(0.29”))(0.19”)
0.19” 6”
= 1.03 in2
Fca /Ω = 21.2(2.32) + 19.0(1.03) R
0.29”
(2.32 + 1.03)
= 20.5 ksi
The local buckling mode is

shown to the right. Note,
that there is no translation
at the folds, only rotation.
The load factor is 0.10, so
elastic critical local
buckling (Pcrl) occurs at
0.10Py in this member.
50
Local Buckling/Member Buckling

Interaction
If the elastic local buckling stress < member
buckling stress, member buckling stress must be
reduced (SAS Section E.5)
Reduced member buckling stress is Frc:
Frc = (Fc)1/3(Fe)2/3
where Fc = elastic member buckling stress
Fe = elastic local buckling stress
This only governs if elements are very slender
and postbuckling strength is used
Local/Member Buckling
Interaction Example
Flange elastic buckling stress Fef
Web elastic buckling stress Few
51
Local/Member Buckling
Interaction Example
Member elastic buckling stress Fc
Since Fe = 47.9 ksi > Fc = 8.5 ksi, the

member buckling strength need not be
reduced for interaction between local and
member buckling
Column Design Summary

Column strength is the least of:
Interaction between member and local
buckling strengths
52
7. Flexure
M M
Beam = flexural member

Beam strength is limited by:
Rupture (Ω = 1.95)
Yielding (Ω = 1.65)
Buckling (local or member) (Ω = 1.65)
Buckling can be:
Flexural stress buckling
Shear stress buckling
Yielding and Rupture in Beams

Fy Fy Fu
neutral axis My Mp Mu
Fy Fy Fu
cross section yielding onset full yielding rupture
53
Shape Factors
Sec. Element Mp /My Mu /My
No.
F.8.1.1 Uniform stress 1.0 1.0
F.6.1 Curved element 1.17 1.24
F.8.1.2 Flexural stress 1.30 1.42
Yielding and Rupture Example

6061-T6 extruded round tube
For rupture, Fb /Ω = 1.24 Ftu /(kt Ω)
for 6061-T6, Fb /Ω = 1.24(38)/[(1.0)(1.95)]
Fb /Ω = 24 ksi
For yielding, Fb /Ω = 1.17 Fty / Ω
for 6061-T6, Fb /Ω = 1.17(35)/(1.65)
Fb /Ω = 25 ksi
So Fb /Ω = 24 ksi (the lesser of the two)
54
Major Axis Bending

Load
Top flange
Undeflected shape
(in compression)
buckles laterally
Deflected shape
at ultimate load
Bottom flange
(in tension) stays
In place
Lateral-torsional buckling
Weak Axis Bending

Load
Undeflected shape
Deflected shape
at ultimate load
Lateral buckling usually does not govern
55
Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB)

Section Shape Slenderness
F.2 Open
shapes
F.3 Closed
shapes
F.4 Rectangular
bars
F.5 Single Ls
Slenderness Ratio for Beams

Slenderness ratio depends on unbraced
beam length Lb
Lb = length between bracing points or
between a brace point and the free end of
a cantilever beam. Braces:
restrain the compression flange against lateral
movement, or
restrain the cross section against twisting
Appendix 6 addresses brace design
56
6061-T6 I-Beam Strength

Inelastic buckling
Fc /Ω = [Bc – Dc (1.2Lb /ry)]/Ω
S2 = 79 Fc /Ω = 23.9 – 0.124 (Lb /ry)
Elastic buckling
Fc /Ω = [2E /(1.2Lb /ry)2]/ Ω
Fc /Ω = 87,000 /(Lb /ry)2
LTB Example
What’s the allowable LTB stress for a
beam given:
6061-T6
Length = 86”
Shape is AA Standard I 12 x 14.3
ry = 1.71”
No bracing
57
LTB Example Answer

Slenderness ratio is
Lb /ry = 86”/1.71” = 50.3
Since Lb /ry = 50.3 < 79 = S2,
Fc /Ω = 23.9 – 0.124 (Lb /ry)
Fc /Ω = 23.9 – 0.124 (50.3) = 17.7 ksi
Remember to check local buckling, too
Moment Variation Over

Beam Length (Cb)
If moment varies along the beam, account
for this using Cb. For doubly sym sections:
Cb = 12.5Mmax
(2.5Mmax + 3MA + 4MB + 3MC)
where MA = moment at ¼ point

MB = moment at midpoint
MC = moment at ¾ point
58
Moment Gradient Factor Cb

M M
Cb = 1.0 (min)
M
Cb = 2.3 M
w
Cb = 1.14
Moment Gradient Factor Cb

Replace unbraced length Lb with Lb /Cb for
tubes and Lb /√Cb for single web beams
So Lb can be reduced to as little as
0.43Lb = Lb /2.3
59
Effective ry (= rye)
F.2.1 allows using ry for rye
It’s easy to determine, but conservative
When Lb / ry > 50, it’s worth determining rye
using F.2.2. It’s more work, but more
accurate
Transverse Load Location

Load acts toward shear center
(smallest bending strength)
Load applied at neutral axis
Load acts away from shear center

(greatest bending strength)
60
rye for Shapes Symmetric

About the Bending Axis
Load applied toward
shear center
Load applied at shear

center, or no load
Load applied away

from shear center
I 12 x 14.3 Beam, 200” long

SAS Apply rye Lb /rye Fb /Ω
Section Load (in.) (ksi)
F.2.1 – 1.71 117 6.4
F.2.2.1 above s.c. 1.80 111 7.0
F.2.2.3 at s.c. 2.08 96 9.4
F.2.2.1 at s.c. 2.10 95 9.6

F.2.2.1 below s.c. 2.45 82 13.1
61
Local Buckling of Beam Elements

Beam elements in uniform compression
(flanges) are treated like column elements
in uniform compression (see B.5.4)
How Can Beam Elements Be

In Uniform Compression?
To be precise, they can’t
But the SAS idealizes elements parallel to
the neutral axis as being in uniform
compression
Example: the flange of an I-beam or
channel - there is some variation in the
compressive stress across the flange
thickness, but it’s neglected
62
Beam Flange Stress
Compression
neutral axis
Tension
cross section bending stress
Beam Elements in SAS –Elements

in Flexure (Webs)
B.5.5.1 Flat element - both edges supported

(web of I beam or channel)
B.5.5.2 Flat element - compression edge free,
tension edge supported
B.5.5.3 Flat element with a longitudinal stiffener –
both edges supported (see B.5.5.3 for
stiffener requirements
63
Compression Bending Strength

Compression bending strength is the
lesser of:
Weighted Average Bending

Strength (SAS F.8.3)
compression side
If
ccf ccw
Iw
ctf ctw
If
tension side
64
Thank You
Please contact me with questions
randy.kissell@tgbpartnership.com
919-644-8250
1325 Farmview Rd, Hillsborough, NC 27278
www.tgbpartnership.com
For a more extensive aluminum seminar:
go to www.asce.org/distancelearning; click on
“View a complete list of ASCE courses”, scroll
down alphabetically to “Aluminum Structural
Design ” (or call 800-548-2723)
65

Handout 8!7!12 R Kissell 2perPageGrayscale

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Handout 8!7!12 R Kissell 2perPageGrayscale

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Designing Aluminum Structures

Randy Kissell, P.E.

Designing Aluminum Structural Members 2

Designing Aluminum Structures 3

Examples of Aluminum Structures

Designing Aluminum Structures 4

Science Land Egg (164’ wide)

Science Land Egg

The Aluminum Association

2010 Aluminum Design Manual

Designing Aluminum Structures 8

Aluminum Design Manual (ADM)

Designing Aluminum Structures 9

Aluminum Design Manual Contents

Specification for Aluminum

Designing Aluminum Structures 11

Specification for Aluminum

Designing Aluminum Structures 12

2010 Specification for

2010 Specification for

Designing Aluminum Structures 14

2. Aluminum Alloys and Tempers

Designing Aluminum Structures 15

Aluminum Isn’t Just One Thing

Designing Aluminum Structures 16

Designing Aluminum Structures 17

Designating Aluminum vs. Steel

Designing Aluminum Structures 18

Wrought Alloy Designation System

Wrought Alloy Key

Designing Aluminum Structures 20

1xxx Alloys (pure Al)

2xxx Alloys (Al-Cu)

3xxx Alloys (Al-Mn)

Designing Aluminum Structures 23

4xxx Alloys (Al-Si)

Designing Aluminum Structures 24

5xxx Alloys (Al-Mg)

6xxx Alloys (Al-Mg2Si)

7xxx Alloys (Al-Zn)

How Alloys are Strengthened

Designing Aluminum Structures 28

Designing Aluminum Structures 29

Designing Aluminum Structures 30

Strain Hardened Tempers

Designing Aluminum Structures 31

Effect of Strain Hardening 5052

Designing Aluminum Structures 32

Designing Aluminum Structures 33

Heat Treatment Tempers

Designing Aluminum Structures 34

Designing Aluminum Structures 35

ASTM Wrought Aluminum

ASTM Wrought Aluminum

3. Aluminum Material Properties

Designing Aluminum Structures 38

Aluminum’s Stress-Strain Curve

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

Designing Aluminum Structures 40

Tension Fty Ftu

Shear 0.6Fty Fsu

Designing Aluminum Structures 41

Some Aluminum Alloy Strengths