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A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a network is known as a port. A
port is an access to the network and consists of a pair of terminals; the current entering one
terminal leaves through the other terminal so that the net current entering the port equals zero.
For example, most circuits have two ports. We may apply an input signal in one port and obtain
an output signal from the other port. The parameters of a two-port network completely describes
its behaviour in terms of the voltage and current at each port. Thus, knowing the parameters of a
two port network permits us to describe its operation when it is connected into a larger network.
Two-port networks are also important in modeling electronic devices and system components.
For example, in electronics, two-port networks are employed to model transistors and Op-amps.
Other examples of electrical components modeled by two-ports are transformers and
transmission lines.
Four popular types of two-port parameters are examined here: impedance, admittance, hybrid,
and transmission. We show the usefulness of each set of parameters, demonstrate how they are
related to each other.
Learning Outcomes:
A Typical one port or two terminal network is shown in figure 1.1. For example resistor,
capacitor and inductor are one port network.
Fig.1.1
Fig. 1.2 represents a two-port network.A four terminal network is called a two-port network
when the current entering one terminal of a pair exits the other terminal in the pair. For example,
I1 enters terminal ‘a’ and exit terminal ‘b’ of the input terminal pair ‘a-b’. Example for four-
terminal or two-port circuits are op amps, transistors, and transformers.
Fig.1.2
V1 z11I 1 z12 I 2
V2 z 21I 1 z 22 I 2
Putting the above equations in matrix form, we get
V1 z11 z12 I1 I
V z [ z ] 1
2 21 z22 I 2 I 2
the z terms are called the z parameters, and have units of ohms. The values of the parameters can
be evaluated by setting I1 0 or I 2 0 .
The z parameters are defined as follows:
Thus
V V V V
z11 1 z 21 2 z12 1 z 22 2
I 1 I 0 I 1 I 0 I 2 I 0 I 2 I 0
2 2 1 1
We obtain z11 and z 21 by connecting a voltage V1 (or a current source I 1 ) to port 1 with port 2
open-circuited as in fig.
Similarly z12 and z 22 by connecting a voltage V2 (or a current source I 2 ) to port 2 with port 1
open-circuited as in fig.
A two-port is reciprocal if interchanging an ideal voltage source at one port with an ideal
ammeter at the other port gives the same ammeter reading.
Example 8.1
Determine the z parameters for the circuit in the following figure and then compute the
current in a 4Ω load if a 2400 V source is connected at the input port.
To find z11 and z 21 , the output terminals are open circuited. Also connect a voltage source V1 to
the input terminals. This gives a circuit diagram as shown in Fig
To find z12 and z 22 , the input terminals are open circuited. Also connect a voltage source V2 to
the output terminals. This gives a circuit diagram as shown in Fig.
Fig.8.2
Combining equations (1) and (2) with equations (3) and (4) yields
2400 18I1 6I 2
0 6I1 13I 2
On Solving, we get I 2 0.7300 A
The terminal currents can be expressed in terms of the terminal voltages: The y terms are known
as the admittance parameters (or, simply, y parameters) and have units of siemens.
I 1 y11V1 y12V2
I 2 y 21V1 y 22V2
Putting the above equations in matrix form, we get
I1 y11 y12 V1 V
I y [ y ] 1
2 21 y 22 V2 V2
The y terms are called the y parameters, and have units of seimens. The values of the parameters
can be evaluated by setting V1 0 or V2 0 .
The y parameters are defined as follows:
Thus
I I I I
y11 1 y 21 2 y12 1 y 22 2
V1 V 0 V1 V 0 V2 V 0 V2 V 0
2 2 1 1
If y12 = y 21 , the network is said to be reciprocal network. Also, if y11 = y 22 then it is called a
symmetrical network.
Fig.8.3
Example 8.4
Determine the admittance parameters of the T network shown in Fig.8.4
Fig.8.4
To find y11 and y 21 , we have to short the output terminals and connect a current source I 1 to the
input terminals. The circuit so obtained is shown in Fig.
V1 V
I1 1
22 5
4
22
I 1
Hence y11 1 S
V1 V 0 5
2
To find y12 and y 22 , we have to short-circuit the input terminals and connect a current source
I 2 to the output terminals. The circuit so obtained is shown in Fig.
V2 3V
I2 2
42 10
2
42
I 3
Hence y 22 2 S
V2 V 0 10
1
I2 2
I1
24
I
I1 2
3
Applying KVL to loop 2
V2 4 I 2 2 I1 10I1
I1 1
Hence y12 S
V2 V1 0
10
I YV
1 1
I1 5
10 V1
I 1 3 V2
2
10 10
Example 8.5
Fig.8.5 Fig.8.6
To find y11 and y 21 short the output terminals and connect a current source I 1 to the input
terminals. The resulting circuit diagram is as shown in Fig. 8.6
KCL at node V1 :
V V Va
I1 1 1
1 1
2
3V1 2Va I 1
KCL at node Va :
Va V1 Va 0
2V1 0
1 1
2
Va 0
I2
y 21 0S
V1 V2 0
To find y 22 and y12 short-circuit the input terminals and connect a current source I2 to the
output terminals. The resulting circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 8.6
Fig.8.6
V2 V2 Va
KCL at node V2: I2
1 1
2
3V2 Va I 2 …(5)
KCL at node Va:
Va 0 Va V2
00
1 1
2
3Va V2 0
1
Va V2 ………(6)
3
1
We have Va V2
3
Also I 1 I 3 0
I1 I 3
Va
2Va ………(7)
1
2
A, B, C and D parameters represent the open-circuit voltage ratio, the negative short-circuit
transfer impedance, the open-circuit transfer admittance, and the negative short-circuit current
ratio, respectively.
Example 8.7
Determine the transmission parameters in the s domain for the network shown in Fig.8.7
Fig.8.7 Fig.8.8
The s domain equivalent circuit with the assumption that all the initial conditions are zero is
shown in Fig. 8.8
To find the parameters A and C, open-circuit the output port and connect a voltage source V1 at
the input port as shown in Fig. below (Left side)
V1 sV1
I1
1
1 s 1
s
1 V
V2 I1 1
s s 1
V
Therefore A 1 s 1
V2 I 2 0
I1
And C s
V2 I 2 0
To find the parameters B and D, short-circuit the output port and connect a voltage source V1 to
the input port as shown in Fig. above (Right)
Example 8.9
Find the transmission parameters for the network shown in Fig.8.9
Fig.8.9
To find the parameters A and C, open the output port and connect a voltage source V1 to the
input port as shown in Fig.8.10
Fig.8.10
I1
C 6.25 10 6
V2 I 2 0
Fig.8.11
V1 h11I1 h12V2
I 2 h21I1 h22V2
Putting the above equations in matrix form, we get
V1 h11 h12 I1 I
I h [h ] 1
2 21 h22 V2 V2
V1 I V1 I2
h11 h21 2 h12 h22
I 1 V 0 I1 V2 0
V2 I1 0
V2 I1 0
2
The parameters h11 , h12 , h21 and h22 represent the short circuit input impedance, the open circuit
reverse voltage gain, the short-circuit forward current gain, and the open-circuit output
admittance respectively. Because of this mix of parameters, they are called hybrid parameters.
Example 8.12
For the network shown in Fig.8.12 determine the h parameters.
Fig.8.12
To find h11 and h21 short-circuit the output terminals so that V2 0 .Also connect a current
Source I 1 to the input port as in Fig.
Vx I1 R A
I1 V2 0
(1 ) I 1 RB RC
RA
( RB RC ) I 1
(1 ) RB RC
RA
( RB RC )
KCL at node y
I 1 I 2 I 3 0
Vx 0
I 1 I 2 0
RC
Substitute for V x in the above equation and simplifying results in
I2 (RC RB )
h21
I1 V2 0
( RC RB )
To find h12 and h22 open-circuit the input port so that I 1 . Also, connect a voltage source V2
between the output terminals as shown in Fig.
KCL at node y:
V1 V1 V2
I 1 0
RB RC
Since I 1 0 we get
V1 V1 V2
0
RB RC RC
1 1 V2
V1
RB RC RC
V RB
h12 1
V2 I 0 RB RC
1
RC I 2 RB I 2 V2
I2 1
Hence, h22
V2 I1 0
RC RB
Example 8.13
Determine the h parameters of the circuit shown in Fig.8.13
Fig.8.13
Performing Δ to Y transformation, the network shown in Fig.8.13 takes the form as shown in
Fig.8.14
1
Since all the resistors are of same value RY R
3
Fig.8.14
To find h11 and h21, short-circuit the output port and connect a current source I1 to the input
port as in Fig. 8.15
Fig.8.15
V1 I 1 [4 (4 4)]
V1 6I 1
V1
Hence h11 6
I1 V2 0
To find h12 and h22, open-circuit the input port and connect a voltage sourceV2 to the output port
as shown in Fig. 8.16
Fig.8.16
V2 (4 4) I 2 8I 2
I2 1
Hence, h22 S
V2 I1 0
8
If all the two-port parameters for a network exist, it is possible to relate one set of parameters to
another, since these parameters interrelate the variables V1 , I 1 , V2 and I 2 .
y z 1
To find z 1
adjo int(z ) z z12
z 1 where z 11 z11z22 z12 z21
z z21 z22
z z12
And adjo int(z ) 22
z21 z11
z 22 z12
y11 y12 z z
z11
Hence,
y 21 y 22 z 21
z z
V1 z11I 1 z12 I 2
V2 z 21I 1 z 22 I 2
From second equation
z 1
I 2 21 I 1 V2
z22 z 22
Substitute this in 1st equation
z z z z z
V1 11 22 12 21 I1 12 V2
z22 z22
Writing above equation in matrix form
z z12
V1 z 22 z 22 I 1
I
2 z 21 1 V2
z 22 z 22
Compare this with h parameter equation
V1 h11 h12 I1
I h
2 21 h22 V2
z z12
11 12
h h z22 z22
h
21 h22 z21 1
z22 z22
Table 1.11
Example 8.17
Determine the y parameters for a two-port network if the z parameters are:
10 5
z
5 9
z 10 9 5 5 65
z 22 z12 9 5
y11 y12 z
z 65 65
y
21 y 22 z 21 z11 5 10
z z 65 65
Example 8.18
Following are the hybrid parameters for a network:
5 2
h Determine the y parameters for the network.
3 6
Solution
h 5 6 3 2 24
1 h22 1 6
11
y y12 h
11
h11
5 5
y h h 3 24
21 y 22 21
h11 h11 5 5
Example 8.19
Determine the y and z parameters for a two-port network.
0.4 0.4 I 1
=
3.2 1.2 I 2
0.4 0.4
Therefore [z ]
3.2 1.2
1.5 0.5
Hence y [ z ] 1
4 0.5
A large, complex network may be divided into subnetworks for the purposes of analysis and
design. The subnetworks are modeled as two-port networks, interconnected to form the original
network. The two-port networks may therefore be regarded as building blocks that can be
interconnected to form a complex network. The interconnection can be in series, in parallel, or in
cascade. Although the interconnected network can be described by any of the six parameter sets,
a certain set of parameters may have a definite advantage. For example, when the networks are in
series, their individual z parameters add up to give the z parameters of the larger network. When
they are in parallel, their individual y parameters add up to give the y parameters of the larger
network. When they are cascaded, their individual transmission parameters can be multiplied
together to get the transmission parameters of the larger network.
Two two-port networks are in parallel when their port voltages are equal and the port currents of
the larger network are the sums of the individual port currents. In addition, each circuit must
have a common reference and when the networks are connected together, they must all have their
common references tied together.
Fig.8.20
I 1 y11 y12 V1
I y
2 21 y 22 V2
I YV
I V y y12a
I a 1a ,Va 1a , Ya 11a
I 2a V2 a y 21a y 22a
I a YaVa
In a similar manner
I b YbVb
I 1 I 1a I 1b , I 2 I 2 a I 2b
V1 V1a V1b , V2 V2 a V2b
I Ia Ib
V Va Vb
Fig.8.21
Description of subnetworks
Va Za I a , Vb Zb I b
z z12a z z12b
Where Z a 11a , Z b 11b
z 21a z 22a z 21b z 22b
Since by definition I a I b I and V1 V1a V1b
V1 ( Z a Z b ) I
Z Za Zb
Fig.8.22
Interconnection constraints
V2a V1b I 2a I b
V1 V1a V1 V1a and
I 1 I 1a I 2 I 2b
V1 V1a Aa Ba V2 a
I I C Da I 2 a
1 1a a
V2 a V1b Ab Bb V2b
I I C D I
2 a 1b b b 2b
V1 Aa Ba Ab Bb V2
Hence
I 1 C a Da C b Db I 2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, M.I.T. Manipal. Page 25
ECE -2103: Network Analysis
It is this property that makes the transmission parameters so useful. Keep in mind that the
multiplication of the matrices must be in the order in which the networks Na and Nb are
cascaded.
Fig.Q.8.23
Let us refer to the upper network as Na and the lower one as Nb. The two networks are
connected in parallel. Comparing Na and Nb with the circuit shown below.
we obtain
Or
y12a j 4 y 21a y11a 2 j 4 y 22a 3 j 4
2 j 4 j 4
i.e. Ya S
j 4 3 j 4
And
y12b 4 y 21b y11b y12b j 2 y 22b y12b j6
or
y12b 4 y 21b y11b 4 j 2 y 22b 4 j6
4 j 2 4
i.e. Yb S
4 4 j 6
Therefore, overall y parameters are
6 j2 4 j 4
Y Ya Yb S
4 j 4 7 j 2
1.16 Network Functions for One Port and Two Port Network
The transfer function relates the transform of a quantity at one port to the transform of another
quantity at another port.Thus transfer functions which relate voltages and currents have
following possible forms:
The ratio of one voltage to another voltage, or the voltage transfer ratio.
The ratio of one current to another current ,or the current transfer ratio.
The ratio of one current to another voltage or one voltage to another voltage.
Denominator Numerator
V2 ( s ) I 2 ( s)
V1 ( s ) G12 ( s) Y12 ( s)
I 1 ( s) Z 12 ( s) 12 ( s)
Example 8.24
Find driving point impedance Z(s) for the network shown in Fig.Q.8.24
Solution
The driving point impedance for RLC series circuit is
Fig.Q.8.24
1 s 2 LC sRC 1
Z ( s ) R Ls
sC sC
Example 8.25
Find driving point impedance Z(s) for the network shown in Fig.Q.8.25
Solution
The driving point impedance for series RL network shunted by a capacitor is
Fig.8.25
1 1 sR
Z ( s) L
sC 1 C s ( )s 1
2 R
( R sL) L LC
1
and driving point admittance function Y ( s )
Z ( s)
Example 8.26
V2 ( s ) I ( s)
For the network shown find the voltage ratio G12 ( s ) and Y11 ( s ) by
V1 ( s ) V1 ( s )
considering no current in the output terminals.
Fig.8.26
Solution
The network acts as a voltage divider .
1
RI ( s ) I ( s ) V1 ( s )
sC
and
1
I ( s ) V2 ( s )
sC
Therefore the ratio of these equations is
V ( s) (1 / sC) I ( s ) 1 / RC
G12 ( s ) 2
V1 ( s ) ( R 1 / sC) I ( s ) s 1 / RC
I ( s) 1 1 s
Y11 ( s )
V1 ( s ) R 1 / sC R s 1 / RC
Example 8.27
For the network shown in Fig.8.27 find G12(s)
Fig.8.27
Solution
V2 ( s ) VC 1 / sC 1 1 / LC
G12 ( s ) 2 2
V1 ( s ) VL VC sL 1 / sC s LC 1 s 1 / LC
Where V L and VC are the voltages across Inductor and capacitor respectively.
Example 8.28
For the network shown in Fig. 8.28 find G12(s)
Solution Fig.8.28
R1 and 1 / sC can be combined into an equivalent impedance having the value
1 R1
Z eq ( s )
sC 1 / R1 sR1C 1
V ( s) R2
G12 ( s ) 2
V1 ( s ) R2 Z eq ( s )
sR1 R2 C R2 s 1 / R1C
G12 ( s )
sR1 R2 C R1 R2 s ( R1 R2 ) / R1 R2 C
Exercise: Q.101
Obtain the ABCD parameter representation of circuit shown in Fig.Q.101
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, M.I.T. Manipal. Page 30
ECE -2103: Network Analysis
Fig.Q.101
29.25 2200
Ans: T
0.425S 32
Q.102 for the bridge circuit shown in Fig.Q.102. Find the transmission parameters.
Fig.Q.102
Q.103 The network of Fig.Q.103 contains both a dependent current source and a
dependent voltage source. Determine y and z parameters.
Fig.Q.103
Q.104 Find the h parameters for the network shown in Fig.Q.104. Keep the result in s
domain.
Fig.Q.104
5s 4 s4 ( s 4) s
Ans : h11 h12 h21 h22
2( s 2) 2( s 2) 2( s 2) 2( s 2)
Fig.Q.105
Ans:
(1 ) RB RC (RC RB ) RB 1
h11 RA h21 h12 h22
RB RC RB RC RB RC RB RC
Q.106 For what value of ‘a’ is the circuit shown in Fig.Q.106 is reciprocal? Also find h
parameters.
Fig.Q.106
2 2
Ans: a=2 and h
2 0.5
Q107. What is the value of n for the network shown in Fig.Q.107 to be reciprocal? Also find
y12 and y21 for that n
Fig.Q.107
Summary
1. Various electronic devices such as transistors, transformers etc can be modelled
using various two port network parameters such as impedance, admittance,
transmission and hybrid parameters.
2. Relation between various two port network parameters studied and verified for
different two port parameters.
3. Complex two port network in cascade, parallel or any other form can be modeled
using simple two port network parameters.
4. Various driving point & transfer functions are defined and determined for the two
port networks.