• Solubility of substances are measured in 100 g H2O at a

particular temperature. For instance solubility of sugar is

• Flammability, rusting, acidity, reactivity with water are
examples for chemical properties.
• Mass, volume, or weight are extensive properties of matter. 1.
• Color, odor, taste, solubility, density, conductivity, melting
and boiling points, hardness, luster,…etc are all intensive
properties.
190 g /100 g H2O at 20oC, while it is 10 g /100 g H2O for
baking soda.
Osmium, Os, is the densest metal known. What is its
density in g/cm3 when 50 g of a sample of Os occupies 2.22
cm3 volume?

a. Density
• The density of an object is the mass of the object divided by 2. You are given three samples of wood, copper and plastic rod
volume of the object. with densities of 0.6 g/cm3, 7.86 g/cm3 and 1.02 g/cm3,
• Densities are expressed in derived units such as g/cm3 or respectively. How do they stand when they are put in water?
g/mL. (Assume density of water is 1 g/cm3)
2. The densest one is copper, it is placed at the bottom. Plastic
rod has the same density with water, therefore it stands wherever
mass m
density = or d = it is put. Wood, has the least density among all, floats above
volume v water.
• The density of a substance is the same no mater what the 3. How many phase changes occur when an ice cube is heated
size of the sample is. until all becomes gas at 130oC?
• Because the density of a substance is the same for all A. 1
samples, you can use this property to help identify B. 2
substances. C. 3
Example 1 D. 4
Calculate the density of 105 g silver with a volume of 10 cm 3. 4. Which of the following can be used to identify substances?
Solution A. Volume
B. Solubility
C. Mass
D. Length
5. Find the physical states of the substances X, Y and Z at 45oC.
Example 2
Calculate the mass of a cubic iron block with a 3-cm side length. Substance Melting Point (oC) Boiling Point (oC)
(dFe= 7.86 g/cm3)
X -5 30

Y 35 175
As it’s known, substance expands in volume when it is heated.
Whereas, temperature of water raises from 0oC up to 4oC, its Z 15 75
volume instead of increasing decreases. That’s why ten thousand X is gas, Y and Z are liquids.
tones icebergs in spite of their weight floats on the water.
6. Why does water boil at the peak of Mt.Everest at 70oC but not
b. Melting Point (mp) and Freezing Point (fp) at 100oC?
Melting point is the temperature at which a solid starts to become 6. Because liquids boil when their vapor pressures equal to air
a liquid. And freezing point is the temperature of the reverse pressure. And air pressure is lower at higher altitudes than that of
change. For example water melts or freezes at 0 oC whereas iron sea level.
melts 1535oC. Boiling Point (bp)
• A boiling point is a temperature at which a liquid becomes a
gas. For instance alcohol boils at 78oC, but it is 1oC for
butane gas.
• Boiling point depends on pressure. Common properties of matter: Mass, volume
• Evaporation or boiling?
Example 3
Characteristic Properties Of Matter; density,
Find the physical states of the substances A, B
boiling point, conductivity, expansion and
and C at room temperature.
solubility
Substance Melting Point (oC) Boiling Point (oC)
Characteristic properties help us to understand if
A -35 10 two similar substances are same or different
B 45 350 called as characteristic property.
C 15 75
Solution
A is gas, B is solid, C is liquid. DENSITY;
d. Solubility
• Solubility is the a amount of substance dissolved in a given
solvent at a given temperature.
• A solutions is prepared by dissolving a solute in a solvent.

1
*Mass and volume ratio is called as density of a Ex5; If 30 g of a substance has a density of
substance 3g/cm3 find the volume of this substance.
M (mass )
and it symbolized by d. d =
V (volume) Unit of density change according to used units
of mass and volume.
The heaviest substance is (Hg)mercury. It has
the biggest density. For ex; If 7 ml of a substance has a weight of
Density of Hg; 13,6 g/ml of 21 kg find the mass of this substance.
Density of water; 1 g/ml. …..

Every substance has a different density. Also we must understand meaning of units.
If we compare same size of iron and aluminum, For ex, meaning of d=2 g/ml for a substance
ialuminum is lighter than iron, because its V; 180 km/h
density is smaller. For that reason planes are
made up aluminum. Ex3; X has a density of 2.5 g/cm3.what is the
volume of 15g of X?
…..
In oil and water mixture, why do you think oil is
on top the water. V total-V water=Vsand
Anything which has lower density than water Ex; if 50 ml water is added into 50 ml sand total
floats on the surface of water, and anything volume is going to be 80 ml. Find volume of
which has heavier density than water sinks to sand.
bottom of water.
Unit Scale;
If two similar liquids as alcohol and water are
given, how can we know if they are same or 1 cm3 = 1ml
different. we must check their densities. If 1 dm3 = 1lt
densities are same it means they are same 1 ton = 1000 lt
substances. If their densities are different it Ex; a. 75 000 ml= lt, cm3, ton, dm3
meansthat they are different substances. b. 30 lt; ml, ton, dm3, cm3

Calculation in density
Density for mixtures;
Ex1;if 12 g of a substance has 3 ml of volume Mtotal
d .mix =
find the density of this substance. Vtotal

Ex2; 20 g of a substance occupy 4 cm3 of I; Ex4; what is the density of a mixture which
volume what is the density of this substance. consist of 10cm3 , 20g of Z and 5cm3 40 g of Y?

Ex3; if volume of 42 g of X is 10 cm3, what is

the density of that substance? Ex; 400 g, 20ml A is mixed with 500g 10ml B.
Density can be given; Find the density of this mixture.

Ex4; If 7 cm3 of a substance has a density of Ex; 800 g, 50ml A is mixed with 200g 150ml B.
2g/cm3 find the mass of this substance. Find the density of this mixture.

2
Ii; Ex; Xg, 40 ml A and 100g, 10ml B are mixed.
If density of mixture is 5 g/ml find the mass of A

Ex; 200g, 3ml A is mixed with 80 g X ml B. d

mix;7. Find the volume of B

Iii; Ex5; 10g Y and 10g Z are mixed.
dY=1 g/cm3 and dZ=3g/cm3.
Find the density of the mixture?
s;solid, l;liquid, G;gas
in all heating diagrams there are 2 horizontal
lines. First horizontal line shows melting point,
second horizantal, line shows boiling point.

Ex6; 20cm3 y and 30cm3 Y are mixed. If Ex10; Draw the physical state diagram
dY =1g/cm3 and dY=2g/cm3 what will be density (temperature-time)of alcohol
of the mixture? Between -15C and 90C
Mp;4C bp;78C

G
2nd characteristic property of matter
BOILING POINT; 78
L
Every pure substance has a different boiling S+L heat
point. 0

-15 s

Ex11; what is the boiling and melting poins of a

substance whose physıcal state diagram is given
below.

*To identify if two given substances, same or G

not we can check their boiling points. If their
97
boiling points are different it means they are l
different substances, vice verse if their boiling s+l tıme
-4
points are same so they are same substance, so,
boiling point can be defined as a characteristic -21 s
property of matter.

*bp. of a substance is constant, someone touch Cooling diagram

boiling water and he says it is hot and 5 min *draw cooling diagram of water from 120 C to
later again touch and says now hotter. Actually -15 C
no. if it is boiling temperature will stay same. *draw cooling diagram of X from 70 C to -40 C
mp: -20, bp:50
They symbolized as mp, fp, bp and cp.
Heating curve of mixtures;
Temperature Draw heating curve of albohol and water
Diagram of physical states of matter; mixture between -40 and 170 C.
120
Draw the physical state diagram of water G mp al.:12 C, bp al.: 78
l+g
between
100 -200C and 1200C
For water; mp=00C bp=100l 0
C Draw cooling curve diagram of mixture of X
tıme
0
s+l and Y from 70 to -30 C.
-20 s X: mp;-10, bp: 50
Y; mp: 15, bp;60
3

Factors effecting boiling point:
purity effect melting and boiling points
100
100
Pure water Salty water
Without salt
Addition of salt decrease freezing point and
increase boiling point
That is the reason why do we put salt to streets
in winter.
Salt dissociate into its smallest atoms in water,
these atoms come through water molecules and
water molecules cannot reach to each other and
cannot form crystal and this prevent water to
freeze in street.
Addition of salt increase boiling
Because; water can be heated till 100C but salt
can be heated over than 100 C, for example
150C . And in this mixture of salty water , heat
of mixture will be between these two values and
it is bigger than 100.
Increasing impurity increase boiling bpoint. For
that reason salty water doesnt have a constant
boiling point.
pressure effect boiling point. Increasing pressure
increase boiling point.
In kitchen if we use closed pot ,we can cook our
meal more easily.
It is easy with closed pot because heated water
vapor cannot go out and it cause high pressure in
pot and it force water not no boil, so its
temperature increase. We can cook our meal in
that high temp very easily and very quickly. If it
was open pot water vapor doesn’t make pressure
and we cannot get high temperature and it takes
a long time to cook our meal.
With the same explanation we know that
It is more difficult to cook on the top of the
mountain and it is easier to cook at sea level.
Because of mass of molecules and atoms in
atmosphere there has more pressure at sea level.
It is easy to cook at sea level.
In atmosphere there are only light atoms on the
top of the mountains and they are not heavy and
there is small pressure, because of low pressure
water vapor goes out in low temperature easily,
maybe it boils at 90 C.
1. Substances m.p (0C) b.p (0C)
x 40 142
y -4 110
z 12 130
a) At room temperature (250C) , what are the
physical states of x, y, and z?
b) Can X be a mixture? Why?
3.CONDUCTIVITY;
* ampul deneyi
Translation of electricity is called as
conductivity and this substance is called as
conductor. Ex: Al, Fe, Cu
If a substance doesn’t translate electrons it is
called as nonconductor or insulator. Ex: plastic,
wood,…
For example altough iron is cheaper we use
copper wire as conductor for city electry system
because copper is better conductor. If we use
iron it will be translated late and it will translate
in small portion.
gold is the best conductor but it is too expensive
to use in city.
4
Every substance has a different conductivity
speed.
If two similar substance have different
conductivity speeds it means these are different
substance.
4.EXPANSION;
Volume of a substance increase by increasing
temperature is called as expansion.
Ex: expansion of iron is bigger than conductivity
of glass. So hav can you open a tightly closed
jar.
Ex; if conductivity of X is bigger than
conductivity f Y whay will be shape of this
object
*Electricity wires and rail way are good
examples for expansion. If you notice electricity
wires are getting larger in summer and they are
stretch in winter. And there are some empty
places between rail ways to expand.
Electricity wires
Gold and copper
1st and 2nd
temperatures
Also for water heater can we use same property
when it boils to turn of itself and if it get cold
turn on itself by thermostat.
Metal rod
switch
on turn off
THERMOSTAT
And everything gets smaller volume by
decreasing temperature but there is only one
exception. And that unique exception is water.
Volume of water increase by decreasing
temperature because of its crystal shape if you
see expand ice cola cans in refrigerator.
At 4oC water has the smallest volume and lover
than 4oC it is getting bigger volume due to
crystallization.
Understanding questions:
1. what is expansion
2. Why heating cause a bigger volume for
matter
3. Why electricity wires are longer in
summer
5. SOLUBILITY;
The maximum amount of solid in 100 g of water
is called as solubility.
Solutions;
Saturated solutions; the solution which has
maximum amount of solid in it.
Unsaturated solution ; tha solution which doesn’t
have maximum amount of solid in it.
Every solid has a solubility limit. If we add more
than its limit it will precpitate at the bottom.
Factors effect solibility;
1. temperature; increasing temperature usually
increase temperature of solids. Because it is
more easy to dissociate in high temperature.
2. presure; increasing pressure increase
solubility of gases but it has no effect in the
solibility of solids ad liquids.
* mixing doesn’t increase solubility. It just
increase the rate of solubility.
A Saturated solution can be unsaturated by two
methods;
1. by adding water
2. by increasing temperature
An unsaturated solution can be saturated by
three method.
5
 1. by adding solid If 30 g A is used find the mass of this solution
2. by decreasing temperature Fill the following table;
3. by evaporation water.
Solubility solid water solution
20 50 x
X 10 110
If solubility of X is 10 X 50 70
it means we have 10 g of X in 100 g of water 15 30 x

ex 1solubility; precipitation;

a) if 80 g x dissolves in 200 g water find ex5;

solubilty of X X= 20 g/100 g water
If we add 50 g x into 150 g water
b) if 60 g x dissolves in 150 g water find a) how many g X will precipitate
solubilty of X b) to dissolve precipitation how many g water must
be added.
c) if 15 g x dissolves in 50 g water find
solubilty of X

ex 6;
ex3; if 20 g x used in 70 g of a saturated solution . Solubility of x is 40. If we add 14 g of x into 60 g
find the solubility of x of water to make it saturated

a) how much x must be added.

ex 2 water; Solubility of A is 20 b) Or how many g. Water must be
evaporated.
to dissolve 30 g A how much water must be used.

ex; Ex3; solubility of X is 10.

solubility of x is 10.
If 15 g of x is used how many gram water must be
used
Ex3solid ; solubility of A is 10
if 60 g water is used how many gram A can be
dissolved?
ex2; solubility of x is 50.
If 300 g water is used find the mass of X
a. how many g of X can be dissolved in 80
g of water.
b. how many g of water is needed to
prapare saturated solution os 30 g of X
c. What is the mass of solution which
prepared with 60 g of water.
d. What will be mass of solution prepared
by 15 g of X
e. What is the mass of X in 160 g of
saturated solution of X
Ex4; Solubility of X is 20.
If 50 g of X put into 150 g of water.
a. How many g of X will be precipitated
b. To dissolve all of it how much water
must be added.

triple questions; Ex5; solubility of x is 25

a1; if 80 g x dissolves in 480 g solution find
40 g of X put into 200 g of water.
solubilty of X a. how many g of X must be added to make
it saturated.
a2; if 25 g x dissolves in 75 g solution find b. Or how many g of water must be
solubilty of X
vaporized to make it saturated.
b1; Solubility of A is 20

6
Ex8; Solubility

40 X
30

60 80 temperature

a. A saturated solution of X prepared in

50 g water at 60C. if solution is
heated to 80 C how many g. of X
must be added to make it saturated.
b. A saturated solution which is
prepared by using 200 g of water if
temperature decrease from 80 to 60
how many g x will precipitate.

Ex9;
Solubility

15 X
10

40 60 temperature

A saturated solution of 25 g of X prepared at

40C
a. if temperature increased to 60 C how
many g X must be added to make it
saturated
b. or how many g of water must be
vaporized to saturate it.
c. Temperature of 180 g saturated solution
of X decreased from 60C to 40C. how
many g of X will be precipitate
d. Or how many g of water must be
vaporized to make it saturated.