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4. Loss Related Decisions
ENGINEERING
(Structural Earthquake Engineering)
- People
- Government
- Business
- Planners 3 Controlling
(Planning, Preparation, Response, Recovery) Response
- Engineers
Site Surface
Rock
2b
Fault R
2a Ground Motions
- Seismologists
Equal Energy Rule: For stiff structures Equal Displacement Rule: For flexible structures
Analysis Methods
F=V
M
K
T1 = 2pM/K
ag V
Time
Horizontal Seismic Shear, V
V = Cd(T1) W
an
mn
mn-1
Mode
Fi shape
m2
m1
ag V=∑Fi
Time
Equivalent Static Method
1/ Estimate the fundamental period, T1 using Rayleigh’s method
C(T1) = Ch(T1,S)ZI
NZS1170.5 Spectra V
Depends on:
Building importance
Design ductility
Soil type
Location
Equivalent Static Method
V=∑Fi
4/ Analyse the structure using the design lateral forces to find the
demand on different members and design the members
accordingly
Design Response Spectrum
in NBC 105
Source: NBC 105: 1994 Cd = CZIK
Main Issues with Current NBC
Code
Inconsistent format
◦ Design spectra should be in terms of spectral acceleration (not coefficient)
◦ Z factor should represent absolute seismic hazard (ideally 500 yr return period
bedrock PGA)
◦ Elastic demand should also be specified (Reduction for ductility should be a
reward)
Design seismic forces are not consistent with the seismic hazard studies
Seismic hazard is obviously too low (e.g. seismic design force for a
building in Kathmandu is less than half of that in Christchurch and less
than 1/3rd of that in Japan, disproportionate to the relative seismicity)
Design spectra does not capture the amplification at long period in soft
soil sites (e.g. Kathmandu) and vice versa
Soil mapping of Ktm Valley
Source:
Poudyal et
al. (2012),
(2013)
Soil mapping of Ktm valley
Source:
Poudyal et
al. (2012),
(2013)
Response Spectra of 2015 Gorkha
Earthquake (Main Shock)
Response Spectra of 2015 Gorkha
Earthquake(Main Shock)
Fourier Spectra of 2015 Gorkha
Earthquake(Main Shock)
Fourier Spectra of 2015 Gorkha
Earthquake(Main Shock)
Ground Motion Studies in
Nepal
Few initiatives in the past
◦ UNDP(1994), JICA(2002), KVERMP(1998)
◦ Focused in the seismic hazard scenarios
Source: Parajuli
et al. (2010)
Status of Seismic Hazard
Assessment in Nepal
PGA
Time
PGA
(ZPA:: Natural
Zero Period0 Period
Acceleration)
VB Cd T1 W
S a T1
W
factor and
amplification factors
R
Importance factor of
Reduction to account
the structure I for ductility and
overstrength
where
Cd(T1) = Horizontal design seismic coefficient
W = Seismic weight
Consistent Ground Motion
Characteristics