PHOTO Two Stages of Photosynthesis

SYNTHESIS
Plants make their own food

Overview of the Process

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION
Two Reactions of Photosynthesis

LIGHT DARK STARTS 6 CO2

REACTION REACTION WITH ATP and NADPH
• Light needed to produce organic • No light needed; instead, dark

ENDS
reactions use ATP and NADPH to
2 G3P (3C) =
energy molecules ATP and NADPH
produce energy molecules

WITH sugar precursor

• aka Calvin Cycle (the “synthesis” part
of photosynthesis)
• occur in the stroma
• can occur in the presence of light or
dark
PRODUCTS NADP+ and ADP + Pi
WITH 3 RuBP
 2&3
Notes from the Video Water molecules are broken
H is pulled into thylakoids
Electrons replace those lost by
 Sun gives off visible white light ⟶ ROYGBIV chlorophyll to keep cycle going
Oxygen waste is released
 Sunlight ⟶ prism ⟶ color separation

4
Chlorophyll in PSI absorbs sunlight & electrons
 Moisture in the air can act as a prism causing rainbow formation become excited
 Energy in red (700 mm) & blue (400 mm) light most stimulate
photosynthesis 5 Electrons help bond NADP + H to create NADPH (H
taxi) which will be used later

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
2) Light Independent Reaction
 Process that converts solar energy into glucose.
 Done by autotrophs  Occurs in stroma
• Plants  Creates glucose
• Cyanobacteria
• Kelps (K. Protista) • Algae (K. Protista) Stages
• Plankton (K. Protista)
 Endergonic chemical reaction [requires energy]
 Produces sugar (glucose) & oxygen waste 1 CO2 from the air bonds with a 5-carbon molecule
creating 6-carbon molecules.

2
 Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis ATP & NADPH (from LDR) is used
6-carbon molecules are broken into two 3-carbon
1) Light Dependent Reaction molecules

3&4
 Occurs in thylakoid membranes Some of the 3-carbon molecules will
 Photosystems (groups of molecules) capture/transfer bond to make glucose
energy Other 3-carbon molecules will
 Creates O2, ATP, NADPH recombine to form 5-carbon molecule

Stages

1
Chlorophyll in PSII absorbs sunlight and excites
electrons
Thylakoid membrane becomes negatively charged
Starts an ‘electron transport chain’
CELLULAR WHAT IS ATP?
RESPIRATION
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy  Adenosine triphosphate
 Energy used by all cells
 Organic molecule containing high-energy phosphate bonds
C6H12O6 + 6O2 A
⟶ catabolic
6CO2 + 6H20 pathway Chemical Structure What does ATP do for you?

Oxygen is consumed Involves three stages: It supplies

 Glycolysis you with
as a reactant along
 Krebs Cycle
with other organic  Electron Transport energy.
compounds. Chain

How do we get energy from ATP?

By breaking the
high-energy bonds
between the last
two phosphates in
ATP

NADH AND FADH2

• NAD+ traps electrons from glucose to
make NADH (energy stored)
Overview of the Process • Similarly, FAD+ stores energy as FADH2
WHERE DOES IT TAKE PLACE?
•
•
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
1 Glycolysis
• Means “splitting
of sugar”
• Occurs in the
cytosol of the
cell
• Partially oxidizes
glucose (6C) into
two pyruvate
(3C) molecules.
• Occurs whether
or not oxygen is
present.
• An exergonic
process,
(meaning energy
MITOCHONDRIA STRUCTURE is released) most
of the energy
harnessed is
• Smooth outer conserved in the
high-energy
Membrane electrons of
• Folded inner NADH and in the
membrane phosphate bonds
of ATP
• Folds called
Cristae • Takes place in the Cytoplasm
• Space inside Glycolysis • Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
• Requires input of 2 ATP
cristae called Summary • Glucose split into two molecules of
the Matrix •
Pyruvate
Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
 2 Cycle
Formation of Krebs
Acetyl CoA
• Junction between glycolysis and Krebs cycle
• Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA • Requires Oxygen
• Pyruvate molecules are translocated from the cytosol into the (Aerobic)
mitochondrion by a carrier protein in the mitochondrial membrane. • Cyclical series of
• A CO2 is removed from pyruvate – making a 2C compound. oxidation reactions that
• Coenzyme A is attached to the acetyl group. give off CO2 and produce
one ATP per cycle
• Turns twice per glucose
molecule
• Produces two ATP
• Takes place in matrix of
mitochondria.

You are
here!

Krebs • Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces

3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2
Cycle • Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the
Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2,
Summary and 2ATP
 3 Summary of
Electron Transport
Chain Cellular Respiration
• Located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
• Oxygen pulls the electrons from NADH and FADH2 down the electron
transport chain to a lower energy state GLYCOLYSIS
• Process produces 34 ATP or 90% of the ATP in the body.
• Requires oxygen, the final electron acceptor.
• 2 ATP
• For every FADH2 molecule – 2 ATP’s are produced.
• 2 NADH ⟶ 4-6 ATP (Depends on how this NADH molecule gets to
• For every NADH molecule – 3 ATP’s are produced.
the ETC. To make things simple we will say that these two NADH’s
• Chemiosmosis – the production of ATP using the energy of H+
make 4 ATP )
gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP.

FORMATION OF ACETYL COA

• 2 NADH ⟶ 6 ATP

ATP Synthase
• A protein in the inner membrane in the mitochondria.
• Uses energy of the ion gradient to power ATP synthesis.
• For every H+ ion that flows through ATP synthase, one ATP can be formed
from ADP
ANAEROBIC AND
AEROBIC RESPIRATION

• Refers to the • Refers to the

oxidation of oxidation of
molecules in the molecules in the
presence of oxygen absence of oxygen to
to produce energy produce energy
• Occurs in the • Also known as
mitochondrion fermentation
• Produces 36 ATP
• Krebs cycle is
included

• Occurs when O2 is not present

• Called lactic acid fermentation
in muscles (makes muscles
tired)
• Called alcoholic fermentation in
yeast (produces ethanol)
• Nets only 2 ATP
Chemical
What happens when it occurs?
During extraneous
activities, the oxygen in the
muscle tissue is decreased to
an extent that aerobic
respiration does not occur at
a sufficient rate. Hence,
there is a build up of lactic
acid and muscles get tired

Formula

2 ATP + C6H12O6 ⟶ 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 4 ATP

energy + glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy