acid
compound that releases hydrogen ions
(H+) in solution
active transport
the movement of materials through a cell
membrane using energy
amino acid
Building blocks of protein
amphipathic
having both a hydrophilic region and a
hydrophobic region
anion
negatively charge atom
atom
the smallest unit of an element that has
properties of that element
atomic number
the number of protons in an atom
ATP
energy
base
compound that accepts hydrogen ions in
a solution.
carbohydrate
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen atoms; major source of
energy for the human body
catalyst
substance that increases the rate of a
chemical reaction without itself being
changed in the process
cation
positively charged atom
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which
substances can enter or leave the cell.
centriole
small, self-replicating organelle that
provides the origin for microtubule
growth and moves DNA during cell
division
channel protein
a protein that allows the transport of
specific substances across a cell
membrane
chromatin
granular material visible within the
nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled
around proteins
chromosome
A threadlike, gene-carrying structure
found in the nucleus. Each chromosome
consists of one very long DNA molecule
and associated proteins.
Without an enzyme, the energy input
cilia needed for a reaction to begin is high.
Hairlike projections that extend from the With the help of an enzyme, less energy
plasma membrane and are used for is needed for a reaction to begin.
locomotion
connective tissue epithelial membrane
type of tissue that serves to hold in thin layer of tissue lining a cavity or
place, connect, and integrate the body's covering a surface
organs and systems
epithelial tissue
connective tissue membrane A body tissue that covers the surfaces of
connective tissue that encapsulates the body, inside and out
organs and lines movable joints
exocytosis
covalent bond a process by which the contents of a cell
when two atoms share an electron to vacuole are released to the exterior
complete their valance shell through fusion of the vacuole membrane
with the cell membrane.
cutaneous membrane
The skin; composed of epidermal and facilitated diffusion
dermal layers Movement of specific molecules across
cell membranes through protein channels
cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which Golgi apparatus
the organelles are suspended A system of membranes that modifies
and packages proteins for export by the
cytoskeleton cell
A network of long protein strands in the
cytosol that helps support the cell hydrogen bond
attraction between polar molecules are
denaturation close together
loss of normal shape of a protein due to
heat or other factor hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute
diffusion than another solution.
Movement of molecules from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower hypotonic
concentration. Having a lower concentration of solute
than another solution
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two ion
monosaccharides joined by dehydration charged atom
synthesis.
ionic bond
disulfide bond bond between a cation and an anion
the covalent bond formed between the
sulfur atoms of two cysteines in a isotonic
protein when the concentration of two solutions
is the same
DNA
A complex molecule containing the isotope
genetic information that makes up the a variation of an element that has
chromosomes. Sugar phosphate different neutrons
backbone & adenine/thymine,
guanine/cytosine nitrogenous bases two lipid
strands attached via hydrogen bond nonpolar molecule that is not soluble in
always AT/GC water
endocytosis lysosome
process by which a cell takes material An organelle containing digestive
into the cell by infolding of the cell enzymes
membrane
mass number
enzyme protons and atoms in an atom
protein that acts as a catalyst
Enzymes decrease the activation energy microtubule
required for a given chemical reaction to straight, hollow tube of proteins that
occur. gives rigidity, shape, and organization to
a cell
mitochondrion serous membrane
an organelle containing enzymes thin layer of tissue that covers internal
responsible for producing energy body cavities and secretes a fluid that
keeps the membrane moist; also called
mitosis serosa
cell division in which the nucleus
divides into nuclei containing the same Smooth ER
number of chromosomes That portion of the endoplasmic
reticulum that is free of ribosomes,
mucous membrane makes lipids
an epithelial tissue that secretes mucus
and that lines many body cavities and sodium-potassium pump
tubular organs including the gut and A transport protein in the plasma
respiratory passages. membrane of animal cells that actively
transports sodium out of the cell and
muscle tissue potassium into the cell.
Tissue made of cells capable of
contracting. synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial
nervous tissue fluid
Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits
signals. vesicle
A membrane bound sac that contains
nuclear envelope materials involved in transport of the
layer of two membranes that surrounds cell.
the nucleus of a cell

nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces
ribosomes

nucleus
Control center of the cell

passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell
membrane without the use of energy by
the cell

peptide bond
covalent bond formed between amino
acids

peroxisome
A microbody containing enzymes that
transfer hydrogen from various
substrates to oxygen, producing and then
degrading hydrogen peroxide.

phagocytosis
Cell eating

pinocytosis
Cell drinking

polar molecule
molecule with both positive and negative
regions

ribosome
Makes proteins

RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that
passes along genetic messages

Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes, makes
proteins