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I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not accept or
provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.
1) Group Leader
Name : MUHAMAD HATIFF SIDDIQI BIN MOHD HAMIM
Matrix No. : DN160026
2) Group Member 1
Name : NUR FASIHAH BT MOHD ARSHAD
Matrix No : DN160141
3) Group Member 2
Name : NUUR ASYIKIN BT MOHAMMAD YUSOF
Matrix No. : DN160203
4) Group Member 3
Name : MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ AMIR BIN KAMARAZAMAN
Matrix No. : DN160161
5) Group Member 4
Name : MONIE ZAIHARA BINTI ZAILAN
Matrix No. : DN160251
2
Faculty : ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Programme : BNA, BNB, BNC
Course Code : BNP 20903 (SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION) Semester/Session : II / 20172018
CLO 2: Organize comprehensive design and implementation plan for resolving geotechnical as well as geo-environmental problems(P5, PLO2)
CLO 3: Adopt and use relevant resources on the fundamental mechanisms of geotechnics and geo-environment to facilitate in-depth understanding (A3,
PLO6)
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Labwork Ethics Follow the rules, instructions and safety A1 0.8
Activities Team working
All group members participate during experiment. A2 1.0
(Affective Skills
assessment) Professionalism Punctual or received approval for all necessary absences. A3 1.2
Total 18.0
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
1 1.0 OBJECTIVE 1
3 3.0 INTRODUCTION 1
5 5.0 PROCEDURE 5
6.2 CALCULATION 14
7 7.0 DISCUSSION 17
8 8.0 CONCLUSION 18
9 9.0 REFERENCE 19
10 10.0 APPENDIX 20
1.0 OBJECTIVES
3.0 INTRODUCTION
The specimen for the direct shear test could be obtained using the correct
cutter provided. Alternatively, sand sample can be placed in a dry state at a required
density, in the assembled shear box. A normal load is applied to the specimen and the
specimen is sheared across the pre-determined vertical plane between the two halves
of the shear box. Measurements of shear load, shear displacement and normal
displacement are recorded. The test is repeated for two or more identical specimens
under different normal loads. The friction components increase with increasing normal
stress, but the cohesion components remains constant. If there is no normal stress the
friction disappears. From the outcomes, the shear strength parameters can be
determined.
1
4.0 EQUIPMENT
2
Figure 4 : Shear box
Retaining plate
Perforated plate
Porous plate Loading pad
3
Figure 7: load 1kg and 2kg
Figure 8 : tamper
4
5.0 PROCEDURE
1. Used vernier calipers to measured the soil specimen. Measured the length,
2. Filled the sand inside the specimen cutter, then compacted the sand with
the tamper. After that removed the specimen cutter and let the sand on the
A4 paper.
5
3. After that, took the mass of sand using electronic balance.
4. Inside the shear box put the retaining plate at the base. Then put the porous
plate and then the perforated plate. The line perforated plate must opposite
6
5. After that, put the shear box at the direct sheat test machine. Then, set up
and ran the machine at 4.0000mm/min to be sure the shear box smooth and
stable.
6. Put the sand inside the shear box and compact the sand with tamper.
7
7. After compact and make sure the level is same, then put the perforated plate,
Figure 5.7 : closed the sand with perforated plate,porous plate and last loading pad.
8. Setup the machine and put the loading 1kg at the hanger pad. Set the proving
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9. After that, applied the speed at 0.5mm/min and ready to run the machine.
Recorded the reading for every 20 minute displacement in the horizontal dial
10. Lastly, conducted the test with the same procedure to do three sample with
different load.
9
6.0 DATA ANALYSIS
From this data, we are able to identify the shear stress and strain. From the data
given, we can plot the graph shear stress vs strain and shear stress vs normal stress.
From the data sheet, we had 3 data with different loading and mass of soil sample.
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Description of soil: Specimen length, L: 0.06 m
Specimen No.: 2 Specimen height, H: 0.02 m
Loading: 2.0 Kg Mass of soil sample: 131.87 g
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Description of soil: Specimen length, L: 0.06 m
Specimen No.: 3 Specimen height, H: 0.02 m
Loading: 3.0 Kg Mass of soil sample: 135.89 g
12
6.1.1 Shear Stress vs Strain
S2= 38kN/m2
Shear Stress (kN/m2)
40
Load, 2 kg
30
S1= 22kN/m2
20 Load, 1 kg
10
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Strain
40.000
Shear Stress
30.000
Ø = 79.11
Friction angle
20.000
10.000
0.000
Cohesion = 8.15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Normal Stress
Note: We use the Microsoft excel to determine the value of y=5.1988x +8.148
13
6.2 CALCULATION
∆L = 20×0.01
= 0.2 mm
Load, P = 9×0.002
= 0.018 kN
Load, P = 19×0.002
= 0.038 Kn
Load, P = 18×0.002
= 0.036 kN
14
3. Example calculation to find Shear stress
Area : 0.06×0.06
= 0.0036 m2
0.18
Shear stress =
0.0036
= 5.000 kN/m2
0.38
Shear stress =
0.0036
= 10.556 kN/m2
0.36
Shear stress =
0.0036
= 10.000 kN/m2
Formula : ΔL / L
= 0.003 kN/m2
15
5. Example calculation to find normal stress and shearing resistance
Formula : Load/Area
0.00981
Normal Stress 1 =
0.0036
= 2.725 kN/m2
0.01962
Normal Stress 2 =
0.0036
= 5.450 kN/m2
0.02943
Normal Stress 3 =
0.0036
= 8.175 kN/m2
Y= 5.1988x + 8.1481
Shear resistance 1 = (22.222*5.1988) + (8.1481)
= 22.315
Shear resistance 2 = (36.482*5.1988) + (8.1481)
= 36.482
Shear resistance 3 = (50.556*5.1988) + (8.1481)
= 50.648
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7.0 DISCUSSION
Our group had been done doing this test with successfully and the objective of
this test has been achieved (we are able to determine the parameter of shear strength
of soil, cohesion, c and angle of friction, Ø).
Based on the data analysis in chapter 6, the test is conducted by using the
direct shear machine with loading (1kg, 2kg, and 3kg). From the data sheet, we had
calculated the overall value of shear stress, value of strain, value of normal stress and
also the value of shear resistance. From the plot (figure 6.1) of the shear stress versus
strain, the maximum shear for each load is determined (S1=51Kn/m2, S2=38Kn/m2 and
S3= 22kn/m2) for a specific vertical confining stress. From the plot (figure 6.2) of the
shear stress versus normal stress, we had determined the cohesion of soil (8.148
kn/m2) and the friction angle of soil (tan -1 5.1988 = 79.110). If the normal force increase,
the number of contact point also increase thus increasing the resistance. The shearing
resistance also had been determined for each loading.
Sources of error maybe come from several sources which is human mistake,
enviroment/condition or machine get error. There are some problem when running the
test, the machine is not in good condition because our group difficult to conducted the
test because the dial gauge is not function well. The machine maybe not calibate first,
the lab assistant need to check/make sure the machine was calibrate by the agency or
not.
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8.0 CONCLUSION
ADVANCE QUESTIONS
18
9.0 REFERENCES
19