ww ww

. p k . p k
tta a t ta 1. at t a
. r
w CONCEPTS w . r
w
BASIC
w w w

k Formula of mass spectrograph: k

'

. p .p
tta tta a
H22
V

'

t
.

(The formula for mass charge ratio

.ra
formass spectrograph is m/e
—
2E ,,where
.r a t
'H‘

ww w
is the strength of magnetic field, E is strength of electrical field and r is the radius of
curvature of positiveIon.
w
wEQUATIONS TO SOLVE THE NUMERICALS
w
Empirical and Molecular Formula

. p k Average atomic mass of an element

. p k
tt a at t a
_Sum of multiplication of isotopic mass and relative abundance
t t a
.ra
100

w .r
% compositionvof a element In a compound
w
' w
_ w
Mass of element x 100
Mass of the compound w w
The % of C, H and O in an organic compound is determined by combustion
analysis. The formulas are as follows: (Faisalabad 2013)
Mass of C02 12 x 100

. p k % of carbon
p k
Mass of organic compound
.
X
44

tta % of‘ hydrogen =

.ra
-

tta
Mass of H20
Mass of.organic compound x
2 x 100
18
.r a t t a
w w
7

% ofoxygen = 1004 (% of C 4 % of H)

w w
Molecular formula = n(empirical formula)

_
Molar mass w w
n —
Empirical formula mass

aW
Concept of Mole and Avogadro’s Number -

. p k p
' tta.mass
k
ta t _
t a
~

gram aton“? f an eemen

t t
1 |
Atomic

.r '
Mass of the com ound
.ra
-

ww w
. .

gram molecular mass ofa compound =

.
1
Molar mass

1 w
gram formula mass =
Mass of the ionic compound
Formula mass w w

. p k . p k
tta tta tta
 ww .
.
ww
IImi Objective Chemistry Pan-I
Mass of the ion
1
gram ion = ,

. p k lonic mass

. p
t »

k .
tta ta
Number of atoms of an element = Number of gram atoms xNA
t a
rat .ra t
Number of molecules of a compound = Number of gram mole x NA
.

w .
Number of formula units in an ionic compound =
w
Number wNumberofgram
Number of gram formula x NA
w
ofIons — Ions x NA
'

Mass of element x NA
w w
Number of atoms of an element:
I

Atomic mass I

Mass of compound x NA

.pk k
Number of molecules of a compound = Molar mass
p
.

tta tta .
Number of formula units in an ionic compound
t a .
:
Mass of the'Ionic compound
. r a X NA
'

.r at
Formula mass
w w
ww w
Mass of the ions»
Number of ions =
lonic mass x A
,

Number of atoms of an elementIn a molecule

.

w
Number of molecules x number of atoms of that elementIn molecule.
—

Volume of a gas at S.T.P. = Number of meles of gas .x 22.414 dm3

. p k % yield_
Actual yield
. p k .
tt a t a
Theoretical yield
t
aTHE
X 100

a t t a
METHODS
w . r
SOLVETO NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
. r
w w
Determination of average atomic mass of an element from the.% relative
abundance and isotopic masses w ww
abundance of each isotope
The % relative is multiplied with
isotopic mass These
factors are added up for all the isotopes and divided by 100

9|
.pk k
Determination of % of an element'In a compound
p
'

(2)

tta . .
atta .rat
ta
The mass of that element in the compound is divided by the' molar massof the
compound and multiplied by 100.

w .r w
-| (3)
w
Determination of empirical formula
w
I
The % of each element Is divided by the atomic mass to get the mole ratios. The w w
mole ratios are divided by the smallest value to get the atomic ratios. If the atomic ratios are
whole numbers, then well and good, otherwise multiply with a suitable digit to get the whole
numbers These whole numbers give the empirical formula

. p k
Il4l-' . p k .
a a
Determination of molecular formula from empirical formula
a
' '

tt r a tt
For this purpose, we should know the molar mass of the compound. Molar mass is
. . r a t t
ww ww
divided by empirical formula mass to get the n' factor.

I (5)
w
n is multiplied with empirical formula to get the molecular formula.

Calculation of mole of a substance .

I
w
Number of moles of elements are obtained by dividing the mass of the element
with atomic
mass

a .p k a .p k
a.
 [Chapter 1] Basic Concepts
ww 1

‘
i

ww 3
In case of molecular compounds, the mass of the substanceIs divided by molar
mass to get the number of moles of the compound.

. p k '
(6) Calculation of number of atoms
. p k I

a a a
'

tt To
a
calculate the number of atoms of an element, divide the mass of the element by
atomic mass and multiply with NA. . r tt .rat t
w w
[(7) ww
Stoichiometric. calculation the number of molecules
To calculate the number of molecules of a compound divide mass of the
w w
compound by molar mass and multiply with NA.
[(8) Stoichiometric‘ calculations
k k
‘
I

. p . p
tta tta a
ln stoichiometric calculations, the mass of the given substance is converted into
t t
.ra a
number of moles. These moles are compared with the moles of that substance whose
amountIs required. For the purpose of comparison, we take the helpof balanced chemical
w w .r
equation.
w w
'

[ (9) w
Calculation of limiting reagent I
'
w
To calculate the limiting reagent, we first of all calculate the number of moles of all
the reactants whose masses are given. These number of moles are compared with number

. p k of moles of the required substance. That substance among the reactants, which gives

. p k
tt a lesser number of moles of the required product is the limiting reagent. The less number of
moles of the required product is multiplied by molar mass to get its mass.
at t a a t t a
w .r . r
ww
| (10) Calculation of'%yield

w w
in order to calculate the % yield of a chemical reaction we need the actual .yield.
This is mostly given in the numerical. The theoretical yield is calculated from the balanced
w
.
.
chemical equation according to the disciplines of stoichiometry.
TABLES

. p k ‘

Natural abundance of some common isotopes

. p k
tta tta t t a
_

Element Relative abundances in

.ra a
‘25

.r
.
,

=0.0‘:5

ww w
‘

Hydrogen" ~

1H =99.985 fl-i

Carbon
'

w
‘

'
.
1620 =98.893 1;: =12.-
w
‘fN :o.3as
w
:99534
’

Nitrogen EN
_

Oxygen 1850 =99.759 ‘370 =o.037, ‘50 =0.2C4

its
.pk k
—ww.ratta
Sulphur figs =95.0 3333:076, 4. 22 325 = 3.3I4
*

. p
tta t a =100
'

Fluorine

Chlorine
.r a t 13F

§§CI ,= 75.53
g

i§CI =24.47
w
-
-

w
'

gar = 50.54 ggsr = 49.49

Bromine
Iodine w 15137|
:1_oo
w

.p k .pk
 ww ww
Ilmi Objective Chemistry Part-I

Atomic masses and abUndances of several naturally occurring

. p k isotopes. p k
tta '

Isotope
-

nymiser
. r a o
aé‘ulfignzle
tta .
atfmeigtnzgss
Average atomic
mass 0f .r a tt a
ww ww elements
'
'
. ,

.
H —
H —
1

2
'
w 2
1 99.985
0.015
1.007825
2.0140
w . 1.00794
C -— 12 12 98.893 12 (by definition) ~

C — 13 13.003355 12.011
'
13 1.10

. p k 0 — 16
0 — 17
16
'17
99.759
0.038
. p k 15.994915
16.999131

tta o-— 18" 8- 0.200

tta 17.999160 15.9994
t t a
-
-1
-

.ra a
._

Cu —- 63 63 69.17 62.939598
.r
ww w
Cu — 65 65 '
30.83 64.927793 63.546

.
Cs — 133
Ur — 235 w
»
133
235
100
0.720
132905329
235043924 w w 132.905
.

Ur — 238 238 99.280 238.050784 -

238.0289

,
DEFINITIONS

k (May be used'In short questions with examples) k

. p . p
tta tta a
% yield:
1.

t t
.ra a
That yield which is obtained by dividing the actual- yield with theoretical yield and
multiplying with 100Is called % age. ItIS calculated for knowing the efficiency of a chemical
w w .r
reaction. Formula; % yield:
Actual yield

w w
Theoretical yield
X 1 00
w w
'
2. Actual yield:
.

Theactual amount of the product which is obtained in a chemical reaction is called

-aCtual yield. It is an experimental quantity and is mostly less than the theoretical yield.

. p k . p
Theoretical yield is calculated from the balanced chemical reaction. We take the help of k
tta stoichiometryfor calculating theoretical yield.
3.- Atom: "

.r atta
2011) .
(pr
.r a t t a
w w
The smallest particle of an element which may or may not exist independently is
called an atom; The atoms of 0, Cu and Au are made up of protons, neutrons and'
w w
.
4. Atomic--mass-unit:
w
electrons No doubt, other fundamental particles are also there. w
itIs the mass of 1/12th of one atom of carbon with lightest isotope C —12.lts value
is 1. 8131 x 10‘24 kg. ItIs calculated with help of Avogadro’ 5 number.
'

. p k 5. Average atomic mass:

. p k
tta it hasits own
. r
at mass. The average atomic mass is a fractional quantity. tta
IS the average of atomic masses of all the isotopes of an element. Every isotOpe

a .r a t t a .

_' 6. Avogadro’s number:

w ww (Lahore 2014, Sahiwal. 2014)

-

It is the number of atoms, molecules, formula units or ions present in one mole of
the element, a compound, or an ionic substance is called Avogadro's nUmber. Its value is w w w
'
6.02 x 1023. ~

. p k . p k
tta a tta atta
 I
ww
[Chapter 1] Basic Concepts ’ ww ' '
5
Formula applied:
(mass of Ne”. x % abundance) + (mass of N221x % abundance) + (mass of Ne22 x % abundance)
AverageAt mass-=

. p k
Putting the values
. p
100
k .
a a a
.

tt rat t tt
_

20 x 90.92 + 21 x 0.26 + 22 x 8.82

.ra
'

Average atomic mass of Neon a

w.
100
-

1818.4 + 5.46 + 194.04 w N

ww w w .

100
2 17.
’

'

#2009 = 20.18a.m.u Ans.

Therefore the average atomic mass of neon is 20.18 a.m.u

. p k 7. Branches of chemistry.
.p
Some important branches of chemistry are as follows:k .
tta (i) Physical chemistry
. r a tta
(ii) Inorganic chemistry
.r at t a
,
(iii)
w
Organic chemistry (iv) Analytical chemistry
w
ww w
(v) Bio-C-h’emistry
(vi) Applied chemistry or Industrial chemistry
The average atomic mass of three isotopes of NeIs
as folloWs.
w
8. Chemistry:
That branch of science which deals with the structure of matter, composition of

. p k p k
matter, changes of matter and laws and principles which govern these changes is called
. .
tt a chemistry.
Empirical formula:
at t a a t t a
.r r
I

'

9. Lahore (2007)
.
‘

That formula of
w
a substance
w
which gives the simple ratio of the elements present in
ww
CBHnOS is C1H20'1. w
the molecule of a substance. The empirical formula of H202 is HO, of Na202 is NaO and of
w '
.

10. Gram atom: ~

The atomic mass of an element eXpressedIn grams is called the gram atom of an

. p k . p k
element. 12 g of carbon, 56 g of Fe and 238 g of U are gram atoms of carbon, iron and
.
tta atta a
uranium respectively.
t
.rat
11. Gram formula: (Gujranwala 2009)
.r
,

The formula mass of an ionic substance expressed in grams is called as gram

w w
formula of the substance 58. 5 g of NaCl- is gram formula of NaCI. It is not its molecular
w w
.
'

,
12.
w
formula. NaCI does not have molecules.
Gram'Ion:
w
TheIonic mass of anionic substance expressed'In grams is called as gram ion. 17

OHS. Similarly 96 g is 9 ion of SO4@

gram ion of
. p
g is
13. k Gram molar mass:
. p (Bahawalpur 2008, Gujranwala 2009)k .
t ta The molar mass of a
at
substance t a ..
expressed in grams is called gram molar mass.
a t t a
. r
342 g is gram molar mass of glucose. 98 g is gram molar mass of H2804.
w . r
14.
.- ww
Heteronuclear‘diatomic molecule: ~
(VD.G. Khan 2011)
'

A molecule having two different atoms of two elements .is called heteronuciear.
w ww
diatomic molecule. H '— CI, H — Br, H — i, CO ~ NO etc are heteronuciear diatomic
molecules.

pk pk
 ww ww

. p k . p k
tta . r a tta .r a tt a
w ww w ww

. p k . p k
tta .ra tta .r at t a
w w ww
w w

. p k . p k
tta .ra tta .r a t t a
w w ww
w w

. p k . p k
tta .ratta .r a t t a
w w w w
w w

. p k . p k
tta . r a tta .r a t t a
www ww w

. p k . p k
tta ra tta r a t ta
 (Chapter 1] Basic Concepts
ww -
r

"
ww .
‘

7
,
27. Molecular formula: ,
. (2012)“
That formula of a substance which gives us the kinds and total number of atoms
‘

pr
k k
'

p p
.

tta . ta .
present in the molecule of a substance. KMnO4 is molecular formula of potassium per
t a .
rat t
managanate
'

.ra
‘
.

w.
28. Molecular'ion: '
(Sahiwal 2014)
w
-

ww w
'
Any molecular species having positive or negative chargeIs called molecular' Ion
®
MnO ,CrZO
4,
®
7
are moleculesIons CH4Is a molecularIon
.

w
Molecule: (2011) (D.G. Khan 2014) pr
'
29. Bahawalpur (2008)
The smallest particle of a substance which can exist independently is called a

. p k molecule. C02, NH3, H20 show one molecule of each of them

.p k .
tta tta a
30. Polyatomic molecule:

a
A molecule having more than two atoms is called polyatomic molecule. C12H22011
r r at t
.i's polyatomic molecule of sugar. .
w isotope: w .
31.
ww
Relative abundance of an
The percentage of an isotope of an element relative to other isotope of the same
‘

element is called relative abundance Of isotope. 350! is 75. 53% and 35C! is 24. 47% in
w w
nature.
32. Relative atomic mass: D.G. Khan (2013)

. p k . p k
It is the mass of one’atom‘of an element compared with the mass ’of one atom of
.
tt a at t a
carbon taken as 12. The relative atomic mass of H, O, and U are 1 .0794, 15. 9994 and
a t t a
238. 024 amu respectively.

w .r . r
Stoichiometric amounts.
ww
33.‘
w
-
.

The amounts of reactants and productsIn a balanced chemical equation are called
- w
'stoichiometric amounts 12 g of C, 32 g of 02 and 44 g of C02 are stoichiometric amountsIn w
the reaction C + 02 ~—~+ C02.
34. Stoichiometric calculations: '
Faisalabad (2008) '
’

.pk p k
'Those calculations which are based on' stoichiometry are called stoichiometic
'

tta . .
atta ta
calculations. These calculation can be done on the basis of mole- mole, m.ole-wt mole-

.r .rat
volume etc. 3.
,

35. Stoichiometry:
'

w w -

D.G. Khan (2013)

That branch of chemistry which deals with the quantitative relationship between
w w
36. Structural formula:
w
reactants and productsIn a balanced chemical equationIs called
stoichiometry. w
That formula of a substance which giVes us the relative position of atoms and
groups the molecule of a substance along With its bond lengths and bond anglesIs called
in

. p ~

k . p k
structural formula. The structural formula of CH4Is tetrahedral having certain bond lengths
.
t ta and six bond angles as 109. 5°.
at t a a t t a
37. Theoretical yield:
w . r . r
The amount of the product calculated from balanced chemical equation is called
_

ww
theoretical yield. it is calculated fromthe balanced chemical equations by the basic
principles of stoichiometry. ln 2H2 + O) ——-———+ 2HZO, 1g of H2 combines with 16 g of 02 w ww
to give 18 g of H20. This 18 g of H20. is theoretical yield of H20.

pk pk
 8_ ' ‘
IImi Objective Chemistry Part-I
k k
.

ta . p38.‘ Yield.
ta . p t a
t '

. rat
The amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction is known as yield of

.ra t
reaction or yield of the product. The yield is of two types i..e theoretical and actual.
w ww
Theoretical yield is calculated from balanced chemical equation but actual is a
experimental quantity.w
 . p k . p k .
tta . r a tta . rat t a
w ww ww
w

. pk .p k .
tta at t a t t a
w .r w.ra
ww w w

. p k . p k .
tta . r atta . rat t a
w w
ww ww
 '
'. ww ww I

21
[Chapter 1] Basic Concepts
' '7 '
.

(bf/‘05:!) on molecules of a
compound the vapour phase
in
(J :10 (3001). The
. p k examples may be COG),N29 , C2H4® , 026) , CH4®
. p k .

tta 0.4;
a
.rgaggle-J”0/400)“an .rtta
a t a
The atomic masses may be"In fractions. Why? (Lahore 2004,
t
2008, Lahore 2008, Multan 2008, Lahbre 2008, Sarg. 2009, B.Pur 2009)
AJK 2005, Multan

w w -4

Ans:
'

ww ww
Most of the elements have isotopes (Jain/T). Each isotopes contributes its atomic
masses. Hence the average of atomic masses of isotopes will be definitely in
fractions (:7 d/b’f)Anyhow the monoisotopic elements have also fractional
atomic masses.
k k
'

. p . p
tta 0.5 Why positively
.ra tta
Isotopes and their Identification
charged'Ions of isotopes are passed through magnetic field .r at t a
ww w '
in the mass spectrometer?
w w w
Y9blglxl/UJLung-ébi"ci/‘fi/‘EJLJG‘ITLBGJQQ£01,317
I

-5

Ans: -The positively charged ions bend perpendicular (LQI'M) to the

e'o‘ining lines of the
two poles, when passed through the magnetic field (uly bu). In this way,

k magnetic field gives semICIrcular path xI/Jfw

k to'Ions, Scatters b: [er them
. p . p
tta tta t a
0n the basis of m/e values and compels(0/1255) them to fall on the electrometer.
_

Electrometer records them

.ra .r a t
0.6
w w
What is the function of electrometer in separation of isotopes in mass
w w
w
spectrometer? (Gujranwala2008, Fd. Abad 200.9, M. pure 2012, Multan 2013)
tgrb’lft’electrometerrfiqut'fafi"),$173105; it; at
w .-6

Ans: -

When positively charged ions of different isotopes fall upon the electrometer
(IIIIL/LtggfLJb-LuI/ig) then current is produced proportional (o/b) to the
. p k . p k
number ofIons falling upon that. In this way, the relative abundance((a/dtar) of

tta QJ a tta
these isotopes can be rec0rded,'In the form of peaks on the graph.
.r(r/Eafid’baLlifiaf) .r a t t a
ww w
What is mass spectrum or mass spectrograph?

w
'

w w (Guj. 201,3)

_
9+bnng/C/‘EdtgrgI/l -7

Ans: a graph which is plotted between m/e of the positive ions on x-axis and the
It is

(.fitm)
.pk k
relative abundance of the isotopes (% age) on y-axis. This graph is.

. p
tta tta a
plotted With the electrometer and system'Is computerized
‘

0.8
‘

r a r a t t
How does the change of either electric field or magnetic field help us to

w . w.
record the isotopic separation by mass spectrometer? (Multan 2013)
.

rsz/w w
JJ/JJJTL)L/ (”-L/112/uiIng-ib
22 ww bi'mIJ4tJt}!:}Et/L -8
m Hr -

E,
.

Ans: Since *9— _= when the magnetic field H increases, radius of curvature

()3 .Jwi b’duf) r decreases and a particular ion falls at different position on

pk pk
 ww ww

. p k . p k
tta .ra tta .r a tt a
w w ww
w w

. p k . p k
tta .ra tta .r a t t a
w w ww
w w

. p k . p k
tta .ratta .r a t t a
w w w w
w w

. p k . p k
tta .ra tta .r a t t a
w w w w
w w

. p k . p k
tta . r a tta .r a t t a
www ww w
 [Chapter 1] Basic Concepts ww peaks
'
23 ww
0.13 What'Is the reason for two equally strong in the mass spectrum for
bromine, while for iodine only one peak at 127 a.m.u is indicated?
(Bahawalpur Board 2007, B. P. 2008)

. p kY94:g.+peakwcxjd/leé-w44utxid/peak5muair/‘EJLL
. p k .
tta a a -13
t t Br2 ,

Ans.
. r a t . r at
Bromine has two; isotopes, whiCh are almost equally abundant (tn/.11. (co-7’)

w w w
Therefore, mass spectrometer gives two equally strong peaks. Iodine is mono-
w
w(agi/vafi),
0.14
w
isotopic so only one peak is obtained in the mass spectrum.
No individual neon atom in‘the sample of the element has a mass of 20.18
a.m.u. Why? (Mirpur-2006, Model Paper-200607, F.Abad 2007, SP. 2008, Multan
2012, Bahawalpur2.012, F. Abad 2012, B. Pure 2013, Guj. 2013, Lhr 2014, Guj. 2014)

. p k ruxfimus’zo.k amuwIIf-Irfiofziue
. p .
18 .14

tta Ans.
t
ora 3
t a a t t a
Neon has three isotopes of atomic masses 20, 21 and 22 with relative abundances
(ca/dbl))as 90
.
w (.«4 a ww
.r
92%, 26% and 32%.

w 2018 a. m. u.
I

The relative atomic mass of neon comes out to be 20.18 m. u. 80 is

w .
Jim/I!) w
the average atomic mass
atom of Ne with this atomic mass.
of all the three isotopes and there is no
-

Empirical And Molecular Formula

. p k 0.15
. p k .
Define empirical formula and how it is related to molecularformula?

tta .

'

. r ttapr.
a(JI/grins/£04215: [7JIinwéAl.ra
D.G. Khan 2013, Multan 2013, D.G. Khan 2014, t t a
(Faisalabad Board 2004, Lahore 2007, Multan 2008, Multan 2008, B.Pur 2009, Multan 2011, F. Abad 2012, Gu). 2013,
2014, Multan 2014, Guj. 2014, F. Abad 2014, B. Pur 2014)

w w
92.963;
w w -15
Ans:. w
(as? fit)
If
(dink)
The simplest
in
w
fermula of a substance which tells us the ratio of atoms
the .molecule of a substance is called empirical formula.
M.F. = n(E.F.).

. p k . p k
E.F. of benzene is CH, but M.F. is CsHs. Therefore M.F. = 6(E.F.)
H20, C02, H2804, KMnO4 have same'molecular are empirical formulas.
.
tta 0.16
. r atta
One mole of H2504 should completely react with two moles of NaOH. How
does Avogadro’ 5 number help to explain it?(Fed--2006, F. D--2006) .ra tta
w w w w
bid/tau:gig/1L)J/KJ)JlL/1~erfridJL/fuLNaOHJ/J{“2804 -16
w w -Lt'f
‘

‘
Ans: .
The balanced chemical equation between H2804 and NaOH.
"
H2804 + 2NaOH ———> Na2804 + 2H20

. p k p k
One mole of H2804 releases (t/CUI’) two moles of H+ in the solution. it needs two
. .
t ta tta (iLILJ
moles of OH“ ions for complete neutralization
a t t a
0.17
(pr. 2005, pr.w.r
NaCl has 58.5 amu as formula mass and not the molecular mass. Justify it.

w
2007, Multan 2009, Sarg. 2009) .ra
w w
.

Ans:
w _q/m05erJL)r?L5/JI,-¢58.5
NaCI is a ionic compound.
w it
amu I/LIJr'JGKNaCl
has no molecules in the crystal structure
-17

(Lnd/étdost/Ijg) So, 585 am. cannot be called as Its molecular mass _

k k
 ww ww

. pk . p k
tta at t a tt a
w.r w .ra
w w w w

. p k . p k
tta .ra tta .r a t t a
w w ww
w w

. p k . p k
tt a at t a a t t a
w .r . r
w w www

. p k . p k
tta .r atta .r a t t a
w w w w
w w

. p k . p k
t ta at t a t t a
w . r w .ra
ww w w

.p k .pk
 ww ww

. pk . p k
tta ta t a
w .rat w .rat
w w w w

. p k . p k
tta .ra tta .r at t a
w w ww
w w

. p k . p k
tt a at t a a t t a
w .r . r
w w w ww

. p k . p k
tta .ra tta .r a t t a
w w w w
w w

. p k . pk
t ta at t a a t t a
w.r . r
ww www

.p k .pk
 ww
[Chapter 1] Basic Concepts .
ww _
25
Ans: The molar mass of H3PO4 is 98 amu 9.8 g of H3PO4 is 0.1 moles. 1 molecule of
.

H3PO4 has SHE). Hence the number 0le+ ions in0 1 moles of H3P04 is 1/1_ 0th of

. p k . p 3 k
Avogadro'5 numbermultiplied with I. e. 3 x 6. 02 x 1022~- 1 806 x 1023.

tta 0.23
'

S. T. P?
at a
What is the mass and number of molecules of C02In 0.224 dm3 of CO; at
t a tt a
w.r
YaénflfiJ/rglzmuburl S.T.P KO. 224 dm3£lv
w .
:mab‘C/JKr -23

w w w w
Ans: 1.0.22415 1/100th of one molar volume at S.T.P. Hence the" number of molecules will
(.9 air) ofAvogadro's number i.e., 6.02 x 1021, and mass will be
be 1/100th.a>
44/100= 0.44 g.
0.24 Define Avogadro' 5 number? How does it relate to the masses of chemical

. p k subStanCes?
. p k
(Gulranwala zoos M 2009, B.,P2012 one Khan 2013, a Pur2014, Multan 2014)
tta ta
Y9fib)’gfril«£dfifl:-¢/4}J/hzgfl
t t t a
I

~24

Ans: it is
.r a . r a
the number of atoms, molecules or ions in one gram mole of an element,
w (IffJl/r) ww
ww
compound and ion. One gram mole (c.4141: of the substance is the
w
.

atomic mass, molar mass or ionic mass taken in gra It means that the number
.

of the species (44%) is related'with the masses ( _'~ ) of the species. 23 g of Na

and 238 g of U have equal number of atoms in them.

. p k 0.25
. p k
What'Is the number of covalent bonds'In 8 g of CH4?
mWfiJJ-mewch/s
(B P. 2008)

tt a t t a
a bonds t
a' t a ..25
Ans:

w r
8 g of CH4Is 0.5 moles
. of CH4. it

w . r
has four bonds, so the total number of
has 3. 01 x 1023
Is
molecules of CH4. Each molecule
4 x 3.01 x 1023: 12.04 x 1023-

Q.26 w w
1.204 x1024.
w w ‘
,

Two grams of H2, 169 of CH4 and 449 of C02 occupy separately the volumes
g
-

of 22. 414 dm3 at STP although the sizes and masses of molecules of three
gases are very different from each other. Give reason.
(Model Paper-2006--07, Lahore 2012)

. p k
Maia/mu. . p k
tta a ulf’l/d/flgléunrulfuto atta
u’2#224141, S.T.PJCOzrlf444CH4rl/16«Hzrl/nggflf -26

a t t
-wfl
w .r
.

(are?) w .r
ww ww
Ans: One mole of an ideal gas at S.T.P occupies a volume of 22.414 dm3.
Sizes and masses of molecules of different gases do not affect the Volume.
Normally (/7145 (la) it is known that in the gaseous state, the distance between the
molecules is 300 times greater than their diameter ()5). Therefore two grams of H2,
169 of CH4 and 44g of C02 (1 mole of each gas) separately (.17! J!) occupy a

. p k . pk
volume of 22.4 dm3. This is called molar volume (Vm).

t ta Q2?
att a in
4.-9g of H2804, when completely ionized water have equal number of
a t t a
.r
positive and negative charges, but number of positively charged ions are
w . r
w w
twice the number of negatively chargedIons. Give reason.
w
(Lahore 2012, Sarg. 2014) ww
.upgdn/i/JiflJijbwuldicta/{JrJ:’74111’JIJL314JH2504r1f49 -27
-Lfflzvr..
guacalfidlf id’le’J/ TJ
. p k . p k
ta ta ta
 ww ww

. pk . p k
tta at t a tt a
w.r w .ra
w w w w

. p k . p k
tta .ra tta .r a t t a
w w ww
w w

. p k . p k
tt a at t a a t t a
w .r . r
w w www

. p k . p k
tta .r atta .r a t t a
w w w w
w w

. p k . p k
t ta at ta t t a
w .r w .ra
ww w w

.p k .pk
 ww
[Chapter 1] Basic Concepts
2

ww _
27
4/21/05 -¢/12)lflJ/l/z1:lp® e,eu.‘.CO N2 -31
‘Ans: No. of electrons in N2 7
— 1,4 number of
N2 - _7 + — 14 and 7
.pk .pk
— 7 + in
protons ,

.
_

number of neutrons (14 7+7:

7): 14.

tta t ta
In CO number of electronsIn C= 6, number of electronsIn
electrons: 6+8:
14.
.r a 8, total number of 0:
.ra tt a
w
Number of protonsIn C: 6, number of protonsIn
w 0:
8, total number of protons—
ww
6+ 8: w
14
Number of neutrons in C = 6, number of neutrons in
w
O— 8, total number of
neutrons=6+8=14.
Q.32 . Calculate the mass in kg of 2. 6 x 1023 molecules of $02. (Faisalabad 2010)

. p k p k
-q/aLWJ-Mfllz. 6 x 102321502
. .
-32

tta Ans:
.
molecule of 802 has massr tta
6.02 x1023 molecules of 802 have mass 64 gm
a = 64 gm
—

.ra t t a
1

w w
ww w
,

64
w
.1

6.02 x1023 molecules of 802 have mass = _"

_

6.02 X 1023
64 x 2.6 x 1023
2.6 x 1023 moleculesot 802 have mass =
6.02 x 1023

. p k 02
. p6k
=
64 x 2.6

.
= 27. 6419

tta 0.33
.rat
ta (pr..ra t t a
One mole of H2304 should completely react with 2 moles of NaOH. Justify it.
2009)

w w w w
’.u’/al.‘5"-wi/t-ftrldJ/JidftfiJTNaOHJKZAIH2304dr‘1 .33
Ans: w
NaOH are needed to give 2NA AH 9
w
According to balanced equation. 1 mole of H2804 give 2N2
Ht Ions. So 2 moles of

Stoichiometry, Limiting Reagent and Yield

. p k '
0.34
. p k
How‘can the efficiency of a chemical reaction be expressed?
.
tta tta
(Gujranwala Board 2005, Lahore 2007, Lahore 2014)

. r a vaa‘cJflwé’tfifiw’flwg.ra
tta '

w w -34

Ans;
ww w w
The efficiency (672/16) of a' chemical reaction can be expressed (cf/20;) by the
percentage yield (mug/M) of the chemical reaction. Percentage yield depends
upon the ratio of actual yield (M2960) and theoretical yield (An/5761‘) ,

actual yield
%yield—- theoretical yield X 10
1'

. p k . p k .
tta tta a
g of oxygen to give CO2. Which is the
'
0.35 11 g of carbon is reacted with 32

a
limiting reactant.
r a t t
(Multan Board 2005, Multan 2008, B. Pur 2009 F. Abad 2013)
r
. C+Oz———) C02
wJJ1-4‘-rlyl‘(fL/d’gidJLdf'rr7rl/3ZIQU(rt/r
w .
Ans:
w
'réwédjumitinguf
w w w
According to the balanced chemical equation, 12 g of carbon should completely
11
y
-35

react (4,1421% Jwéjitj‘fi

with 32 g of- oxygen to gives, 44 grams of C02. 80 32

k k
 ww ww

. pk . p k .
tta ta t a
w .rat w .rat
w w w w

. p k .p k .
tta . r a tta . rat t a
w w
ww ww

. p k . p k .
tt a at t a t t a
w .r w .ra
ww w w

. p k . p k .
tta . r a tta .rat
ta
w w
ww w w

. p k . p k .
t ta at ta a t t a
w .r . r
ww www

.p k .pk .
 ww ww
[Chapter 1] Basic Concepts 29
(d) '
washing 5
(e) drying- (f) crystallization

. p k (2) Side reaction

. p k
(3) Reversibility of reaction
.
tta ‘

ta t a
rat t
0.40 Law of conservation of mass (”LE—wk) has to be obeyed'In stiocniometric
.ra
-

terw w .
calculations.
w
(Lahore 2013)

Ans:
w
quLou/ fi:L<.BIU:’G'Ul1u£4./deWLUJfléd/rfilw
w w
Total mass of reactants must be equal to total mass of products in a chemical
-40

reaction. 80, the calculation (tlfiwtz) can be done for relative amounts of reactants
V

and products' In a chemical reaction -

. p
.

k Q.41
.p k
Define storchiometry. What are its basic assumptions?
.
tta tta a
(Faisalabad 2010, Guj. 2014, Lahore 2014, Lahore 2014)
t
'

. r avwviwdteéw-qfafldkcfl.rat -41'

Ans:
w w w w
(9W
The branch of chemistry which deals with quantitative relationships (flair)
w w (an? JJLJdLJ
between reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation
Hut») Is called stoichiometry .

To perform stoichiometriccalculations following assumptions are necessary:

(i) All the reactants are completely converted into pr.oducts

. p k (ii) No side reactionIs taking place

. p k .
tt a (iii)

at t a
Law of conservation of mass. and law of definite proportionsare obeyed.
a t t a
w.r . r
0.42. The reaction of combustion in atmosphere consumes 02, which is in excess.

w w The 02 or material being burnt?

w wwpr.
(D. G. Khan 2012, Sarg. 2014, B. Pur 2014, B. Pur 2014, D. G. Khan 2014, 2014)

whit02¢L-c_:irJinwllwuui-¢m¢fiirL5Ozfvéiéugtfiw -42

S'LLimiting reactantdfi/

.pk k
Ans: Since 02 is always excess and is left over in the atmosphere. A small part of total
. p .
tta atta
02 can burn the whole material. So burning material is limiting reactant. This is one

.r .rat
of the best example of a reaction which is frequent in our surrounding in which one ta
w w
consume other material completely.
w w
substance is limiting. One of the reactants should be taken in large excess to

w w
-

. p k . p k .
t ta at t a a t t a
w.r . r
w w w ww

.p k .pk .