SOLUTIONS

MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS
, U .

(In, ‘oncentration units of solutions '

mass of solute
'
.1

Molarity (M) =
molar mass of solute x vol. of solution dm3
(1)

number of' moles of solute

?

Molarity (M) ll vol. of solution in dm3

,

mass of solute 1
(2) Molality (m) X
molar mass of solute mass of solvent in
'

kg
number of moles of solute
mass of solvent in kg
(3);
‘
Mole fraction (X) = .
v

Sum of the mole fractions of all the components is unity..

=m
((4)
mass of solute
(5)
. .
Parts per million (p.p.m) x106

.(ii) Raoult’s Law

(6) _
Raoult’s law is defined in three Ways -

-
'
(a) p = p° X1 -

(b) AP = P° X2

A
V

(0) B??- = X2

where: - -

p vapour pressure of solution

= l

p° vapour pressure of pure solvent

=
Ap = lowering of vapour pressure
X1
V
= mole fraction of solvent
. X2 = mole fraction of solute
(7) V
The equation for Raoult’ 3 law, when both components A and B are volatile
_
.
Pl = (p0 A p0 B) XA + p0
B

(iii) Molar mass by the loWering of vapour pressure

AB
_ W_2)< M1
—
p° M—z xW41

'205‘
 .206. lImi Objective ChemistryPart-l

.or M2— x
‘
Ap W
where: .‘ _'

W2 = mass of solute
W mass-of solvent
‘

=
,,

M2 " = molar mass of solute

M1 = Vmolarmassnof solvent _

Ap = 'loWeringiofi/apourpressure' .

"po = vapour pressure of pure solvent

(iV) Molar mass by the elevation of boiling point and depress:
"
'
freezing point
Equation for the determination of molar mass by the elevation of boiling point and
,
depression of freezing point:
1000W2
'ATb
.
= Kb;
M2W1
.

»__Kl 1000W2
or _
Mr -A_Tb' .Wt.
1000: W2
=
AT,‘ KIWI? WI-
-
KMOOOWZ
”'2‘_ '

_
ATIWt
where: ' .

W2 -

=_ mass of solute
,

W1 =‘ mass of solvent
M2: molar mass of solute
M1: molar mass of solvent
ATb : elevation of boiling point
Kb = moialbdiling point constant of solvent
'

ATI = depression of freezing point

Ki = moiai freezing point constant of solvent
METHOD TO SOLVE THE NUMERlCALS
In order to calculate the percentage composition of solutions we should know the
mass or volume of the solute and the mass or volume of the solution. The ratio of
these two masses is multiplied with 100.
To calCulate the molarity, we should know the mass of solute, molar mass of solute
'

and the volume of solution in dm3.

. To calculate the moiaiity,. we should know the mass of the solute, molar mass of
‘

the solute and mass of solventIn kg.

in order to calculate the mole fractions of the components, we should know the
number of meles of the component and total number. of moles of the solution.
in order to get the parts per million of a solute, We should know the mass of solute
and the mass of solution The ratio of these two masses is multiplied with one‘
million
 '
[Chapter 9] Solutions .207
'
-- .
'

(6) Conversions of weight/weight "/9 to molality:

Fromthe weight/weight %, we calculate the number of moles of solute For this
'

purpose the mass of soluteIs divided by itsvmolar mass. The mass of solventis
'
converted into. kg. The number of moles of solUte divided by the mass of solvent in
'
kg gives the molality of the solution.
(7) Conversion of weight/weight "/o to molarity: (when densityIs given):
With the help of density of the solution, we convert the volume of 100 cm3 of
,
solution into mass of solution. With the help of percentage, we can calculate the
_
mass of solute. From the mass of solute we get the number of moles, the number
,
of molesIs the molarity.
To get the vapour pressure of solutions first of all get the number of moles of
’ ’

.
(8)
'
solute and solvent. in this way, get the mole fraction of solvent This mole fraction
is multiplied by vapour of pure solvent to get the vapour pressure of
pressure
.
Solution.
(9) To calculate the molar masses of non--volatile, non—electrolyte Solutes, we use the
'.

following equations of lowering of vapour of and

pressure, elevation boiling point
‘

of freezing point
depression
,

M2
_

_- 9: W2 X M1
, Ap WI
.

_K_b 1000
W___2
M2 __
:ATb W1

fi
‘
'
1000 W2
M2 _
—
ATI’ W1
.

DEFlNlTlONS _
_

(May be used in Short questions with examples)

(1) Azeotropic mixture.
'
(Gujranwala--2006, B. Pure 2012, I16. Khan 2014, Sarg. 2014)

|
That mixture of the two components which boils at. constant temperature and
distills over without changeIn composition at any pressure is called azeotropic mixture. This
is also called azeotropic solution. H20 and C2H5OH give an azeotropic mixture which boils

at 78.15°C This is lower than 100°C and 78 5°C both.

, (2) Golligative properties: (B. Pur 2014)
.
Those properties of dilute solutions, which depend upon the number of solute
particles These properties are defined when solutes are non-volatile, non- electrolyte, and
the solutions are dilute. Lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of B P., depression of F. P
and osmotic pressure are its examples ,

"
(3) Completely miscible liquids.
Those pairs of liquids, which mix with each other in all proportions are called
completely miscible liquids. H20 and ethyl alcoholIS the pairwhichIs compIetely miscible
(4) Concentration units.
Those units of Solution which tell us the relative amounts of solute and the solvent
in a solution. These are % composition, molarity, molalily, mole fraction, normality and ppm.
Conjugate solutions.
'

(5) (Guj. 2014) ,

Two solutions of same two components which are not miscible with each other,
'

and they have different compositions under the given conditions of temperature. Water and
 208
'
Ilmi Objective Chemistry Part-I
‘
'

phenol make two solutions One is solution of water in phenol and other phenol in water.
-

They form separate layers. The layer of lower densityis upper one
Consulate temperature (Multan 2005, Guj. 2014)
'

(6)
That temperature at which two conjugate Solutions merge into one another. It is
also called upper consulate temperature or critical solution temperature. Water and phenol
make conjugate solution but they merge into a single phase at 65 9°C.
(7) Continuous solubility curve:
That graph between temperature and Solubility of a substance, which shows
regular change of solubility with temperatUre is called continuous solubility curve. The
goes on increasing continubusly and a
solubility of KNO3In water continuous curve is
_ obtained '

(8) Cryoscopy:
The depression of freezing point of a solvent when a non——volatile soluteIs added
.into that When 1 mole urea is dissolved in 1000 g of H20, the F. P of water becomes
—1.86°C.
(9) Depression of freezing point:
Is the decrease of freezing point of a solvent by the addition of non-volatile solute
it
it
into the Solvent Is also called cryoscopy. The F P of waterIs depressed when glucose is
-

dissolvedIn it. .

(10) Discontinuous solubility curve: ' ' '

That graph between temperature and solubility of a substance which shows

sudden changes of solubilities with temperature Na2804.10H20 shows discontinuous
,
solubility curve. 4
.

(11) Elevation of boiling point:

It is the rise of the boiling point of the solvent by the addition of a non- volatile

it
soluteIn a volatile solvent. Is also called ebullioscopy. H20 boils at 100. 52°C when 180 9
glucoseIs dissolvedIn 1000 g of H20.
Formality:
'
(12)
'

ItIs the number of the formula weightsIn grams dissolved dm'3 of a solution. 58.5
g of NaCl dissolvedIn 1000 g of H20 gives one formal solution.
Fraction distillation:
’

(13)
‘

It is the separation of the components of a liqUid mixture on the basis of difference

of boiling points by repeated distillation Benzene and toluene can be separated by this
method.
. (14) Heat of solution:
It is the amount of heat which is absorbed or evolved when one mole of solute is
dissolvedIn large excess of solvent at a given temperature The heat of solution of AgN03
is +22 77 kJ mol 1.
(15) Hydrate:
ltIs a crystalline substance which contains chemically combined water in definite
’

proportions AlCl3. 6H20Is a hydrate. 7

,

(16) Hydration: '

(Sarg. 2010, Multan 2012)
it is the process in which H20 molecules surround and interact with the particles of
the solute. CuSO4Is hydrated with 5H20 to give CUSO4. SHZO.
(17) Hydration energy. (Federal 2013, B..Pur 2014)
’

it is the amount of energy liberated during the process of hydration. Na is

hydrated and evolves 390 kJ of energy. But the hydration energy of Li is much greater due
to small size and greater charge density
 210‘ ,
' ' ‘
limi Objective Chemistry Part-I
Parts
(30) per million (ppm).
(Lahore 2009, Sargodha 2010, Sarg. 2011, 0.6. Khan 2013, pr. 2014, Sahiwal2014)
ItIS the number of parts by weight or volume of a solute pert million parts by weight
Mass of solute
or volume of a solution

(31) Phase.
7
ppm: _Ma$ of solution x
10 +6

fixed
sample of matter with uniform properties,
A composition and uniform
throughoutIs called a phase. NaCl dissolvedIn water gives us a single phase solution.
(32) Positive deviation from Raoult’5 law:
When a graphlS plotted between composition and vapour pressure of solution and .

the a solution shows the maximum point for their vapour pressure value then such Lm-

solutions are said to show positive deviation from the Raoult' 3 law. H20 and ethanol show‘
positive deviation from Raoult' s law
“Jam

. (33) Raoult’s law: »

Roault’3 lawIs definedIn three ways: '

(a) The vapour pressure of the solution is directly proportional to the mole
-s-

fraction of the solvent p= p° X,

the mole
(b) .The lbwering of the vapour pressure is directly proportional to
fraction of the solute.
_ Ap= p° X2
(0) The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the

solute. AP? = X

(34) Saturated solution:

ItIs that solution
contains maximum amount of the soluteIn a solution at a
Which
given temperature. The solution cannot accommodate the amount of solute more than that
under the given conditions.
(35) Solubility: (D.G. Khan 2013, Guj. 2014)
it is the amount of solute dissolved in .100 gm of the solvent to form a saturated

solution at a given temperature. The solubility of NaCl in water at 25°C is 35.9 g/100 ml..
(36) Solubility curve: (Guj. 2014)
it
Is a graphical representation between temperature and solubility of a substance.
It may be rising or falling, continuous or discontinuous
' ‘

(37) Solute:
'

The substance in a solution which is to be dissolved in the solution is called solute.

,

It is present in smaller amount as compared to the solvent. When NaCl is dissolved in_ water
'
than NaCl is asolute.‘
Solution:
7

(38)
A homogeneous mixture of two or more than two substances, whose composition
‘

can be varied withIn certain limits. Glucose forms a homogeneous mixture with H20 and
composition can be changed ,

(39) SolvatedIon:
An ion which is surroUnded by the solvent molecules in the solution iscalled a
isolvatedIon. Na(9 and Cle are surrounded by H20 molecules when dissolvedIn water.
(40) Salvation.
The process in which the solvent molecules surround and interactOWith the solute
(ions or moleculesIs called solvation. He undergoes solvation to give H9046)
[Chapter 9] Solutions 211
1

(41) Solvent.
It is dispersion medium in which the solute is dispersed to get homogeneous
mixture. ItIs presentIn greater quantity as compared to solute. SugarIs dissolvedIn water,
where water acts are ‘.so|vent -

I42) True solution.

That solution which is homogeneous throughout and the particles of solute are
uniformly distributed'In the whole solution. NaCl gives true solutionIn water. .

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(EXERICSE OF THE TEXTBOOK)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ANSWERWITH'REASONS
(1) Of pure water 1. (B.Pur 2005, Multan 2009,
(-c)
pr.
.

Molarit1y 18E) 2010, Sarg. 2011, Lahore 2012,

(a) ( ) 18 Lahore 2014, 13.. Fur 2014, Guj. 2014,
(c) 55.5 (d) 6 F. Abad 2014)
>
In order to calculate the molarity of pure-
water, we take 1000 cm3 of water which is
very close to 1000 g of water. So the
number of moles of water in 1000 g of
waterIs
1__0_00
=55..5
18
.

(2) 18 g of glucose is dissolved in 90 g of water. 353:3“??? 2011.

Multan 2014)

The relative lowering of vapour pressure is

fiasslgf)
gI
' :13
’
-

equal to; The relative loweringP is equal to X2.

1
51
.

(a) ‘5 (b) The value 01x2 ”1+2”? »

1
_. i8;
-_ 0-11
.

E (d) 6
—
(c) “2 180
90' -

:
.
n1 = 5
18
»
0.1 0.1 ~
1

5° X2 ='
0.1.+5 z 5.1
=
51
AP 1
Hence —
,
‘ P° .51
(3)_ A solution ofglucose is 10%. The volume in 3012036 (Ezwalngfi;
2007' F. Abad
. . .
an
9 ”go“; Of It IS dissowed M3" be”
-- n

1 I
WW?“ First learn that how % is converted to
(a) dm
‘1 (b) 1.8 dm molarity. The 10 % solution of glucose
( C) 200 cm3 ( d ) 900 cm3 means that 10 g is dissolved in 100 g of
solution. 80, 100 g of glucose is dissolved
in 1000 g of solution. 1000 g of water or
solution is approximately equal to 1000
cm3 of water or solution.
80 100 g of glucose dissolves in water
= 1000 cm3
1 g of glucose dissolvesIn water

1000
‘_ 100 d m
180 g of glucose dissolvesIn water
1000
,
:700- x 180 =1800cm3=1.8dm3

(4) An aqueous solution of ethanol in water has 4. (Ci (Rawalpindi 2007)

Solution of water and ethanol shows
Vapour pressure:
positive deviation from Raouit's law. The
(a) ' equal to that of water
vapour pressures of solutions are greater
»
 r
i
I '

220 ' Chemistry Part-I

IIlmi Objective
'

ANSWERS'TO THE SHORT QUESTIONS -

'
,

Concentration Units of Solutions

0.1 How will you prepare 5%- wlv urea solutionIn water?
(pr. 2009, Faisalabad 2011)
-LJLI:£Jfir5% w/vutdtJ -1

Ans.
'
We dissolve 5 grams of urea and make the total volume of solution as 100 cm3
’

will
’

.212 JatJflrminO Alt/2’

volume
(If
5. In this solution we know the mass of
solute and not the mass or of solution
(2.2 In weightiweight %, we know the masses of solute and solvent but in
weight/volume % age, we don’t know the mass of solvent and that of the
solution. Give comments. (Multan 2008)

JEYJAlL-Jbéfijl/qufiv %Jg-§.rn;;KeJJuJ::¢ArJ,I¢;Jt/J4ut- % -2 ".

Ufa-ah"

Ans: w/w %is weight of the solute dissolved per 100 parts by weight of solution ln 5 °/o
w/w glucose solution, we know the weight of the solute, wt. of the solvent and wt. ti"
of the solution.
In w/v % glucose solution, we dissolves 5 g of glucose is 100 cm3 of solution. 80,
we do not know the final mass of solvent and the weight bf solution.
0.3 The concentration in terms of molality is independent of temperature but
’

'
molarity depends upon temperature How?
(Lahore--,2006 Rawalpindi 2007 Faisalabad 2007, Gui 2009 Faisalabad 2011, Multan 2011, Lahore 2013,
pr 2013)

.91: Ci/rcfo_a.tjn}s)ljl call] endiLLg/le Lfi molalityJ/Jlsfiul 1J2)? -3 '

?J.¢d/1ljl1¢>fl/
Ans: solutions the mass of the solvent and that of the solute are also fixed. The
In molal

masses of the substances are not temperature dependent M4vjlig/J).

in molar solutions we have the volumes of solutions. Volume of a liquid is a
temperature dependent. So the molality is not influenced (tn/‘0») by temperature
but molarity does change.
Q4 The sum of mole fractions of all the componentsIS always equal to unity for
any solution. Justify it.
m. 2008. B.P. 2008, Lahore 2010, Multan 2012, D6 Khan 2012 Faisalabad 2013)
(F. Abad 2003,

-J/ub‘g-c.bn/l/£U(u/(Kr/Jrfiwfrviibciyufz—tvtfflr .4
Ans: Mole fractionIS the ratio of number of moles of one componentto total number of
moles. Hence mole fraction of any substance15 always less than unity. The mole
fractions of three components A, B and C, in 3 solutions are

-nA'+nB_+nc ,, nA+nB+nc nA+nB+nc

Adding these mole fractions ;
'

nA n3 nc
XA+-XB+XC .'= + + = 1
nA+na+nc nA+ne+nc
7

nA+pllB+nC
222 Ilmi Objective Chemistry Part-I

Solubility and solubility curves

as) , Why glucose'Is not solubleIn CCh, but dissolves'In water?
(B. Pure 2012 F. Abad 2014, Guj. 2014)
S'crblgx IJ’ 0:612)? -t'nu“2,25)" tJ.‘.CCl42.vGg
U21, ,
-9
Ans. The molecule of glucose has strong hydrogen bonding due to the presence of five
— OH groups. CCl4 being non- polar molecule cannot break the hyrhogen bonding:

among the glucose molecules. WaterIs a polar selvent, so it breaks the hydrogen
bonding of glucose and dissolves it. Similarly can sugar is not solubleIn benzene.
Q.10 CaClz. 2H20 shows discontinuous solubility curve, when plotted against
temperature. Why? (Lahore 2004, pr.
2008, F. Abad 2012, F. Abad 2014)
rugi+flmvuqrfw¢JJJ19L0JJw8LJfCaCIT2H20 -1o
(Jib
V

Ans: The changes of temperature changes the extent of hydration( (at). The
solubility change with temperature depends upon the number of water molecules
'
in the substance. 7

Q.11 What do you mean by discontinuous solubility curves?

(Model Paper, Lahore 2011, F. Abad 2012, F. Abad 2014)
raw‘rwfinmejgwugqrfwuw 11
Ans. The graph between solubilities (at/2d”) and temperatures may snow a sudden
“—u
change in the direction. Such a graph is called discontinuous solubility curve
'

Ul:(Luv/f 112’ Such curves are the combinations of two or more than two
curves due to the changing behaviour (1112;):432’221’) of that compound.
Q.12 How does fractional crystallization help in removing the impurities from a
pr
'

solid substance? ,
~
(pr.2010,
. 2010, D.G. Khan 2011)
Y‘LB/M{fdthflL/efil/(Ji'jcffgdzngGJZ -12
((1; J‘Iét') is dissolved in hotsolvent. The solute to be
‘

Ans. The impure substance

purified should be less soluble than impurities. When cooling is done, this solute
settles down in the form of crystals and impurities are left behind in the solution.
Filtration is done to get the crystals of the required substance.
Q.13 What is conjugate solution? (Bahawalpur-2006, Lahore 2008, Guj. 2014)
IdnLQfA/Jik
When two partially miscible liquids (Lee—n)”22211522) are mixed two layers are
-13
'

Ans.
produced. They are the solutions of one component into the other. These two
_'solutions have distinct line of demarcation (flJJMw) and are called conjugate
solutions. »

0.14 What"Is effect of

temperature on the conjugate solution of water and phenol?

Ans.
92.2w“51,2222; Kédr’mdt axlrJf-14
Water and phenol are partially miscible They make two distinct((uW’ I29‘ 529‘)
solutions and. two separate layers (J1 JI») at room temperature. ByIncreasing
.

the temperature, the composition of the two conjugate solution change and at
65. 9°C a homogeneous mixture (2165.26) of two componentsIs formed.
)solution
0.15 WhatIs consulate temperature or critical temperature?
(D G Khan 2012)
came-ems
I: 3.222% '-15
 [Chapter 9] Solutions '
’223
’

>

Ans. Partially miscible liquids (VLJLLIILrJ’ m)

(5,2) make two distinct layers of
‘

conjugate solutions. By changin the temperature, the Mo layers become

completely miscible (4.11121? ) and homogeneous solution is produced. This

temperatureIs called consulate temperature.

0.16 How does an increase in temperature may increase or decrease the solubility
of asubstance? (Lahore 2010 Sargodha 2010, D.G. Khan 2013, one Khan 2014)

j $2.6mf’nfc‘fd/ lJvagai—lazgcwlipu -15

Ans: When the heat of solution AHv is positive and such solutions are heated they
dissolve more solutes and the solubility increases. When the heat of solution is
negative, then the heat is being evolved during the formation of solution. When
. such solutions are heated, their solubilities decrease.

Raoult‘s Law
0.17 Give two statements of Raoult’s law?
(Faisalabad 2004, F. Abad 2008, Guj. 2008, F. Abad 2012, F Abad 2014)

Ans.
-J/uuauflfflfuifiéffu -17
(i)The vapour pressure of solventIn the solution state is directly proportional the "

mole fraction of solvent p= p° X1. (ii) Lowering of V. P. is directly portional to the

.
mole fraction of solUte AP = P° X2.
”0.13 The boiling point of one molal urea solution is 100. 52°C, but the boiling point
I
of two molal urea solutionIs less than 101. 04°C. Why?
f:.101.o4°c B.
PKJyrd’rzfixJoo.52°C
3'. P. (Jeri/ydrcgméét -18
YUJSCCJ'J’I
Ans:- Two molal urea solutionIs a concentrated solution (Jinn?)
as compared to one
molal urea solution. The number of molecules of urea in two molal solution are
twice the Avogadro's number but the number of particles which are free to move in
the solution are less than twice (4:_Kc.lf’»l»’J129.12) the Avogadro' 9 number.
Because one dm3 volume'is less to accommodate ZNA molecules of solute and
behave as non--ideal solution to show colligative property. 80 the elevation of B. P.
is not doubled.
0.19 Why the relative lowering of vapour pressure is independent of temperature.
(Faisalabad 2008, Sarg. 2009, Guj. 2009, pr 2009, Lahore 2012, Guj. 2012)

Y9J’UJ/AaaligntfpfifLJdUlfion
~

-19
Ans: ‘
The relative lowering of vapour pressure ( 43w Jew.) and mole fraction of
solute are related as:

.
'
-
fi—E»- X2

Vapour pressure and lowering of

vapour pressure depend upon temperature. 80,
when the temperature of a solution is increased both the factors AP and P°
increase in such a way that the ratio remains the same.
0.20 When we plot a graph between temperature and compositions of binary
liquid mixture, straight line'Is not obtained. We get two curves even for ideal
solutions. Justify It _
(Model Paper-2006-07)
 226 '
Ilmi Objective Chemistry Part-I

Ans. it isthe depression (tbs/3) of freezing point of the solvent,_when one mole of non-
volatile, non-electrolyte solute is dissolved'in 1 kg of the solvent. It is the property
of the solvent (gwtftfiilx) not of the solute. It is denoted by K1. Its value is
1 .86°C for water. a
. _

032 Why Beckmann thermometer is used to note the depression of freezing

point? (Rawalpindi 2007, Multan 2009, Bahawalpur 2011', Guj. 2013, Multan 2014)
twL/JLJHuJfiLj’KyfugfizJ—LLLHIJJFP .32
Ans: Beckmannthermometer can measure up to~ 1/20m of the degree (aflegyum‘g {ti/MS).
The elevation of boiling points and the depressions of freezing points for dilute
solutions are‘very small quantities. Hence, one can measure these very small
'

changes of temperatures.
Q.33 Thelowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point and the
'
_

'
depression of freezing points are called colligative properties. Comment
upon it. (SP. 2008, Lahore 2013, Guj. 2014)
‘

.
-qfei4ai_w¢.uq%rtnfrF.Pmt-Jzmp:txflwoix -33
Ans: Colligative properties are those properties which depend upon the number of
particles of the solute in the solution. If we dissolve equal number of moles
' ’

(Afiw 1J4 Jib») of non-volatile and non-electrolyte solutes in the same quantity of
the solvent, then the lowering vapour pressure, elevation of boils; point and the
of
depression of freezing point will'be the same because the nurter :" :afictes
(”Eliot/“5) are same.
Q.34 Why a non-volatile solute in a volatile solvent lowers the vapour pressure of
solution? .
"
' ,

(futileLei/[Stinglfd’ufid£1lrtfl¢lms=2¢aflrUl:LnJi;ardJ-!t}:alzé’. -34
_
. _~Yc"_(3xu;fiuz/
Ans: The particles "of the solute are distributed (u: a} F" ) throughout zine bulk
(ulLJfirQ/lz) of the solution and some of the particles of the solute are also
present on the surface (45/) of the solution. The number of molecules c‘ :“e solvent
per unit area on the surfaceof the solution become less. Hence the evaporating
tendency (ataxicaulst’) of the solvent decreases and vapour D'ESSJE of solution
becomes less. '

Q35 How the relatiVer lowering of vapour pressure can help us to calculate the
molar mass of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte solute?
V986)?»édL/J’lotfi/r‘fibfirc/fly‘glukultj’lltifiul:.{|v{3'é-J’fyfim’fi -35
Ans: According to the third definition of the Raoult's law, the reiatrre fewe'r; :f vapour
e.

.
Lt

pressure ( dwuxpduls’.) is equal to the mole fraction of the solute

‘
“yr...

A
3? X2 .1},

.~

'
n2 4_ flg
_ -
.
Since X2 —
_n1
m2 n1 _
(n1>>n2)
“W3";

AB .W_2. M4.
30, _ x
p0 M2 W1
' .a

0.
'

his:
 I ~

[Chapter 9] Solutions 227

I

‘ '
,

"W o
Vor M2=W:.M1L
Ap .

canbe calculated.
'

From this equation molar mass

-, 0.36 Why the boiling point of a solution of a non-volatile solute in a volatile
'
solvent is always greater than the boiling point of a pure solvent?
(Model Paper-2006--07, Guj. 2008)
,
nu}! B Pb’t/r’riglotfd’ dull/Jlflluwf“Hyagglumdeuruceg -36

mm»!
Ans: The elevation 0f the boiling point of the solutionIs due to the lowering of vapour
pressure of the solution as compared to the pure solvent. In the case of solution
_

the vapour pressure becomes less. in order to equalize (bf/u) the vapour
~

pressure of the solution to the external pressure (’p (ft)

more temperature
(an; gun?) is required than that in the pure state of the solvent, which causes
(4.02%) elevation of boiling point.
Q37 Why the freezing point of'the solution is always less than the freezing point
of the pure solvent? .

(Mirpure Board 2004, Lahore 2009, Fd Abad 2009, Faisalabad 2011)

runoff/“gr. Metric-LIP.PKJAregl
The depression of freezing point of the solutionIs again due to lowering of
-37
'
Ans: vapour
add/u:
_.

pressure (a. V. P.) of the solution as compared to the pure solvent. A

graph betWeen temperature and vapour pressure shows that the curve for the
-
solution lies below the curve for the pure solvent. The curve for the solution
touches (to?) the curve for the solid phase of the pure solvent at a lower
temperature, than the freezing point of the pure solvent.
Q.38 Prove that the colligative properties like ATb and ATf are inversely
propertional to the molar masses of the solute.
-wangtF-leCt/UrfiridnffiATf,ATpfgeIt-Jflmg/qe -38
Ans: When we look at the mathematical relation between AT» and AT: with M2 of the
solute, then they are as follows
AT. Knvgfmwf
1

SO, ATb V
'
CC

1000 W2
AT1'= K1
W1 X M2
.
j 1
SO, ATf 0C .
M2

when solutions are dilute. Why?

Colligative properties are obeyed
(3.39
(Multan Board 2004)
SUE _ uni/flrwwd/rhawiuwrfl! -39
Colligative prOperties depend upon the number of particles of the solute In dilute
Ans: '

solutions the particles of the solute are for away and independent (03207) from
g
each other and their number is according to the concept of molarity. When the
solutions are concentrated, the two or more than two particles of the solute may
 [Chapter 9]" Solutions . 229 7

Q.45 How the ions are stabilized when a strong electrolyte like NaCl and KCl are
dissolved in H20?
,

-w224grer{frigcw'tmgfkcmNames -45 .

Ans: Strong electrolyte are dissociated to‘the maximum extent (effingicvgj) and
pesitiveand negative ions are produced. These idns are surrounded by the water
molecules as follows Their charges. are satisfied by the solvent molecules. In this
way, they get the stabilities.
0.46 How the forces of attractions between the ions and the solvent molecules
depend upon the charge densities of the ions?
(Model Paper, B. P 2008, B. Pure 2013)
turd/1t»? 14/21! TgtEJuMuyuéjftéedt/m/
Lubé/ Igojx/
-46
Ans: Smaller the size of theIon or greater the amount of the positive charge on the ion,
greater the charge density (u; it»)? (6110) Such ions- have greaterforces of
V

"3,3175?”

-.»-
attractions for the molecules of the solvent. They are solvated (clog/32.2220)
-. more effectively((42.2.)JIL).)Negatrvely chargedIons are bigger'In sizes so they
are not solvatedIn a better Way

Hydration and Hydrolysis

0.47 What are hydrates? How they are formed? Give some examples.
(Azad Jammu Br Kashmir Board 2005, B. P. 2008, Faisalabad 2010, Lahore 2010, D.G. Khan 2012,
D. G. Khan
2013 8 Pure 2013, Faisalabad 2013, Lahore 2014, Lahore 2014)
-JJU" $PYwLC'SJYL/1Lnl/ if114 -47
V

substances (.2 LVfo as) which contain chemically combined

.

Ans: The crystalline

water in definite proportion (Lor’fté) is called a hydrate. They are produced
when aqueous solution of soluble salt is evaporated. Examples are:
MgCIg . 6H20, AlCla . 6H20, Na2COa. 1OH20, CuSO4 . 5H20.
Q48 Why a salt produced from a strong acid and a strong base is not hydrolysed
’

(Lahore 2011, Federal Board 2013)

'
in water?
Ybfu'lu/flfiladlJlrulle/LL/‘Jlbulylnulhfl -48
‘

_
Ans: The positively charged ions like Na K6,,
etc. are derived from strong bases.
These bases are dissociated (u: LIg/csi) almost 100% in water. These positive
ions have least tendencies (CM-1F gr)
to react with H20 molecules. The negatively
charged ions like Cl", Br“ l' 80‘2 etc. are derived from strong acids. These acids

/
are dissociated almost 100 %In water. The negative Ions have little tendencies to reaCt
with H20. in other words, they are not hydrolysedt tit-12$)by H20
0.49 Why a salt produced from a- weak acid and a
strong base gives a basic
aqueous solution like CH3COONa?
(Sargodha 2008, BPur 2009 Guj. 2010, D.G. Khan 2012, B Pure 2013, Gui. 2013)
r212,Uzi-Hydedarg+ulvmfiuwgwfcgCH3c00Na 49
9®
Ans: The salt like CH3_CO ONa is formed from a strong base and a weak acid, It
dissociates in water to give CH3COO® and Na®. Na® does not react with water.
CH3COOQ reacts with water to give CHacO'OH and 0H9. Due to free 0H9 ion
-
the solution is basic.
 230 ' '
llmi Objective Chemistry Part-I ‘

0.50 Explain why CuSOI and NH4CI give acidic solution when put separately in
water? ,

2005, Lahore 2005, Multan 2007, B.Pur 2007, BPur 2009 Sarg. 2009, Guj. 2010, M. Pure 2012,
(pr. Lahore 2012, Sahiwal 2014)

twig/Pr‘rdi;Jacgd’JiJiwéi.» 1 NHCI ”I Cuso4 -5o -

Ans: Cu804Is a salt made up of a eak base, (OH))2 and strong acid H2304. CUSO4
'
ionizes water
in to give Cu and 804 ions. Copper ions are hydrolysed
(U/J’f 4.8L) and He ions are set free in the solution 80 solution is acidic
Similarly NH4C|Is made up of NH4Cl a weak base, and HCl a strong acid Hence
its aqueous solutionIs acidic
0.51 Aqueous solution of salt derived from a weak acid and a weak base may not
be neutral. Why? .
.
.

YNU‘d1:Jlrmbc—u’JI/jflylu/faufldufUfi; -51
Am: lithe pKa and pKI,value of positive and negative are equal, then the solution will be
neutral (5} L119). lf the individual ions have unequal pKa and pKI, values, then
such solutions are not neutral. in case of NHICN the Solution is basic. The reason
is that NH'IIG‘J is a stronger acid and CNG is a-weaker base; in case of NHAF the
solution is acidic, because HF is stronger acid while NH4OH is a weaker base.