Bioregional Development in Bahia de Caraquez: A Study of The Erosion Control and of The Tree Donation Picture of The Planet Drum Greenhouse ENS 2

Tutor: Supervisor:
Florian Delerue Clay Plager Unger

ENSEGID-Bordeaux INP Planet Drum Foundation
Bioregional development in Bahia de Caraquez:

a study of the erosion control and of the tree donation
Picture of the Planet Drum greenhouse
ENS 2 internship report

(15-05-2016 / 02-09-2016)
Nicolas Beriot
Acknowledgments / Agradecimientos
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to
do this Internship. Thank you very much to Florian Delerue whose scientific advices helped me a lot to
do this project. Thanks for his high quality answers, always reactive and detailed.
A special gratitude I give to Clay Plager Unger and Margarita Plager Unger for welcoming me in
the foundation and in their house. Many thank for the helpful support Clay Plager Unger give me during
the internship.
I express my deepest gratitude to the field foreman Orlando Arias for his kindness every day, his
patience and for sharing his knowledge. Many thanks for sharing his vision of nature and help me in
every steps of my internship.
I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation Nesrine Cheata who helped me and
gave me materials to understand the Qgis software.
Many thanks go to Francois Laroque for his help during all the internship topic research and all
the advices he gave me.
I would like to express my gratitude towards the ENSEGID team of International Relations Carine
Grelaud and Sophie Leuleu and the Bordeaux INP team Mathieu Breton-Zamarreño and Fourier
Dominique for the time they accorded me and advices they gave me to prepare my trip. I am highly
indebted to the Conseil Régional d’Aquitaine for the scholarship which allowed me to come in Ecuador.
I thanks with much gratitude and appreciation Laura Lucas and her family for their generosity
and for sharing their joie de vivre. Their explanations about Ecuadorians culture and their vision of life
are very precious. Many thanks to them and their friends for all the moments we had together.
And last but not least I would like to express my gratitude to everybody who helped me during
the field work, a big thank you to Orlando Arias, Mathilde Burguière, Leonela Lucas, Santo Macay, Clay
Plager-Unger.
Deseo expresar mi agradecimiento al responsable del Vivero Orlando Arias por su bondad todos
los días, por su paciencia y su voluntad a compartir su conocimiento. Muchas gracias de hacerme
descubrir su visión de la naturaleza y de acompañarme a todos los nivel de mi proyecto en Ecuador.
Me gustaría agradecer a Laura Lucas y su familia por su amabilidad y por compartir su alegría de
vivir. Sus explicaciones sobre la cultura ecuatoriana y su visión de la vida son muy valiosas. Muchas
gracias a ellos y a sus amigos por los muy buenos momentos que compartimos juntos.
Mi sincero agradecimiento a todas las personas que me ayudaron durante los estudios en el
campo, muchas gracias a Orlando Arias, Mathilde Burguière, Leonela Lucas, Clay Plager-Unger, Santo
Macay.
Preamble
This report is the result work of a 2nd year engineering student. This document is the same as
submitted by the engineering student and does not contain any corrections or comments from ENSEGID.
Therefore, this report is to be considered as coursework.
2
Contents
Acknowledgments / Agradecimientos .......................................................................................................... 2

Preamble ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Bioregional development, the example of Bahia de Caraquez ............................................................. 5

1.1 Bahia ecoregion ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Bahia Ecocity.................................................................................................................................. 9
1.3 Planet Drum Foundation ............................................................................................................. 10
2. Revegetalisation of the dry tropical forest: study of erosion control ................................................. 13

2.1 Principle ....................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Protocol ....................................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Results and interpretations ......................................................................................................... 27
2.4 Discussions and further work ...................................................................................................... 31
2.5 Conclusion of the erosion study .................................................................................................. 33
3. Population ecoregional awareness: study of the survival rates of given trees ................................... 34
3.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 34
3.2 Protocol ....................................................................................................................................... 34
3.3 Conclusion of the survival rate study .......................................................................................... 37
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 38
Bibliography................................................................................................................................................. 39
Annexes ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
Table of annexes.......................................................................................................................................... 99
Table of figures .......................................................................................................................................... 101
Table of contents ....................................................................................................................................... 102
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... 104
3
Introduction
Almost every land on earth is owns by a country which administrates it and take advantage of it.
To organize its development, the land is often divided in smaller pieces. One way to think all these
compartments is with the bioregional vision.
Bioregionalism claims that each of this division should follow the logic of the ecosystem living on
the land to foster sustainable development. In that way a bioregion is defined in terms of “the unique
overall pattern of natural characteristics that are found in a specific place” (1). The main features are a
continuous geographic terrain, a particular climate, soil and water resource characteristics, native
plants and animals, cultures of inhabitants. The goal of bioregionalism is to create a territory where
inhabitants have a better understanding of their environment and where specific management methods
are developed (8). For example the bioregion definition point out the limits of the resources, the carrying
capacities of the land, the places where it must not be stresses; the places where its bounties can best be
developed. This also permits to identify the ecologically adaptive cultures of early inhabitants and
reinhabitants attempts to harmonize in a sustainable way with the place where they live (1).
In that term bioregional vision takes into account the social, environmental and economical
aspects of the development. In that term it leads to a sustainable development.
Bioregion concept was highly promoted since the 70s by Peter berg, the Planet Drum Association
founder.
The internship takes place on the pacific coast of Ecuador in the bioregion of Bahia de Caraquez
(fig.1). After a presentation of the bioregion and the bioregional development willpower of Bahia de
Caraquez, two specific points of the Planet Drum association activities involved in bioregional
development are detailed.
One of the management concerns of Bahia bioregion is to deal the erosion of bare slopes. The
main hazards are the accumulation of material which can damage infrastructures downhill and the
destabilization of soil which can conduct to landslides. A sustainable solution provided by Planet Drum is
to replant native trees on these slopes (16). An experiment is done to figure out how much erosion can be
avoided as a result of revegetation efforts. This erosion study relies on the erosion rate comparison
between area with trees and bare slopes. The erosion rate is evaluated by a comparison of topographic
measurement year after year. The point is to draw precisely and with an easily reproducible protocol the
initial situation of study areas. All tools are given to continue the study the following years. The study
tries to get involved local volunteers to foster the durability of the study and to make inhabitants actor
of their environment.
Bioregional development relies on the understanding that inhabitants have about their
environment and their wish to preserve it. It appears that most of Bahia inhabitants live in the city (9)
where the urban infrastructures don’t facilitate to understand the ecosystem of the bioregion. Planet
Drum wants to rise the people environmental awareness by giving them trees to plant (16). In Planet
Drum point of view, giving trees, especially fruit trees, is a way to get people interested about their
bioregion, to show them that they can take advantage of preserving the natural environment. In fact
fruit trees provide them food and forest trees can be source of wood for house building. This is a first
step to discuss about soil resource, water resource, biodiversity and sustainable development. The
efficiency of donation champagne can be estimated by the number of trees which survives after
donation. A protocol is proposed to estimate the survival rate of donated tree.
4
1. Bioregional development, the example of Bahia de Caraquez
1.1 Bahia bioregion
Bahia de Caraquez is located on the estuary of river Chone. Three main ecosystems are present:
-The estuary
-The ocean coast
-The inside land
These three ecosystems are visible on the map of biomes of Ecuador (fig.1) (18) : The city is Located
at the vicinity of the Pacific Ocean, the Mangrove biome and the Dry Tropical Forest biome.
(18)
Figure 1: Map of biomes of Ecuador
5
To present the bioregion of Bahia de Caraquez, the six main aspects of an bioregion should be detailed :
 Climate
The climate is dry tropical, there is two seasons (fig.2):
- 5 months of wet season, from January to May.

The precipitations and temperature are high
- 7 months of dry season, from June to December.

Temperature decrease and the precipitations are very low, less than 35 mm in average for the all
period
180 26,5
Average Precipitation [mm]
160 26
Average Temperature [°C] 25,5
Precipitation [mm]
140
Temperature [°C]
120 25
24,5
100
24
80
23,5
60 23
40 22,5
20 22
0 21,5
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
month
(17)
Figure 2 : Average precipitation (27 years of record) and temperature (13 year of record) for Bahia de Caraquez
 Landscape
Every ecosystem has a different landscape:
- The estuary is mainly composed of sand beaches and flat zones of mangrove.
- The ocean coast is composed of cliffs and sand beaches.
- The inside land is mainly composed of hills and valleys.
6
 soil
The engineering department of “Universidad Catolica”
has conducted a soil study at the vicinity of the university. The
University is located in the south-east of Bahia de Caraquez,
Planet Drum has a greenhouse on the land. Three 30m deep
holes were dug and samples were taken every meter (fig.3). The
engineer in charge indicates that the soil is composed from the
top to the bottom of:
- 14m of yellow clay with limestone shelves
- 10m of green clay with reduced organic matter
- 6m of yellow clay with organic matter
As a first assumption this description can be used for the

valley of the inside land. The soil appears to be composed of
poorly graded sandy gravel in the hills.
Soil at the vicinity of the river can be roughly described as Figure 3: Drilling pit in the greenhouse,
loamy-sand and the soil near the coast is mostly sand. . Universidad Catholica
 Water
The main water elements are the Pacific Ocean and the river Chone. Water supply comes
from groundwater extracted from the hills.
 Flora y Fauna
The flora y fauna of inside land is characteristic of the dry tropical forest.
A non-exhaustive list of the wild species observed in the dry forest during the field study is given
(fig.4 and 5):
Palo Santo, Ceibo, Ceiba trichastandra Algarrobo, Prosopis pallida

Bulnesia sarmientoi
Figure 4: Trees of the dry tropical forest
7
Blue-crowned Motmot, green iguana, Iguana iguana Inca Dove, Columbina inca
Momotus momota
Figure 5: Fauna of the dry tropical forest
Estuary and ocean coast also are specific ecosystems. However some species can be found in
both. Figure 6 gives an example of bird species repartition for coast and estuary repartition.
picture
Common name, Patiazul, Fregata, Ibis,

Binomial name Sula nebouxii Fregata magnificens Eudocimus albus
habitat Mostly cliffs, Cliffs or mangrove mangrove
Nest position On the ground In trees In trees
Figure 6 : Coastal birds, ocean and mangrove repartition
Some trees, for example Palo Santo (Bulnesia sarmientoi) are found in the three environments.
This shows that there is a close relation between the three ecosystems.
 Inhabitants
In 2010 the population of Bahia de Caraquez was 26 112 inhabitants whose 80% live in
the city (8). The population is split into groups of different habits and culture.
8
The following list gives the percentage of the population who qualifies itself as belonging
to a specific group:
- Mestizo : 69,7%
- Montubio : 19,2%
- Afroecuatoriano : 6%
- Blanco : 4,7%
- Indigena : 0,2%
- Otro: 0,3%
The list gives an overview of the number and the importance of ethnic groups in the city.
The description of the six points shows that the Bioregion of Bahia de Caraquez is complex. It is
composed of three distinguish habitats. They share the same climate but the two mains water elements
reduce the lack of water at the vicinity of the ocean and the river. Every species is adapted to its
environment, for example the Ceibo can stock huge amount of water in its trunk and lose its leaves to go
through the dry season. Some species are attached to one specific environment and other like the
Fragata or the Palo Santo can live in several. On this land live people from several origins and cultures.
Most of the people live of the city. They have decided to transform their city into an ecocity.
1.2 Bahia Ecocity
In 1998 huge precipitation due to “El niño” phase causes landslide and a lot of damages. The local
government wants to rebuild in a sustainable way(16). Following year the city proclaims itself
“ecociudad”. The city initiative leads to many projects which are examples of bioregional
development(16). Three of them are described:
 “Bahia Recicla” is a city-wide garbage separation program. Garbage bin with a compartment for
biodegradable wastes and one for other wastes are placed in the city and in communities.
Advertisements are done to encourage people sorting the garbage and reducing wastes. For
example it is encouraged to refuse plastic bags in shops and reuse it. The purpose of the project
is to have a cleaner city, produce and release in the environment less wastes, recycle the
biodegradable wastes to make compost.
 Fleet of Triciclos (tricycle) promotion (fig.7). Motor vehicles for transportation are strongly
restricted in the city to encourage the use of tricyclos. The local government only allowed bus
and taxi to transport people in the city, other motor-vehicle can’t obtain transportation license.
It concern mostly motorcycle which are the main transportation vehicle in the neighbor city of
San Vicente. This measure reduces air and noise pollution in the city and therefore participates
to improve health of the population. It also contributes to reduce green-houses gas emission.
Tricyclos are mostly local made with recycled pieces. It provides work for tricyclos makers and
drivers.
9
Figure 7 : Tricyclos waiting for passengers
 Revegetation of the quarter “Maria Auxiliadora”. This quarter was highly damaged during the
“El niño” events. It is composed of steep slopes. It was decided to forbidden reconstruction in
this site and to rehouse people in new places. Trees are planted to stabilize the soil of this site.
Local species are chosen to favour the local biodiversity. The site is now called “el bosque en
medio de la ruinas”: “the forest in middle of the ruins”. The project aims to the protection of
other quarter against landslides from this site and to local ecosystem preservation.
In 1999, Planet Drum Foundation was invited to the Ecological City Declaration Celebration to
“help creating community awareness of relevant issues in the local Bioregion” (16). For example the
association get involved in the revegetation of the quarter Maria Auxiliadora.
1.3 Planet Drum Foundation
Planet drum foundation was founded in 1973 by Peter Berg in San Francisco to promote the
concept of bioregion. Since 1999 it has a field section, Planet Drum Ecuador, in Bahia de Caraquez to
support Bahia Ecociudad project (16). Clay Plager Unger is the Ecuador Program Director. In 2016, Planet
Drum Ecuador moves to a new place in Bahia :
Avenida Virgillio Rati y calle Quito, n°69,

Manabi
Bahía de caráquez
10
Planet Drum Ecuador aims to promote bioregional concept and to help the bioregional
development of Bahia de Caraquez. To do so three main projects are defined and currently
implemented(15):
 Revegetation :
The objective is to control erosion on hazard slopes, preserve and reconstitute the primary dry
tropical forest ecosystem. Revegetation differs from reforestation by the fact that only local species are
planted. To that end, a greenhouse is implemented with the agreement of the “Universidad Catolica” on
a land of the university in the south east of Bahia and local forest trees are grown. Orlando Arias is the
Field Foreman in charge of the greenhouse. Then the trees are planted on lands owned by the
association, by Ecuadorians or by the local government. The trees are regularly watered by the
association. The Director estimates that about 500 trees are planted every year. It appears that people
were interested by the project and came to the association to ask for trees. In 2013 a map of the sites
reforested by planet Drum was made (fig.8)
Figure 8 : Map of the sites reforested by Planet Drum between 1999 and 2013
The map shows that with 50 sites more than 30 hectares of lands were reforested.
The association uses this example to promote bioregional concepts during classes.
11
 Bioregional classes :
Classes about bioregional development are done in school and in communities. Classes can be
done in school or quarters but also at the greenhouse to take advantage of the tree planting example
during the discussion. The concept of a bioregion and the benefices of bioregional development are
explained. Examples of action for a bioregional development are given. This aims to rise bioregional
awareness and get more people involved in the sustainable development.
Parallel to these classes the tree donation is another way to promote bioregionalism concepts.
 Trees donations :
The tree donation is linked to many objectives:
- start a discussion about bioregional development

- encourage the local production of fruits (fruit trees)
- encourage the sustainable cut of trees (wood trees)
- Promote a fruit production and tree growing without chemicals
- Conserve the local biodiversity
- Discuss about erosion control and provide more trees if necessary
- Discuss about compost production and biodegradable wastes recycling
Seeds are picked up in the bioregion and trees are grown in the greenhouse. The trees are then
distributed to communities by car or tricycles (fig.9.). People are taught how the tree was grown, how to
plant it and how to take care of it so that they are able to grow more trees.
Figure 9 : Tricyclo loaded with trees for donation
For these three projects, efficiency is hard to measure. For the case of the erosion control by
reforestation a protocol is made to measure the impacts of the efforts.
12
2. Revegetalisation of the dry tropical forest: study of erosion control
2.1 Principle
The study is to compare average annual soil loss of lands with different types of vegetation.
However erosion depends on many other factors. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) defines the
main factors to calculate the soil loss (5):
A = R*K*L*S*C*P
A: Average annual soil loss [mass/area/year].
R: rainfall–runoff ‘‘erosivity” factor, is a measure of the erosive forces of rainfall and runoff. It is high for
intense events of rain. For example in United States, is considered to cause erosion a rain that has a
rainfall amount that exceeded 13 mm or one where at least 6.5 mm fell in 15 min (6).
K: soil ‘‘erodibility” factor, quantifies the cohesive or bonding character of a soil type and its resistance
to dislodging and transport due to raindrop impact and runoff.
L: length factor, compares the soil loss with that from a field of specified length of 22.6 meters.
S: slope factor, compares the soil loss with that from a field of specified slope of 9%.
C: crop management factor, is defined as the ratio between the soil loss from a vegetated area and soil
loss from a bare fallow area on the same soil and same 22 m long slope with a gradient of 9% (5).This is
the factor of interest of the study.
P: soil conservation practice factor, reflects the effects of practices that will reduce amount of erosion.
The most commonly used supporting cropland practices are cross-slope cultivation, contour farming and
strip cropping (5).
The equation is relevant for year to year erosion. USLE rely on long-term averages factors which
smooth out the large variations so it cannot predict soil loss for particular events as a storm or an
earthquake (13).
The crop factor (C) reflects the vegetation impact, in that way USLE shows that for a relevant
comparison of soil loss the other factors R, K, L, S and P should be identical for the considered lands. This
leads to the study of pair areas with the same R, K, L, S and P factors but different C factor. The pair of
areas defines one site. To evaluate the impact of reforestation the difference of vegetation is define as
one area with forest and one area with no forest.
13
Many definitions of “forest” exist in the literature. It can rely on many parameters such as tree
crown cover, tree density, tree size (3). In the study a basic definition is utilized. It is easy to count the
number of trees on each area so a tree density criterion is chosen:
Areas with forest should have a tree density higher than 12/64 m2 and areas without forest
should have a tree density lower than 3/64m². This difference is required to ensure a significant
vegetation contrast between the two areas type.
There is also an imprecision about the tree definition. In the approach adopted here “tree” refers
to grown plants higher than one meter, with a diameter bigger than 1.5 cm and which usually live more
than 10 years.
The study tries to give a protocol to:
 Quantify the year to year erosion rate of slopes near Bahia de Caraquez
 Compare the erosions rate for slopes with forest and slopes without
 Evaluate the impacts of the Planet Drum reforestation on the erosion rate
2.2 Protocol
The principle of the study is to do a topographic survey of some sites. The topographic survey
consists of a measure of the altitude of every points of an 8m*8m grid with one point every meter (81
points). The altitude measurement is done with a dumpy level and referenced with a concrete bollard
assumed immobile. The measurements are filled into a table (annex 1) which will be used to calculate a
referenced volume with appropriate software. Every site is composed of a forest area and an area
without forest in order to be able to study the impact of the trees on the erosion control.
2.2.1 Sites Selection

Lands near Bahia de Caraquez are investigated in order to find appropriated sites. The sites should
fulfill the following requirements:
 The slope must be steep enough to potentially cause high erosion. An erosion rate high enough
is needed to be detected by the dispositive.
 Near Bahia de Caraquez and accessible. It should be easy to go to every site to facilitate the
measuring year after year.
 The two areas are on the same slope so that it can be assumed they have the same slope factor.
 The two areas are next to each other to guarantee the same soil properties (K factor) and same
climate condition (R factor).
 It is allowed to do the experiment. The permission should be asked to the owner of the land.
14
Many sites are investigated (fig10) and ten are registered. Only two days of measure are possible
so five sites are selected. Descriptions of the sites are available in annexes 2 to 11. It is plan to measure
three sites a day and to measure twice a site to study the reproducibility of the protocol. Selected sites
receive a seven characters name such as:
“Km8road”, refers to a site near the road between “el barrio Maria dolores “ and “la Universidad
Católica”. The place is called “Kilometro ocho” by the inhabitants.
“Uni.mid”, refers to a site inside land of the “Universidad Católica”, up to the hill near the Planet Drum
greenhouse but not at the top.
“Uni.top”, refers to a site inside the lands of the “Universidad Católica”, at the top of the hill near the
Planet Drum greenhouse.
“B.Vista”, refers to a site in “el barrio Bella Vista”.
“La.Cruz”, refers to a site in “el barrio La Cruz”.
Each forested area name is the name of the corresponding site with “_F” at the end and each
name of an area without forest is the name of the corresponding site with “_NF” at the end.
Figure 10 : Sites investigation, measures to be sure an area of 8m*8m is available
Then these five sites are prepared for the measures.
15
2.2.2 Preparation of sites
There are two steps for the preparation: first have a better understanding of the area and then
construct the concrete bollard.
a. Cartography of the sites

A map of the trees present in each area is made. This map will be utilised to:
 have a better understanding of the area.
 determine precisely where the bollard and the measurement grid will be located.
 record the tree species and tree size. This information might be useful for the interpretation.
On the map every tree will be represented by a disk which has a size corresponding to the size
estimation of the trunk. The colour of the disk refers to the specie of the tree. The size estimation is
done by a comparison at the bottom of the trunk with three easy references (fig11):
 A pen with a diameter (d) of 1.5 cm
 The circle made with thumb and index of one hand, which has approximately a diameter of 5cm
 The circle made with thumbs and indexes of the two hands which has approximately a diameter
of 10 cm
A B C
Figure 11 : references use for tree trunk size estimation; A: d=1.5cm , B: d=5cm , C: d=10cm
Theses references leads to four categories (fig 12):

 diameter > 10 cm
 diameter ∈ [ 5, 10 ] cm
 diameter ∈ [ 1.5, 5 ] cm
 diameter < 1.5 cm
16
A B C D
Figure 12 : examples for the four trunk size categories; A: d<1.5cm , B: d∈ [ 1.5, 5 ] cm , C: d∈ [ 5, 10 ] cm , D: d> 10 cm
The specie determination is done by Orlando Arias, the field foreman of Planet Drum. Common
name are used, a list of binomial name is available in annex 12.
The orientation of the slope is measured with a compass. It is represented on the map by the dip
and strike sign. The strike line of a plane is a line representing the intersection of that plane with a
horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to the slope. The strike is the smaller angle between the North
direction and the strike line (fig12).
Figure 13 : Strike measurement: Explanation diagram and picture of the compass measure of the area UNI.top_F. For this
area, the strike is N20°E (read “20° from North to the East”).
An orthogonal coordinate system (x y z) is arbitrary defined for the study area (fig13).
x-axis : perpendicular to the slope. It is in the horizontal plan
y-axis : perpendicular to x-axis. It is in the horizontal plan
z-axis : vertical axis. It is orthogonal to the horizontal plan.
y'-axis : parallel to the slope
17
To localize the trees, the x-distance and the y’-distance is measured with the tape measure. Then
the map is digitized with the software Adobe Illustrator CS2 (fig14). All the maps are available in
annexes 13 to 22.
Figure 14 : Example of a digitized map : map of the of the tree species at the area B.Vista_F
Maps are not very detailed. They give an idea of the dominance of species and of the general
state of development of trees. They permit to find a proper place to set up the concrete bollard and
the measurements grid.
18
b. Bollard construction
For every area a concrete bollard is constructed. First a 1.0 m deep hole is dug in the soil with a
manual digger. This is the opportunity to see the consistence of the soil and the root density. These
observations are added to the area description (annexes 2 to 6). Then the hole is filled with concrete,
one rebar and stones. At the top, a PVC pipe is used to make the top of the bollard flat and about 5cm
above the ground (fig.15).
The required equipments are:
-Sand
-gravels
-Cement
-Water
-Rebar
-30cm to 50cm PVC pipe
-Shovel
-Digger
-Buckets
-5m tape measure
Figure 15 : diagram of the bollard
For the areas “B.Vista_NF” and “La.Cruz_NF” a concrete cistern is present near the area. The
cisterns are buried about 5 meters deep in the soil and are made of concrete and rebar. No bollards are
constructed for these areas and the reference point is done on a corner of the cistern (fig.16).
A B
Figure 16 : Cistern near the area B.Vista_NF (A) and La.Cruz_NF (B), the reference point is mark by a blue circle
Reference points are supposed immobile during all the years of measure.
19
2.2.3 Topographic survey
The measures are done in two steps. First the measuring border lines should be setting up. Then
the measures with the topographic level are done.
a. Period of measurement
The measures are done during the dry season to take advantage of the desiccation of the
vegetation and to avoid the erosion from the rain during the measure. In that way data sets are every
year representative of erosion occurring during the approximately same period of time.
b. Equipment
Two persons a least and the following equipments are needed:
 For the grid setting up :

-18 stakes per area
-30 m tape measure
-Mallet
-Set square
-Camera
 For the topographic measure :

-GPS
-Dumpy level (fig.17)
-Tripod (fig.18)
-Grade rod (fig.19)
-bubble level
The dumpy level, the tripod and the grade rod are rented to Ingeniero Fernando Macias.
Figure 17 : Dumpy level description
20
Figure 18: Dumpy level on the tripod Figure 19: Rod grade and reticule sight. The measure is 1.02 m, upper and
lower lines indicate the same difference (∓ 4 cm) so the rod grade is vertical
To set up the dumpy level (10):

 screw the dumpy level on the tripod
 push the tripod in the soil and adjust the size of the sticks so that the foot plate is barely
horizontal.
 adjust perfectly the level to horizontal with the foot screws
 use the reticle focusing screw to see well the reticle lines.
Then the dumpy-level is ready to use.
To measure with the dumpy level (10):

 place vertically the grade rod on the measuring point. To be sure the grade rod is vertical a
bubble level can be used.
 aim precisely at the rod grade with the viewfinder.
 looking through the eyepiece, turn at its maximum the telescope focusing screw and slowly turn
back until the grade rod is seen clearly.
 read the altitude on the grade rod with the middle line of the reticle. Upper and lower reticle
lines should indicate the same distance from the middle line to guarantee that the rod grade is
horizontal (fig. 19)
21
c. Border grid setting up
To take advantage of the rent of the dumpy level, the grid can be set up one day before. A picture
should be taken to illustrate the evolution of the area.
Measuring spots are defined with a tape measure taut between two strakes. Strakes for the first
and final column are set up with the following steps, each step is illustrated by a figure (fig. 20 to 25)
1. Put a strake at the upper left corner (D) and fasten the tape measure.
From the upper left corner (D) go 8m parallel to the slope to the corner (C).
Figure 20 : step 1 of the grid setting up
2. Fasten the tape measure at this corner (C), or a third person holds it.
Go with the tape measure for 11.31 m ( ) to the opposite corner (A).
A person stay here.
Figure 21 : step 2 of the grid implementation
22
3. The second person keeps going with the tape measure to the first corner (D).
Adjust to 27.31m (8+19.31 =27.31) and to a right angle with the set square.
4. Put a stake at (A)

Put a stake every meter between (A) and (D)
23
5. Fasten the rope at (C) and go 8 meters to (B).
A person stay there and the other go to (A).
Adjust to 16.0m and to a right angle with the set square.
6. Put a stake at (B).

Put a stake every meter between (B) and (C).
During the border setting up, people should walk inside the area as less as possible to not cause a
lot of erosion. To avoid measuring the erosion due to walking, the topographic measurements start from
the bottom of the area.
24
d. Topographic measurement
The measurements are filled in a paper document (annex 1), every box is described in the
following steps with an orange number into bracket. The heading should be fill in first (0)
1. Do a GPS measurement on the top of the concrete corner and write it on the document (1) .
2. Put the level a few meters below the top of the area of interest on the left or right from
some meters to the border.
3. Verify that you can see the rod grade when it is at the top or at the bottom (fig.26).
Figure 26 : verification that the level is at a right place
4. Measure the maximal and minimal distance between the ground and the top of the
concrete corner with the grade rod (2).
25
5. Put the grade rod on the top of the concrete corner and measure the height (3) (fig.27).
Figure 27 : measure with the rod grade on the concrete corner
6. Put the tape measure between the first stake and the last one of the concerning raw.
7. Put the grade rod at the first point.
8. Read the measure on the rod grade with the level and write it in the table (4).
9. Move the rule one meter to the other extremity. If there is an obstacle, move for a bit more
or a bit less. Write the distance between the border (AD) and the rod grade (5).
10. Redo the steps from the steps 8 until the end of the raw is reached.
11. Move to the beginning of the next raw.
12. Redo the steps from the steps 6 until the last corner (C) is reached.
Steps 6 to 12 are explained on the figure 28:
Figure 28 : explanation of steps to measure the points on the area
26
If problems to measure a points occur (due to vegetation or to the rod grade too small) it is
possible to move the dumpy level. A new reference altitude should be measured. To do so some points
can be measured from the two positions of the level and a new reference is interpolated from the
average difference. Or if it is possible the altitude on the bollard can be measured from the new position.
The sites La.Cruz and B.Vista and the area UNI.mid_NF were measured twice for the
reproducibility estimation.
2.3 Results and interpretations

2.3.1 Computing calculation
All the document data are copied into Excel files .They should be named exactly as :
“year_name of the site_area code.xlsx”
The year is “2016” for the first data set.

The name of the site should be "Km8road" or "UNI.mid" or "UNI.top" or "B.Vista" or "La.Cruz".
The area code is “F” for areas with forest and “NF” for areas without forest.
The number “_2” is added at the end if an area is measured twice. All Data are available annexes 23-37.
The calculations are done with GNU octave. It is a free software featuring a high-level
programming language (11). Octave Forge provides extra functionality for GNU octave (14). The package
“io” is required to be able to read the Excel files. A script named “topo_calculation” is made (annex 38)
to:
 Automatically loads the data sets. The program asks the user the number of year wanted and
for each year the number of sites. Then it automatically loads the data from the Excel files.
 Calculate the angle between the soil and the horizontal plane in y-direction and x-direction.
Because of the grid set up the angle between the soil and the horizontal x-direction is low (<4°)
so the angle between the soil and the horizontal plane in y-direction is considered to be the dip.
 Calculate a referenced volume for each area of each year.
 Calculate the erosion volume when more than one data set is available.
 Display the surface of the area and the localization of the bollard (fig.29 ; annexes 39 to 53)
 Display the erosion map (x,y,z,erosion) when more than one data set is available (fig.31 ;
annexes 54 to 58). It shows the points where there is erosion and where there is accumulation.
27
B
Figure 29: Surface computed by the program for "Km8road_NF" (A) and the picture of the same area (B).
The volume calculation relies on the sum of the volumes of elementary rectangular cuboids.
Construction of such elementary volumes needs interpolation. Linear interpolation from nearest
neighbors is done by the "interp2" function of Octave. The base of the elementary volume has a side size
of 0.01m. This size is the precision variable (“n”) and can be changed in the script.
28
2.3.2 2016 data set results
The results for the year 2016 are shown in the following table (fig.30 ) :
Soil/horizontal angle Soil/horizontal angle Referenced Volume

Area
in x-direction [°] in y-direction [°] [m3]
2016_Km8road_NF -1.85351 30.876 496.10

2016_Km8road_F -0.60874 34.890 869.35
2016_UNI.mid_NF 2.56069 27.230 812.87
2016_UNI.mid_NF_2 2.6735 27.390 815.15
2016_UNI.mid_F -2.00917 28.780 814.94
2016_Uni.top_NF 1.40824 19.711 767.78
2016_Uni.top_F -3.38209 17.252 748.36
2016_B.Vista_NF -1.96479 13.153 621.91
2016_B.Vista_NF_2 -1.5717 13.643 619.51
2016_B.Vista_F -2.67980 24.145 776.64
2016_B.Vista_F_2 -2.1887 24.322 777.04
2016_La.Cruz_NF 1.56200 11.090 606.16
2016_La.Cruz_NF_2 1.4035 10.863 606.66
2016_La.Cruz_F 3.53075 27.270 784.86
2016_La.Cruz_F_2 3.0678 26.926 786.66
Figure 30 : table of results of the topographic study for 2016
When for an area only one referenced volume is available no conclusion can be done. However
one hypothesis can be done regarding the characteristics of the site “Km8road”. In fact this site is an
embankment due to the road construction and was stabilized by planted trees. The earthquake of the
16th of April triggers a landslide of a part of the embankment which destroys the trees. Measurements
show a dip difference of 4° between the part which suffered the landslide and the part where there no
landslide occurred. It can be assumed that the slope of the area after the landslide is the steepest slope
for the slope to be equilibrated. It might be considered that the stabilization of the slope due to the
presence of trees permits an angle for the slope to be equilibrated 4° steeper. It should be kept in mind
that no dip of the slope before the landslide is available to comfort this hypothesis.
The program displays the difference volume map for the area which has been measured twice
(annexes 54 to 58). This graphical representation point out the points where there is a difference
between the two measures but while there is only two data sets it is hard to identity aberrant points
(fig31).
29
Figure 31 : Example of difference volume for the site La.Cruz_F
2.3.3 Confidence interval calculation

The program permits to calculate the volume difference for the area which has been measured
twice and to deduce a mean altitude difference due to measure reproduction (fig.32)
Volume difference Mean altitude standard normal

Area 1 Area 2
(Area1 - Area2) [m3] difference (dz) [cm] distribution of dz
2016_UNI.mid_NF 2016_UNI.mid_NF_2 -2,311 -3,61 -1,10
2016_B.Vista_NF 2016_B.Vista_NF_2 2,3553 3,68 1,79
2016_B.Vista_F 2016_B.Vista_F_2 -0,44238 -0,69 0,05
2016_La.Cruz_NF 2016_La.Cruz_NF_2 -0,47993 -0,75 0,03
2016_La.Cruz_F 2016_La.Cruz_F_2 -1,765 -2,76 -0,77
Average [cm] -0,83
Standart deviation [cm] 2,52
Figure 32 : Table of the volume difference due to measure reproduction
The mean absolute altitude difference due to measure reproduction is between 0.69cm and 3,68cm.
30
To calculate a confidence interval for small data set the Student law can be used (2). A criterion of
application is that the data set follows a standard distribution. The mean absolute altitude difference is
normalized (fig.32): 2 values are above zero, 2 values are close to zero and 1 value is below zero. As a
first approximation this repartition is considered reflected a normal distribution. Then two hypotheses
are defined:
H0: The altitude difference observed between two years is due to measure incertitude. It means
that the altitude difference is an element of the confidence interval.
H1: The altitude difference observed between two years is not due to measure incertitude but
due to erosion. It means that altitude difference is higher than the upper bound of the confidence
interval.
For a confidence index of 90% (α=0.1) and a data set of five values (degree of freedom: ν=5-1=4),
the student distribution table gives (2): t0.1, 4=2.132
With another standard transformation it leads to a confidence interval of: [-4.6, 4.6] cm
So H0 is valid if ∈ [-4.6 , 4.6]cm. H0 means that the protocol precision is not

enough to detect and measure the erosion. Further work is needed to draw complete conclusion
2.4 Discussions and further work

2.4.1 Following year study
First of all to continue this study, measure campaign has to be done during the summer 2017 and
the following years. To encourage the continuation and to facilitate the work of further voluntaries:
 Orlando Arias and Clay Plager Unger has been taught to use the level and about the survey
protocol.
 Seniorita Leonela Lulas residents of Bella Vista and y Senor Santo Macay residents of La Cruz
participate to the measuring survey near their living place. They have been taught about the survey
protocol.
 An English and Spanish version of the survey protocol has been given to Orlando Arias and Clay
Plager Unger.
 An English and Spanish version of the program is given to Clay Plager Unger.
 GNU octave with the “io” package is installed on the computer of Clay Plager Unger
 Advertisement for internship opportunity will be done to find new volunteers especially in the
tutor institution of the project: the ENSEGID*.
*
Ecole National Supérieur en Environnement, Géoressources et Développement Durable
31
2.4.2 Protocol precision improvement
The confidence interval is high and the altitude difference calculated next year might not
demonstrate erosion because of the lake of precision. Precision of the protocol can be improved by:
 The reduction of the interval of measurement to have more measuring points. This provides a
better sample and will reduce the random fluctuations of the measure.
 Read twice the topographic measures with two operators to avoid reading error.
 Redo the measure for every area at least 3 times to get an average of the measurements.
2.4.3 Calculation program improvement

“topo_calculation” script can be improved with the functionalities:
 Ask for which sites are not available instead of the number.
 Automatically detect the number of year available.
 Automatically detect the available areas.
 Ask the user for more outputs, such as the dip or the volume.
 Improve the program efficiency by reducing the number of variables and the number of
code lines. For example the erosion calculation might be done in the same loops than slope and
volume calculation.
2.4.4 Cartography further work

Map of the sites can be done with the free software Qgis to add geolocation data from the GPS.
Qgis is an Open Source Geographic Information System (4).
It might be interesting to update the maps of trees to see the evolution of the vegetation.
Moreover, if it appears that the study shows the impact of trees on erosion, after some years of
study (about 3 to 5) the sites without forest can be reforested and the measured continued. In that
way how fast reforestation can provides erosion control will be measured.
2.4.5 Daily precipitation study

The force of rain drop has a major action in erosion process. It is represented in the USLE by the
rainfall–runoff ‘‘erosivity” factor (R). If erosion rate are calculated for many years, it might be interesting
to evaluate the rainfall–runoff ‘‘erosivity” of each year and study a potential correlation. One way could
be to measure the number of rains of more than 13mm or the number of day with a precipitation higher
than an appropriate value.
2.4.6 Study extension
The study can be extended to other sites to measure the impact of reforestation more accurately
or study another parameter. For example three sites which have been investigated are pasture for
animals, including two sites which are on the same land. After some years of study, one of these sites
can be closed to pasture and the measure continued. This will give information about the impact of
cattle trampling on erosion.
2.5 Conclusion of the erosion study
This study has led to a full protocol which permits to get volume and altitude differences of
areas. Many sites have been investigated and some of them might lead to further study. The altitude
difference due to measure reproducibility suggests that the currently precision of the protocol might not
be enough. This precision can be improved by some methods. Next year measure should be done to
draw a complete conclusion.
The field study also gives the opportunity to have a better understanding of the bioregion.
During the sites investigation fauna and flora was observed. Many knowledge about the trees of the dry
tropical forest and their adaptation processes to the dry season where given by Orlando Arias. Soil have
also been observed, more investigations in pedology and biology may define the detailed process links
between the forest and the soil properties.
In another hand, more than erosion figures, this study provides the opportunity to speak with
local inhabitants about erosion and its control by reforestation. Many people feel concerned by this
problem and interested by the study. Two inhabitants got involved and spent time to help doing the
study.
In a more global way it is the occasion to speak about other benefice of tree planting and about
environmental preservation. Another way to facilitate discussion is the tree donation.
33
3. Population bioregional awareness: study of the survival rates of
given trees
3.1 Objectives
The principle is to monitor the number of trees that survives after donation. The first point of the
protocol is to collect data. Only a sample can be monitored, statistical method permits to estimate
the survival rate of the donated tree. Additionally the study can registered the species which are
asked by the inhabitants and their gardening practices.
3.2 Protocol
Two ways to collect data are investigate:
3.2.1 Visiting inhabitants sites

The first way to collect data is to go to sites where trees were planted or given and see if the
donated trees are alive or dead. To know where to go and to find the trees a register of the donation is
needed.
a. Register of donated tree.

Many trees were given to the Corporation National de Electricidad
(CNEL) (fig.33) for their project: “árbol electrico”
The company distributes trees from Planet Drum in each
community where CNEL works. They have a register of the trees they
gave. Unfortunately, because of the earthquake the company is
Figure 33 : Logo of CNEL
overloaded with work and don’t answer the demand of sharing this
register. A new register has to be done for the study.
It is plan to go in the city with a tricyclo to give trees an start a register. The document should be
quick to fill to be practical during the donation campaign. Minimum information is asked:
 The name.
 A way to contact the person: phone or e-mail.
 Where the tree(s) will be planted.
 Which species and how many trees are given.
 If there is some species needed that are not proposed.
A register was start on 18 august 2016 during the donation of 84 trees in the city to 30
inhabitants. (annex 59)
34
b. Marker for the trees
The study will be more accurate with a way to recognize the given trees. Three methods of marker
are possible (fig.34):
Method Advantage Disadvantages

easy to do Hardly waterproof
Label Information easy writable Can fall or be cut
Possible on small trees
Possible on small trees Difficult to do
Stickers Information easy writable Hardly waterproof
unlikely to fall Can fall or be cut
Very easy to do Not possible on very small trees
Painting Waterproof Difficult to write information
Figure 34 : advantages and disadvantages of marking methods
For all of these methods an additional problem is that the marker has to resist a long period of
time. A replacement can be planned and combined several methods. A label can be put on small trees
with information for the person and then a painted mark can be done one years or two years after.
c. Sampling
The sampling should define the size of the sample and the sampling method.
 Size of the sample

The size of the sample depends on the sampling effort so on the time available to do the
monitoring campaign. It is likely that the monitoring will be done by a volunteer so a period of
five weeks may be appropriate. It can be assumed that five sites a day can be monitored. So it is
equivalent for five days of work a week: to 125 sites. Let’s assume a sample size of 120 sites.
 Sampling method
The sampling method can be random or some criteria can be used, such as:
- the number of trees per sites. Selecting sites with more trees will give a bigger sample with the
same sampling effort.
-the tree species. In fact the survival rate might be different for every species and in might be
difficult to draw a conclusion if there is not enough data for each species. So a tree specie can be
chosen for the study and sites where the specie of interest is present are chosen.
The sites are then randomly chosen in the sites which full fill the criteria. For example the
donation campaign of 19/2/2016 was 2973 trees given with 845 chirimoyas (16)(15)
It appears that chirimoya is the most given specie. As a first step, the study can focus on this
specie. Moreover if sites with at least three chirimoyas are chosen it leads to the sampling of at least
120*3= 360 chirimoyas. Tree survival can be investigated after one year, three years and five years after
the donation. If about 1000 chirimoyas are given per year the sampling rate is 360/3/1000=12%.
35
d. Monitoring campaign
The monitoring campaign consists of a volunteer to go seeing the tree and to full fill a questionnaire.
It is monitored if the tree is alive and how tall it is. The campaign can also consist of an interview of the
owners:
 How often do you give water to the tree?

 Do you have compost? Do you give compost to the tree?
 Do you use any chemical? If yes, for what purpose?
 Was your tree ill and what did you do?
 Do you want more trees? Which species?
 Do you grow other plants/ trees?
The new sites where the volunteer has to go are defined every year. For the second and third
monitoring the same sample is used. With the same example of chirimoyas monitoring, 40 new sites can
be measured with the following schema:
 Year 0: 1st donation of the trees= pop 0 (fig.35)

 Year 1: 1st sampling and monitoring of 40sites of pop0, at least 120 trees and donation of pop1
 Year2: 1st sampling and monitoring of pop1 and donation of pop2
 Year3: 2nd monitoring of pop0, 1st monitoring of pop2 and donation of pop3
 Year4: 2nd monitoring of pop1, 1st monitoring of pop3 and donation of pop4
 Year5: 3rd monitoring of pop0, 2nd monitoring of pop2, 1st monitoring of pop4 and donation of
pop5
 ...
(15)
Figure 35 : Donation of trees in a community
This monitoring method provides reliable information and the sampling method is controlled.
However it requires a lot of efforts to collect data. One way to collect data with less effort is a
participative method.
36
3.2.2 Participative on line data base
One way to ask the inhabitant about their tree is to send them an on line questionnaire. In that
way it is much easier to collect data. However data can have a bias because of the uncontrolled
sampling. For example it can be assumed that people who fill the questionnaire are interested in tree
planting so they will well take care of the tree. People whose tree is dead might not be interested in the
study. This method might overestimate the survival rate.
First a register of the donated tree is required. It can be much simpler than for the previous
method car only the total number of given tree is required. Additional information is useful but not
essentials. During the donation it is asked to the inhabitant to go on internet to full fill a questionnaire.
The link is given. If their e-mail address is available in the register the questionnaire is also directly send
to them.
The questionnaire should be attractive so that many people full fill it. A questionnaire as a tree
planting challenge is imagined (annex 60)(12). The monitoring is done for the planting moment, after one
month when the tree is supposed to be planted, after 6 months, and then every 6 months. Every
questionnaire is called a step (“paso”). It appears that in Ecuador a common phone contract includes
facebook use but not internet. Therefore the questionnaire has to be made in a way it can be full filled
on facebook. To be sure the tree is really planted, a facebook function is used: owners are asked to
upload a photo of the tree planted. The first questionnaire (primer paso) is available on facebook (12). It is
planned to make a label with the link.
Because of the earthquake no large donation campaign were done so no results are available
yet.
The both methods can be implemented. In that way data from the online base can be checked.
With the same kind of statistic method, a sample from the online data base is monitored manually and
both results are compared. It will measure how reliable are the measurements from the participative
method. Moreover, if it is necessary, a correction factor can be estimated to get rid of the bias of
uncontrolled sampling. In that way the interview in person permits to totally take advantage of the
participative method.
3.3 Conclusion of the survival rate study
The survival rate study provides the basis of the monitoring campaign. It goes through several
ideas and two mains methods to get the necessary data. These two methods are complementary: the
few amounts of highly reliable data give more information about the lot of less reliable data and then all
the data are used to get a precise estimation of the survival rate.
37
Conclusion
The report gives an overview of the Bioregion of Bahia de Caraquez and focus on two concerns
of this region: control the erosion on the bare slopes of the inside hills and rise the bioregion
consciousness of the inhabitants, in high majority urban.
The erosion study gives the tools and train local people to estimate the erosion rate. The initial
situation is described. The big confidence interval suggests that the reproducibility is worrying. Next year
measure is necessary to draw complete conclusion and if necessary choose actions to improve the
precision.
Field study gives the opportunity to discuss with the inhabitants. Because of the landslides due
to the earthquake of 18th April and its aftershocks, it seems that people consciousness about control
erosion is high. People are aware of the benefits of trees on erosion and are interested by tree planting.
In fact it appears that soil without trees was more likely to crumble due to the earthquake and cause
damages. On another hand, many people have lost their source of income and it appears more clearly
to them that fruit trees constitute a non negligible source of food. Moreover, rebuilding house with
wood became a common choice. Wood is a material more likely to oscillate and resist during an
earthquake than cheap concrete construction. People want to plant more wood trees to replace the one
they have cut or to constitute a new potential reserve for the future. These three reasons increase the
interest of people for tree planting.
However the period of the study was not convenient for tree planting. In fact, four months after
the main earthquake lot of people still live in tents and the pipe water is not fixed in the city. Food
donation mostly stooped two month after the main event, while aftershocks still occurs. Most of people
are more concerned about trying to continue their job or find a new one than about deal with the
difficulty to take care of a tree. The main element of this difficulty is the non-access to pipe water. Give
small trees to grow during the dry season while people has barely enough water to get a shower is not
favourable.
These conditions impact a lot the survival rate study. Theoretically bases are presented and two
complementary methods are explained in details so that so study can be done. However the initial
situation cannot be drawn because of the lack of data. During the small donation campaign, the interest
of people for tree was perceptible and wishes of tree species for wood and fruit were registered.
This situation shows that the demand of tree might increase rapidly in the next months. The
arrival of the wet season and the improvement of living condition should be helpful to tree donations
campaign and to revegetation. Satisfy the high demand of trees might be a challenge for the Planet
Drum tree growing activities.
38
Bibliography
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(2) DELERUE Florian. Pourquoi les statistiques et comment? Statistique ENS1. lessons: ENSEGID,
2014-2015
(3) DAVIS Robert, HOLMGREN Peter.FRA 2000 On definitions of forest and forest change [on line].
FAO Forest Resources Assessment WP 33. Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the
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the web : <http://www.ente-aix.fr/documents/177-qgisv2/index.html >[update : August 2016]
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Erosion and Runoff [on line]. FAO soil bulletin 68. Chapter 7: Estimating from model. Rome : Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1993. Available on the web :
<http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0848e/t0848e00.html> [update : August 2016]
(6) KINNELL Peter. Event soil loss, runoff and the Universal Soil Loss Equation family of models: A
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(7) PYROOZ Natalie. Plantas del Bosque Seco [on line]. Bahía de Caráquez :California Academy of
Sciences y Reserva Biológica Cerro Seco, 2013. Available on the web :
<http://fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/rapid-color-guides-pdfs/497.pdf>
[update : August 2016]
(8) SALE Kirkpatrick. Dwellers in the land -The bioregional vision. Second edition. United States : New
Society Publishers, 1991
(9) VERA David. Resultados del censo 2010 de población y vivienda de la provincia de Manabí [on
line].Quito: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Cencos (INEC), 2010. Available on the web :
<http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/wp-content/descargas/Manu-lateral/Resultados-
provinciales/manabi.pdf> [update : September 2012]
39
Web sites:
(10)CIVIL INGINEERING. Civil engineering : <http://civiltoday.com/surveying/12-dumpy-level>

[update : August 2016]
General description of USLE
(11)EATON John W. GNU Octave. <https://www.gnu.org/software/octave/> [update : August 2016]

Site to download the software and the associated documentation
(12)FACEBOOK. ¡Plantación de árboles challenge! ¡Primer Paso! :< https://apps.facebook.com/mes-

sondages/form/plantacion-de-arboles-challenge-primer-paso> > [update : August 2016]
Link for the first questionnaire of the participative monitoring
(13)NATIONAL SOIL EROSION RESEARCH LABORATORY. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE): <
http://milford.nserl.purdue.edu/weppdocs/overview/usle.html> [update : June 2002]
General description of a dumpy level
(14)OCTAVE FORGE Community. <http://octave.sourceforge.net/io/> [update : August 2016]

Site to download the packages and the associated documentation
(15)PLAGER-UNGER Clay. Planet Drum Ecuador : < www.planetdrumecuador.weebly.com> [update :

August 2016]
Planet Drum Ecuador blog
(16)PLANET DRUM. Planet Drum : A voice for bioregional sustainability, education and culture :
<www.planetdrum.org/eco_ecuador.htm> [update : May 2015]
Planet Drum Fondation web-site
(17)WEATHERBASE. Weather Base:< http://www.weatherbase.com/> [update : August 2016]

On-line weather data base for Bahia de Caraquez
(18)WORLD_WILD_LIFE. Wild Finder: < http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/wildfinder> [update :

July 2016].
Link for the map of the biomes in Ecuador
40
Annexes
ANNEX 1: Blank document for field measurement
41
ANNEX 2: Site description of Km8road
Localization : Between barrio Maria dolores y la Universidad Católica

First exploration date: 31/07/2016
At the Km 8
way to go there :
closer than the Universidad Católica closer than the gaz station
Person to contact : Orlando Arias ; Clay Plager Unger
relative position : Forest side by side without Forest
with Forest (F) without Forest (NF)

Name Km8road_F Km8road_NF
Latitude S 00°39.339' S 00°39.353'
Bollard Longitude W 080°24,078' W 080°24,106'
GPS Altitude [ft] 44 53
coordinates Altitude [m] 13,4 16,2
Dip direction N340° E N340° E
Dip 35° 31°
Strike N 70° E N 70° E
Type of vegetation Young trees none
remarks
Picture of the site
Depth of roots 1m 20 cm
roots density dense not dense
Picture of the hole
color light brown light beige

Size range of grains sand to gravel fine gravel to gravel
sorting range poorly sorted sorted
Consistence slightly hard soft
soil
description
picture of the soil
42
ANNEX 3: Site description of UNI.mid
Localization : Universidad Católica, up to the hill next to the green house
Go through the path behind the green house and climb up hill
since an intersection of paths
way to go there :
Go 5 meters to the left at the intersection Go 10 meters to the right
when you go up when you go up

Name UNI.mid_F UNI.mid_NF
Latitude S 00°39.528' S 00°39.525'
Bollard
Longitude w 080°23,810' w 080°23,817'
GPS
Altitude [ft] 216 218
coordinates
Altitude [m] 65,8 66,4
N 200E N 220E
Dip 29° 27°
Strike N 110E N 130E
recovery forest : grass (50 to 80 cm on the 07-06)
Type of vegetation
young trees 2-10 years + arbusts
remarks Signal of trees planted by Planet Drum Signal of trees planted by Planet Drum
Picture of the site
Depth of roots until one meter 10 centimeters

Picture of the hole
color light beige light brown

Size range of grains silt to fine gravel silt to gravel
sorting range poorly sorted poorly sorted
slightly hard for the fist 30 cm
Consistence slightly hard
then soft
soil
description
picture of the soil
43
ANNEX 4: Site description of UNI.top
Localization : Universidad Católica, up to the hill next to the green house
Go through the path behind the green house and climb up hill
since an intersection of paths
way to go there :
from UNI.mid_NF go futher up from UNI.mid_F go futher up


Name UNI.top_F UNI.top_NF
Latitude S 00°39.515' S 00°39.510'
Bollard
Longitude W 080°23.808' W 080°23.794'
GPS
Altitude [ft] 242 249
coordinates
Altitude [m] 73,8 75,9
Dip direction N 290° E N 330°E
Dip 20° 17°
Recovery forest :
Type of vegetation Grass and bush (20 to 60 cm )
young trees (2-10 years)
Warning the wasp nest
remarks Signal of trees planted by Planet Drum
Signal of trees planted by Planet Drum
Picture of the site
Depth of roots about 80 cm about 60 cm

Picture of the hole
color light beige brown and red

Size range of grains silt to gravel sand to coarse gravel
sorting range poorly sorted poorly sorted
slightly hard for the fist 30 cm
Consistence slightly hard and hard
then soft
soil
description
picture of the soil
44
ANNEX 5: Site description of B.Vista
Localization : Bellavista, at the top of the hill where there was the old mirador
way to go there : Turn right at the Orlando's house to take the stairs and go to the top of the hill
Person to contact : Orlando Arias ; Leonela Lucas; Clay Plager Unger;
relative position : forest side by side without Forest

Name B.Vista_F B.Vista_NF
Latitude S 00°36.319 S 00°36.313
Bollard Longitude W 080°26.009' W 080°26.011'
Dip direction N 170° E N 170° E
Dip 24° 13°
Recovery forest : small spots of grass (1-5 cm)
Type of vegetation
young trees (2-10 years) corn roots remains
remarks
Picture of the site
no hole, no information
Depth of roots 1m
roots density dense
Picture of the hole no hole, no information
color beige
Size range of grains sand to fine gravel
sorting range poorly sorted
soil
description
picture of the soil
45
ANNEX 6: Site description of La.Cruz
Localization : Bario La Cruz

way to go there : From the mirador go down the stairs
Person to contact : Orlando Arias ; Santo Macay ; Leonela Lucas
relative position : forest under without Forest

Name La.Cruz_F La.Cruz_NF
Latitude S 00°36.283' S 00°36.291'
Bollard Longitude W 080°25.556' W 080°25.562'
Dip direction N 50 °E N 80 °E
Dip 27° 11°
Strike N 140 °E N 170 °E
Recovery forest :
Type of vegetation none
young trees (2-10 years)
remarks The surface was burnt
Picture of the site
Depth of roots 1m
roots density dense
Picture of the hole no hole, no information
color beige
Size range of grains sand to fine gravel
sorting range poorly sorted
soil
description
picture of the soil
46
ANNEX 7: Site description of EMI.east
Localization : Other side of Universidad Católica. Emilio's field on the east part of the hill
way to go there : Cross the river bed , and go up the hill
Person to contact : Orlando Arias
relative position : forest above without Forest

Dip about 25° about 25°
grass ( 2 - 5 cm )
Type of vegetation Primary forest
and bush ( 50cm)
remarks pasture for cows
Picture of the site
ANNEX 8: Site description of EMI.west
Localization : Other side of Universidad Católica. Emilio's field on the east part of the hill
way to go there : Cross the river bed , and go up the hill
relative position : forest above without Forest

grass ( 2 - 5 cm )
and bush ( 50cm)
remarks pasture for cows
Picture of the site
47
ANNEX 9: Site description of BV.Gorda
Localization : Bellavista, at the top of the hill above "la Casa Gorda"
From the "B.Vista" : continue on the crete to the "Casa Gorda", you will pass Gloria's house
From Orlando house : continue straith to the stairs to the gloria's house
way to go there :
and then turn left to go to "Casa Gorda"
Then climb up the hill

grass (5-20cm)
and bushes
remarks Pasture
Picture of the site
ANNEX 10: Site description of L.Ruinas
Localization : Bosquet en medio las ruinas

First exploration date: 05-juil
Person to contact : Orlando Arias ; Las Melissas
relative position : forest in the diagonal without Forest

Youg trees
Type of vegetation none
dominance of Palosanto
remarks Trees debrits and garbage
Picture of the site
48
ANNEX 11: Site description of Km8.molares
Localization : Between barrio Maria dolores y la Universidad Católica

way to go there : At the Km 8

Type of vegetation Young trees none
remarks
Picture of the site
ANNEX 12: List of the Common name and Binomial name of tree species of the dry tropical forest (7)
Commun name Binomial name

Algarrobo Prosopis pallida
Barbasco Jacquinia sprucei
Bototillo Cochlospermum vitifolium
Bruga Blanca Liabum eggersii
Cascol Caesalpinia paipai
Ceibo Ceiba trichistandra
Cereza Malpighia emarginata
Ebano Zizipus thirsiflora
Guachapeli Albizia guachapeli
Guayacan Tabebuia chrysantha
Muyuyo Cordia lutea
Ovo Spondias purpurea
Palo santo Bursera graveolens
Papaya de Monte Vasconcellea parviflora
Seca Geoffrea spinosa
Uña de Gato Pisonia aculeata
49
ANNEX 13: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at Km8road_NF
50
ANNEX 14: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at Km8road_F
51
ANNEX 15: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at UNI.mid_NF
52
ANNEX 16: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at UNI.mid_F
53
ANNEX 17: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at UNI.top_NF
54
ANNEX 18: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at UNI.top_F
55
ANNEX 19 : Map of tree species and tree size estimation at B.Vista_NF
56
ANNEX 20: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at B.Vista_F
57
ANNEX 21: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at La.Cruz_NF
58
ANNEX 22: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at La.Cruz_F
59
ANNEX 23 : Topographic measurements tables for Km8road_NF.
Name of the Operator Beriot GPS

Date of measurement 03-août latitude S 00°39.353
Name of the site Km8road_NF longitude W 080°24.106'
altitude [m] 53 ft
Please fill with the Field measurements
distance between the top of the bollard and the soil [m] minimum : 0,025
maximum : 0,24
rod grade measure on the bollard [m] : 0,785
rod grade measure [m]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0,9 0,785 0,73 0,66 0,69 0,64 0,575 0,52 0,4
1 1,335 1,38 1,345 1,31 1,33 1,255 1,185 1,21 1,28
2 1,9 1,8 1,775 1,87 1,815 1,85 1,79 1,66 1,7
3 2,56 2,35 2,45 2,48 2,51 2,45 2,34 2,345 2,22
4 3,075 3 2,98 3,075 2,945 3,05 2,95 2,875 2,875
5 3,71 3,725 3,61 3,61 3,615 3,625 3,55 3,55 3,46
6 4,28 4,59 4,36 4,22 4,185 4,205 4,305 4,21 4,075
7 4,875 4,95 4,965 4,93 4,86 4,95 4,83 4,685 4,565
8 5,42 5,59 5,6 5,54 5,41 5,55 5,42 5,27 5,15
distance for each measure points : x [m]

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
60
ANNEX 24: Topographic measurements tables for Km8road_F.
Date of measurement 03-août latitude S 00°39,339'
Name of the site Km8road_F longitude W080°24,078'
altitude [ft] 44 ft
Distance between the top of the bollard and the soil [m] minimum : 0
maximum : 0,12
Rod grade measure on the bollard [m] : 6,27

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0,16 0,08 0,21 0,15 0,12 0,03 0,08 0,13 0,12
1 0,73 0,67 0,6 0,63 0,5 0,36 0,51 0,65 0,64
2 1,475 1,25 1,31 1,3 1,18 1,2 1,13 1,26 1,25
3 2,075 2,15 1,9 1,87 1,93 1,945 1,955 1,79 1,78
4 2,6 2,7 2,65 2,655 2,605 2,66 2,7 2,535 2,79
5 3,425 3,35 3,29 3,36 3,34 3,22 3,23 3,14 3,24
6 4,16 4,11 4,15 4,11 4,15 3,8 3,81 3,97 4,07
7 4,8 4,775 4,885 4,86 5 5,05 4,855 4,865 4,84
8 5,67 5,6 5,65 5,73 5,84 5,73 5,71 5,76 5,6

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
61
ANNEX 25: Topographic measurements tables for UNI.mid_NF.
Date of measurement 03-août latitude S 00°39.525'
Name of the site UNI.mid_NF longitude w 080°23,817'
altitude [m] 218 ft
maximum : 0,11

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0,865 0,775 0,665 0,405 0,345 0,275 0,4 0,65 0,7
1 1,145 1 0,8 0,715 0,68 0,7 0,945 1,04 1,14
2 1,43 1,2 1,05 1,025 1,155 1,3 1,375 1,54 1,475
3 1,74 1,755 1,83 1,73 1,825 2,04 2,09 2,12 2,25
4 2,275 2,25 2,35 2,455 2,27 2,51 2,62 2,69 2,745
5 2,835 2,87 2,89 2,8 2,88 2,96 3,165 3,22 3,4
6 3,33 3,47 3,6 3,635 3,5 3,5 3,825 3,8 3,975
7 4 4 4,17 4,215 4,41 4,42 4,325 4,435 4,525
8 4,45 4,53 4,45 4,65 4,76 4,75 4,64 4,82 5,08

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
62
ANNEX 26: Topographic measurements tables for UNI.mid_NF_2.
Name of the site UNI.mid_NF_2 longitude w 080°23,817'
altitude [m] 218 ft
maximum : 0,11

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1,19 1,126 1,002 0,765 0,47 0,636 0,624 0,882 0,99
1 1,48 1,334 1,176 1,006 1,104 1,175 1,346 1,237 1,44
2 1,75 1,596 1,432 1,534 1,48 1,716 1,673 2,116 2,075
3 2,12 2,063 2,057 2,004 2,097 2,16 2,503 2,274 2,565
4 2,62 2,49 2,601 2,758 2,674 3,024 2,838 3,23 3,15
5 3,1 3,213 3,235 3,165 3,368 3,322 3,661 3,429 3,7
6 3,645 3,755 3,716 3,881 3,906 4,09 4,14 4,141 4,32
7 4,285 4,301 4,466 4,404 4,562 4,709 4,575 4,834 4,86
8 4,77 4,886 4,797 4,968 5,193 5,249 5,202 5,321 5,347

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
63
ANNEX 27: Topographic measurements tables for UNI.mid_F
Name of the site UNI.mid_F longitude w 080°23,810'
altitude [ft] 216 ft
maximum : 0,16

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0,4 0,39 0,4 0,345 0,3 0,29 0,295 0,225 0,31
1 1,03 0,865 0,805 0,765 0,8 0,8 0,745 0,73 0,73
2 1,47 1,38 1,26 1,25 1,35 1,31 1,29 1,225 1,245
3 2,1 1,98 1,975 1,905 1,845 1,815 1,86 1,905 1,91
4 2,69 2,585 2,445 2,415 2,365 2,405 2,415 2,48 2,41
5 3,2 3,125 3,085 3,12 3,1 3,085 3,01 3,085 3,03
6 3,85 3,72 3,76 3,74 3,545 3,43 3,54 3,38 3,465
7 4,6 4,49 4,39 4,42 4,33 4,15 4,21 4,16 4,11
8 4,985 4,875 4,84 4,675 4,49 4,58 4,71 4,69 4,66

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5,5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 1,8 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
64
ANNEX 28: Topographic measurements tables for UNI.top_NF

Name of the site UNI.top_NF longitude W 080°23.794'
maximum : 0,12

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1,175 1,19 1,375 1,4 1,43 1,465 1,435 1,45 1,475
1 1,47 1,55 1,6 1,61 1,65 1,67 1,69 1,735 1,67
2 2,02 2,02 2 1,94 1,88 1,925 1,91 1,85 1,76
3 2,105 2,205 2,2 2,26 2,24 2,3 2,29 2,305 2,305
4 2,5 2,5 2,55 2,54 2,54 2,575 2,615 2,655 2,605
5 2,77 2,83 2,865 2,93 3,005 3,03 3,02 3 2,925
6 3,18 3,2 3,205 3,3 3,335 3,39 3,505 3,495 3,455
7 3,585 3,585 3,65 3,72 3,805 3,835 3,87 3,91 3,93
8 4,02 4,03 4,12 4,2 4,36 4,33 4,36 4,3 4,47

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
65
ANNEX 29: Topographic measurements tables for UNI.top_F

Name of the site UNI.top_F longitude W 080°23.808'
maximum : 0,09

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1,08 1,135 1,105 1,205 1,105 1,105 0,805 0,71 0,745
1 1,35 1,52 1,47 1,56 1,49 1,4 1,17 0,89 1
2 1,73 1,805 1,775 1,89 1,89 1,73 1,48 1,18 1,29
3 2 2,105 1,965 2,102 2,18 2,09 1,83 1,425 1,56
4 2,41 2,4 2,28 2,46 2,47 2,415 2,145 1,84 1,9
5 2,725 2,72 2,59 2,825 2,895 2,76 2,445 2,19 2,235
6 3,11 3,07 2,875 3,09 3,22 3,08 2,86 2,485 2,575
7 3,36 3,365 3,125 3,32 3,58 3,45 3,03 2,8 2,85
8 3,71 3,65 3,475 3,565 3,78 3,725 3,3 3,085 3,065

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
66
ANNEX 30 : Topographic measurements tables for B.Vista_NF
Name of the site B.Vista_NF longitude W 080°26.011'
altitude [ft] 251
Distance between the top of the bollard and the soil [m] minimum : 0,03
maximum : 0,28

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1,18 1,163 1,118 1,068 1,053 1,008 0,963 0,9 0,87
1 1,245 1,203 1,18 1,168 1,128 1,11 1,08 1,03 1,003
2 1,38 1,355 1,36 1,335 1,318 1,305 1,31 1,27 1,2
3 1,608 1,605 1,635 1,645 1,585 1,575 1,535 1,45 1,4
4 1,885 1,885 1,93 1,913 1,82 1,755 1,68 1,603 1,585
5 2,1 2,13 2,115 2,05 2,015 1,955 1,875 1,81 1,77
6 2,225 2,32 2,23 2,17 2,16 2,08 2,04 1,938 1,945
7 2,725 2,72 2,65 2,575 2,54 2,54 2,405 2,385 2,39
8 3,11 3,08 2,87 2,865 2,865 2,855 2,86 2,815 2,825

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7,8
67
ANNEX 31: Topographic measurements tables for B.Vista_NF_2
Name of the site B.Vista_NF_2 longitude W 080°26.011'
altitude [ft] 251
maximum : 0,28

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1,108 1,107 1,1 1,009 1,008 1,005 0,909 0,907 0,901
1 1,202 1,201 1,2 1,109 1,1 1,105 1,006 1,002 1,003
2 1,308 1,305 1,4 1,309 1,309 1,301 1,305 1,301 1,203
3 1,595 1,6 1,509 1,604 1,508 1,6 1,605 1,408 1,403
4 1,9 1,923 2 1,98 1,913 1,845 1,765 1,688 1,65
5 2,118 2,135 2,14 2,085 2,06 2 1,918 1,88 1,835
6 2,23 2,36 2,33 2,28 2,265 2,195 2,135 2,003 2,015
7 2,74 2,78 2,68 2,628 2,56 2,518 2,415 2,47 2,49
8 3,113 3,09 2,955 2,905 2,96 2,905 2,885 2,88 2,838

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
68
ANNEX 32: Topographic measurements tables for B.Vista_F
Name of the site B.Vista_F longitude W 080°26.009'
altitude [ft] 220
maximum : 0,2
Rod grade measure on the concrete corner [m] : 4,305

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0,74 0,705 0,645 0,525 0,49 0,445 0,41 0,37 0,37
1 1,03 0,97 0,95 0,94 0,885 0,79 0,77 0,71 0,71
2 1,39 1,38 1,35 1,37 1,265 1,16 1,07 1,08 1,03
3 1,49 1,585 1,4 1,45 1,58 1,74 1,785 1,735 1,73
4 2,19 2,225 2,175 2,12 1,99 1,9 1,89 1,95 1,78
5 2,59 2,62 2,53 2,42 2,35 2,34 2,48 2,145 2,21
6 3,745 3,68 2,91 3,68 2,86 2,97 3,065 2,94 2,61
7 3,815 3,8 3,7 3,75 3,755 3,715 3,835 3,885 3,42
8 4,25 4,15 4,06 4,1 3,96 3,955 4,155 4,335 4,01

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7,8
69
ANNEX 33: Topographic measurements tables for B.Vista_F_2
Name of the site B.Vista_F_2 longitude W 080°26.009'
altitude [ft] 220
maximum : 0,2
Rod grade measure on the concrete corner [m] : 4,453

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0,885 0,87 0,8 0,7 0,705 0,62 0,535 0,52 0,53
1 1,15 1,125 1,095 1,088 1,033 1,005 0,96 0,9 0,863
2 1,5 1,52 1,5 1,5 1,33 1,295 1,21 1,225 1,165
3 1,855 1,875 1,95 1,823 1,67 1,595 1,515 1,58 1,603
4 2,32 2,39 2,35 2,305 2,138 2,12 2,11 2,11 1,97
5 2,725 2,75 2,663 2,608 2,578 2,525 2,515 2,64 2,33
6 3,333 3,225 3,13 3,285 3,05 3,1 3,378 2,98 2,805
7 4 3,975 3,965 3,885 3,87 3,88 4,02 4,03 3,89
8 4,38 4,315 4,215 4,21 4,31 4,19 4,305 4,543 4,24

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
70
ANNEX 34: Topographic measurements tables for La.Cruz_NF
Name of the area La.Cruz_NF longitude W 080°25.562'
altitude [m] 222
distance between the top of the concrete corner and the soil [m] minimum : 0,16
maximum : 0,22
rod grade measure on the concrete corner [m] : 0,83

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0,75 0,68 0,75 0,76 0,80 0,84 0,89 0,89 0,91
1 0,60 0,78 0,71 0,85 0,83 0,87 0,91 0,94 1,00
2 0,82 0,87 0,82 0,87 0,90 0,97 1,01 1,03 1,03
3 1,01 0,95 1,04 0,93 0,98 1,09 1,10 1,14 1,23
4 1,26 1,13 1,16 1,23 1,17 1,22 1,20 1,27 1,40
5 1,44 1,43 1,38 1,40 1,52 1,47 1,53 1,62 1,65
6 1,75 1,71 1,68 1,69 1,75 1,77 1,79 1,85 1,97
7 2,10 1,97 1,98 2,00 1,96 1,99 1,91 2,11 2,26
8 2,50 2,38 2,32 2,26 2,21 2,33 2,33 2,39 2,46

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
71
ANNEX 35: Topographic measurements tables for La.Cruz_NF_2

Name of the area La.Cruz_NF_2 longitude W 080°25.562'
altitude [m] 222
maximum : 0,22

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0,74 0,70 0,74 0,77 0,81 0,83 0,87 0,89 0,93
1 0,61 0,78 0,73 0,83 0,83 0,88 0,90 0,93 1,02
2 0,80 0,86 0,83 0,86 0,89 0,97 1,00 1,04 1,05
3 1,00 0,96 1,05 0,95 0,98 1,08 1,10 1,13 1,21
4 1,28 1,13 1,17 1,22 1,19 1,22 1,20 1,28 1,40
5 1,46 1,41 1,36 1,40 1,51 1,44 1,53 1,60 1,65
6 1,72 1,71 1,68 1,69 1,76 1,78 1,79 1,83 1,96
7 2,10 1,97 1,99 2,01 2,00 2,03 1,91 2,14 2,29
8 2,50 2,34 2,27 2,27 2,22 2,30 2,32 2,41 2,47

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
72
ANNEX 36: Topographic measurements tables for La.Cruz_F
Name of the area La.Cruz_F longitude W 080°25.556'
altitude [ft] 195
maximum : 0,06

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 -0,03 -0,1 -0,03 0,085 0,18 0,35 0,35 0,53
1 0,59 0,673 0,568 0,395 0,59 0,7 0,825 0,93 1,053
2 1,11 1,145 1,05 0,99 1,073 1,29 1,385 1,55 1,85
3 1,633 1,613 1,47 1,645 1,7 1,715 1,805 2,005 2,265
4 2,2 2,108 2,138 2,09 2,113 1,98 2,32 2,51 2,8
5 2,688 2,645 2,605 2,65 2,68 2,765 2,77 2,88 3,17
6 3,3 3,22 3,115 3,345 3,26 3,25 3,26 3,31 3,48
7 3,695 3,825 3,77 3,695 3,71 3,71 3,69 3,52 3,76
8 4,1 4,125 4,08 4,02 4,06 4,245 4,315 4,655 4,85

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
73
ANNEX 37: Topographic measurements tables for La.Cruz_F_2

Name of the area La.Cruz_F_2 longitude W 080°25.556'
altitude [m] 195
maximum : 0,06

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0,858 0,835 0,9 0,92 0,98 1,035 1,175 1,29 1,445
1 1,5 1,6 1,45 1,305 1,445 1,37 1,75 1,84 1,97
2 1,97 2,065 1,913 1,82 0,1 0,315 0,4 0,565 0,858
3 0,72 0,645 0,58 0,753 0,663 0,73 0,85 1,018 1,26
4 1,275 1,21 1,275 1,22 1,253 1,08 1,41 1,54 1,76
5 1,75 1,7 1,683 1,73 1,768 1,85 1,895 1,915 2,185
6 2,333 2,26 2,17 2,383 2,34 2,363 2,35 2,42 2,55
7 2,988 2,85 2,815 2,75 2,787 2,793 2,845 2,68 2,945
8 3,183 3,217 3,163 3,107 3,143 3,25 3,373 3,38 3,62

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
74
ANNEX 38: Script of "topo_calculation"
75
76
77
78
79
ANNEX 39: Relative altitude interpolation of Km8road_NF
ANNEX 40: Relative altitude interpolation of Km8road_F
80
ANNEX 41: Relative altitude interpolation of UNI.mid_NF
ANNEX 42: Relative altitude interpolation of UNI.mid_NF
_2
81
ANNEX 43: Relative altitude interpolation of UNI.mid_F
ANNEX 44: Relative altitude interpolation of UNI.top_NF
82
ANNEX 45: Relative altitude interpolation of UNI.mid_F
ANNEX 46: Relative altitude interpolation of B.Vista_NF
83
ANNEX 47: Relative altitude interpolation of B.Vista_NF_2
ANNEX 48: Relative altitude interpolation of B.Vista_F
84
ANNEX 49: Relative altitude interpolation of B.Vista_F_2
ANNEX 50: Relative altitude interpolation of La.Cruz_NF
85
ANNEX 51: Relative altitude interpolation of La.Cruz_NF_2
ANNEX 52: Relative altitude interpolation of La.Cruz_F
86
ANNEX 53: Relative altitude interpolation of La.Cruz_F_2
ANNEX 54: Volume difference between both measures at UNI.mid_NF
87
ANNEX 55: Volume difference between both measures at B.Vista_NF
ANNEX 56: Volume difference between both measures at B.Vista_F
88
ANNEX 57: Volume difference between both measures at La.Cruz_NF
ANNEX 58: Volume difference between both measures at La.Cruz_F
89
ANNEX 59: Register started the 18/08/2016 for a tree donation campaign
Date: 18/08/2016
NameNombre Contact Place to plant
Anjen Cembrano 088294044 Leonidas Plaza

Marco Veneze Margarita de Jesus
Elvira Estrada 2690389 Margarita de Jesus
Louis Romejon Leonidas Plaza
Merces Chaves 0982658522 Tosagua
Francisca Parales 0988556161 Fanca II
Javier Quintera Sembrano Pedro Ferminze baillo
Jose Garcia Holinca Santo
Gutember Valencia La Cruz
Loor Juan Ekytativa
Cedon Rillerbo Viega Albarago 690648 Ciudadela del Norte
Jose Agostin Barahuna Paredes 0988233106
Personal Ciudadela del Norte
Jose Agostin Barahuna Paredes 0988233107 Pedernales
Noel Delgado 0939576156 Km20
contact
Hoel Bera 0994850587 Km8
Louis Coella information
0969228580 Leonidas Plaza
Monica Quintero 0997821623 Ciudadela del Norte
are hidden
Jose Sansa Bario divino nino
Jose Banda Margarita de Jesus
Juan Calde Bario divino nino
Guachito Rosal 0980069126 Fanca
Kenni Bachurto 1306641604 Sitio Akai
Elias Ureta 0991367342 Las Corona
Galo Hidalgo 0986247707 Pedro Ferminze baillo
Josefa Arcentales 0997143815 Leonidas Plaza
Matale Arcentales
magodalena.orcentalos@icloud.com Margarita de Jesus
Ines Franco 0993262879 Margarita de Jesus
Mario Villao 0988645947 Jorre Lomas
Juan Bojo Manuel Albares Nevare 691732 Margarita de Jesus
Brigeido Ceballos 0980090972 Margarita de Jesus
90
Date: 18/08/2016
Name Tree specie

Mandarina Chirimoya Guaba de Machete Aguakate Pechiche Cascol
Anjen Cembrano 2 1 1
Marco Veneze 1 1
Elvira Estrada 2 2 2 1
Louis Romejon 1
Merces Chaves 1 1 1 1
Francisca Parales 2 1 1
Javier Quintera Sembrano 2 1
Jose Garcia 1
Gutember Valencia 1 1
Loor Juan 2
Cedon Rillerbo Viega Albarago 1
Jose Agostin Barahuna Paredes 1 1
Jose Agostin Barahuna Paredes 1 1
Noel Delgado 1 1
Hoel Bera 1 1 1
Louis Coella 2 1
Monica Quintero 1 1 1
Jose Sonsa 2
Jose Banda 2 1
Juan Calde 1
Guachito Rosal 1
Kenni Bachurto 2
Elias Ureta 2 1 1 1
Galo Hidalgo 3 2 4 4 2
Josefa Arcentales 1
Matale Arcentales 1 1
Ines Franco 1 1
Mario Villao 1 1
Juan Bojo Manuel Albares Nevare 1
Brigeido Ceballos 1
91
92
ANNEX 60: Seven questionnaires for the seven first step of the participative monitoring campaign (12)
¡Plantación de árboles challenge! ¡Primer Paso!

Primer contacto
¡Hola!
¿Viene de recibir un pequeño árbol o de comprar semillas? ¡Participa en el desafío de plantación de

árboles! El primer objetivo del desafío es de plantar su árbol y de darle agua para que el crece.
¿Qué tipo de árbol tiene?
->
Achiote
Aguacate
Algarrobo
Almendra
Bálsamo
Cacao
Cascol
Ceibo
Cereza
Chirimoya
Fernan Sanchez
Fruta de Pan
Guachapeli
Guanabano
Guava de Vehuco
Guayaba
Jaboncillo
Lengua de Vaca
Mamey
Mandarina
Mango
Manzana
Mate
Papaya
Palosanto
Pechiche
Tamarindo
Tierra de Monte
Otro tipo de árbol

no sé
93
¿Porqué plantas un árbol? Clasifica las motivaciones siguientes de la más importante (1) a la menos
importante (4) : obtener frutas / obtener madera / organizar mi jardín / estabilizar el suelo /
¿De dónde viene su árbol? -> de Planet Drum / de otra donación / compro un árbol / compro semillas /
colecto semillas
¿Cuando planto su árbol? (mm-aaaa) Si no le planto ya escribe -> fecha
¿Cuántos otros árboles planta en el mismo tiempo?
¿Puso una imagen recién de su árbol en la página facebook (tree planting challenge) ? -> Si / No
¿Tiene preguntas o comentarios? -> texto libre
¿Tiene ideas para mejorar el challenge de Plantación de árboles? -> texto libre
Felicitación! Termina el primer paso!
En un mes va a recibir un cuestionario para seguir el challenge!

Si no le recibe, por favor pregunta en la pagina facebook (…) para recibir uno.
¡Plantación de árboles challenge! ¡Secundo Paso!

Después de un mes
¡Hola!
¿Hace un mes que empieza el desafío de plantación de árboles? ¡El desafío de plantación de árboles
sigue! El secundo objetivo es de tener cuidado de su árbol y de darle agua para que el crece.
¿Cómo está su árbol? -> Buen : las hojas son bonitas / malo : ojas secas o hay parasitos o una
enfermedad / muerto
¿Cuándo planto su árbol? -> fecha
¿ Qué tan alto (en metros) es su árbol
? -> numero
¿Dio agua a su árbol? -> Si / No
¿ Dio químicos / chimecos a su árbol? -> Si / No
94
¿Dio …? -> Si / No
¿ Puso una imagen recién de su árbol en la página facebook (tree planting chalenge) ? -> Si / No
Felicitación! Termina el secundo paso!
En cinco meses va a recibir un cuestionario para continuar el challenge!

Desde este tiempo puedes hacer cometarios en la pagina facebook.
¡Plantación de árboles challenge! ¡Tercero Paso!

Después de seis meses
¡Hola!
¿Hace seis mes que empieza el desafío de plantación de árboles? ¡El desafío de plantación de árboles
sigue! El tercero objetivo es de ver si su árbol está bien y en buen salud.
¿Cómo está su árbol? -> Buen : las hojas son bonitas y ya crece / malo : ojas secas o hay parasitos o una
enfermedad / muerto
¿Cuándo planto su árbol? (mm-aaaa) Si no le planto ya escribe 00-0000 -> fecha
¿ Qué tan alto (en metros)? -> numero
¿Dio …? -> Si / No
¡Chévere! ¡Termina el tercero paso!
95
Gracias por su participación!
En seis meses va a recibir un cuestionario para continuar el challenge!

¡Plantación de árboles challenge! ¡Paso quatro!

Después de un año
¡Feliz cumpleaños!
¡Ya Hace un año que empieza el desafío de plantación de árboles! ¡Pone une imagen de su árbol en la
pagina para su cumpleaños!
¿Cómo está su árbol? -> Buen : las hojas son bonitas y el árbol crece / malo : ojas secas o hay parasitos o
una enfermedad / muerto
¿Cuánto (libras o numero) frutas dio su árbol? Si ya no dio escribe 0.
¿ Puso una recién imagen de su árbol en la página facebook (tree planting chalenge) ? -> Si / No
¡Felicitation! ¡You complete el paso quatro!
¡Gracias por su participación!

¡Plantación de árboles challenge! ¡Paso cinco!

Después de un año y medio
96
¿Cómo está su árbol? -> Buen : las hojas son bonitas y el árbol crece / malo : ojas secas o hay parasitos o
¿ Puso una imagen de las frutas de su árbol en la página facebook (tree planting chalenge) ? -> Si / No
¡Felicitation! ¡Termina el paso cinco!

¡Plantación de árboles challenge! ¡Paso seis!

Después de dos años
¿Cómo está su árbol? -> Buen: las hojas son bonitas y el árbol crece / malo: ojas secas o hay parasitos o
¿Qué tan alto (en metros)? -> numero
¿Dio agua a tu árbol? -> Si / No
¿Dio químicos / chimecos a su árbol? -> Si / No
¿Puso una imagen recién de su árbol en la página facebook (tree planting chalenge) ? -> Si / No
¿Puso una imagen de una comida que hacía con las frutas de su árbol en la página facebook (tree
planting chalenge)? -> Si / No
97
¡Felicitation! ¡Termina el paso seis!

Plantación de árboles challenge! ¡Paso siete!

Después de dos años y medio¡
¿Cómo está su árbol? -> Buen: las hojas son bonitas y el árbol crece / malo: ojas secas o hay parasitos o
¿Qué tan alto (en metros)? -> numero
¿Dio químicos / chimecos a su árbol? -> Si / No
¿Corté su árbol? -> si, algún ramas para ayudar le a crecer / si totalmente / no
¿Puso una imagen recién de su árbol en la página facebook (tree planting chalenge) ? -> Si / No
¡Felicitation! ¡Termina el paso siete!
Gracias por su participación!

98
Table of annexes
ANNEX 1: Blank document for field measurement ..................................................................................... 41

ANNEX 2: Site description of Km8road........................................................................................................ 42
ANNEX 3: Site description of UNI.mid ........................................................................................................ 43
ANNEX 4: Site description of UNI.top.......................................................................................................... 44
ANNEX 5: Site description of B.Vista ........................................................................................................... 45
ANNEX 6: Site description of La.Cruz .......................................................................................................... 46
ANNEX 7: Site description of EMI.east ........................................................................................................ 47
ANNEX 8: Site description of EMI.west ....................................................................................................... 47
ANNEX 9: Site description of BV.Gorda ....................................................................................................... 48
ANNEX 10: Site description of L.Ruinas ....................................................................................................... 48
ANNEX 11: Site description of Km8.molares ............................................................................................... 49
ANNEX 12: List of the Common name and Binomial name of tree species of the dry tropical forest (7) .... 49
ANNEX 13: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at Km8road_NF ................................................. 50
ANNEX 14: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at Km8road_F ................................................... 51
ANNEX 15: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at UNI.mid_NF .................................................. 52
ANNEX 16: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at UNI.mid_F ..................................................... 53
ANNEX 17: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at UNI.top_NF ................................................... 54
ANNEX 18: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at UNI.top_F ..................................................... 55
ANNEX 19 : Map of tree species and tree size estimation at B.Vista_NF ................................................... 56
ANNEX 20: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at B.Vista_F ....................................................... 57
ANNEX 21: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at La.Cruz_NF .................................................... 58
ANNEX 22: Map of tree species and tree size estimation at La.Cruz_F ...................................................... 59
ANNEX 23 : Topographic measurements tables for Km8road_NF. ............................................................. 60
ANNEX 24: Topographic measurements tables for Km8road_F. ................................................................ 61
ANNEX 25: Topographic measurements tables for UNI.mid_NF. ............................................................... 62
ANNEX 26: Topographic measurements tables for UNI.mid_NF_2. ........................................................... 63
ANNEX 27: Topographic measurements tables for UNI.mid_F ................................................................... 64
ANNEX 28: Topographic measurements tables for UNI.top_NF ................................................................. 65
ANNEX 29: Topographic measurements tables for UNI.top_F ................................................................... 66
ANNEX 30 : Topographic measurements tables for B.Vista_NF.................................................................. 67
ANNEX 31: Topographic measurements tables for B.Vista_NF_2 .............................................................. 68
ANNEX 32: Topographic measurements tables for B.Vista_F ..................................................................... 69
ANNEX 33: Topographic measurements tables for B.Vista_F_2 ................................................................. 70
ANNEX 34: Topographic measurements tables for La.Cruz_NF .................................................................. 71
ANNEX 35: Topographic measurements tables for La.Cruz_NF_2 .............................................................. 72
ANNEX 36: Topographic measurements tables for La.Cruz_F .................................................................... 73
ANNEX 37: Topographic measurements tables for La.Cruz_F_2 ................................................................ 74
ANNEX 38: Script of "topo_calculation" ...................................................................................................... 75
99
ANNEX 39: Relative altitude interpolation of Km8road_NF ........................................................................ 80
ANNEX 40: Relative altitude interpolation of Km8road_F .......................................................................... 80
ANNEX 41: Relative altitude interpolation of UNI.mid_NF ......................................................................... 81
ANNEX 42: Relative altitude interpolation of UNI.mid_NF_2 ..................................................................... 81
ANNEX 43: Relative altitude interpolation of UNI.mid_F ............................................................................ 82
ANNEX 44: Relative altitude interpolation of UNI.top_NF .......................................................................... 82
ANNEX 45: Relative altitude interpolation of UNI.mid_F ............................................................................ 83
ANNEX 46: Relative altitude interpolation of B.Vista_NF ........................................................................... 83
ANNEX 47: Relative altitude interpolation of B.Vista_NF_2 ....................................................................... 84
ANNEX 48: Relative altitude interpolation of B.Vista_F .............................................................................. 84
ANNEX 49: Relative altitude interpolation of B.Vista_F_2 .......................................................................... 85
ANNEX 50: Relative altitude interpolation of La.Cruz_NF ........................................................................... 85
ANNEX 51: Relative altitude interpolation of La.Cruz_NF_2 ....................................................................... 86
ANNEX 52: Relative altitude interpolation of La.Cruz_F ............................................................................. 86
ANNEX 53: Relative altitude interpolation of La.Cruz_F_2 ......................................................................... 87
ANNEX 54: Volume difference between both measures at UNI.mid_NF ................................................... 87
ANNEX 55: Volume difference between both measures at B.Vista_NF...................................................... 88
ANNEX 56: Volume difference between both measures at B.Vista_F ........................................................ 88
ANNEX 57: Volume difference between both measures at La.Cruz_NF ..................................................... 89
ANNEX 58: Volume difference between both measures at La.Cruz_F........................................................ 89
ANNEX 59: Register started the 18/08/2016 for a tree donation campaign .............................................. 90
ANNEX 60: Seven questionnaires for the seven first step of the participative monitoring campaign (12) .. 93
100
Table of figures
Figure 1: Map of biomes of Ecuador (18) ........................................................................................................ 5

Figure 2 : Average precipitation (27 years of record) and temperature (13 year of record) diagram for
Bahia de Caraquez (17) .................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4: Trees of the dry tropical forest....................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3: Drilling pit in the greenhouse, Universidad Catholica .................................................................... 7
Figure 5: Fauna of the dry tropical forest...................................................................................................... 8
Figure 6 : Coastal birds, ocean and mangrove repartition ............................................................................ 8
Figure 7 : Tricyclos waiting for passengers .................................................................................................. 10
Figure 8 : Map of the sites reforested by Planet Drum between 1999 and 2013....................................... 11
Figure 9 : Tricyclo loaded with trees for donation ...................................................................................... 12
Figure 10 : Sites investigation, measures to be sure an area of 8m*8m is available .................................. 15
Figure 11 : references use for tree trunk size estimation; A: d=1.5cm , B: d=5cm , C: d=10cm ................. 16
Figure 12 : examples for the four trunk size categories; A: d<1.5cm , B: d∈ [ 1.5, 5 ] cm , C: d∈ [ 5, 10 ] cm
, D: d> 10 cm ................................................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 13 : Strike measurement: Explanation diagram and picture of the compass measure of the area
UNI.top_F. For this area, the strike is N20°E (read “20° from North to the East”). .................................... 17
Figure 14 : Example of a digitized map : map of the of the tree species at the area B.Vista_F .................. 18
Figure 16 : Cistern near the area B.Vista_NF (A) and La.Cruz_NF (B), the reference point is mark by a blue
circle ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 15 : diagram of the bollard ............................................................................................................... 19
Figure 17 : Dumpy level description ............................................................................................................ 20
Figure 18: Dumpy level on the tripod Figure 19: Rod grade and reticule sight. The measure is 1.02 m,
upper and lower lines indicate the same difference (∓ 4 cm) so the rod grade is vertical ........................ 21
Figure 21 : step 2 of the grid implementation ............................................................................................ 22
Figure 20 : step 1 of the grid setting up ...................................................................................................... 22
Figure 26 : verification that the level is at a right place .............................................................................. 25
Figure 27 : measure with the rod grade on the concrete corner ................................................................ 26
Figure 28 : explanation of steps to measure the points on the area .......................................................... 26
Figure 29: Surface computed by the program for "Km8road_NF" (A) and the same area (B). .................. 28
Figure 30 : table of results of the topographic study for 2016 ................................................................... 29
Figure 31 : Example of difference volume for the site La.Cruz_F ............................................................... 30
Figure 32 : Table of the volume difference due to measure reproduction................................................. 30
Figure 33 : Logo of CNEL .............................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 34 : advantages and disadvantages of marking methods ................................................................ 35
Figure 35 : Donation of trees in a community (15)........................................................................................ 36
101
Table of contents
Acknowledgments / Agredecimientos .......................................................................................................... 2

Preamble ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Bioregional development, the example of Bahia de Caraquez ............................................................. 5
1.1 Bahia ecoregion ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Bahia Ecocity.................................................................................................................................. 9
1.3 Planet drum foundation .............................................................................................................. 10
2. Revegetalisation of the dry tropical forest: study of erosion control ................................................. 13
2.1 Principle ....................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Protocol ....................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.1 Sites Selection...................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.2 Preparation of sites ............................................................................................................. 16
a. Cartography of the sites .......................................................................................................... 16
b. Bollard construction ................................................................................................................ 19
2.2.3 Topographic survey ............................................................................................................. 20
a. Period of measurement........................................................................................................... 20
b. Equipment ............................................................................................................................... 20
c. Border grid setting up.............................................................................................................. 22
d. Topographic measurement ..................................................................................................... 25
2.3 Results and interpretations ......................................................................................................... 27
2.3.1 Computing calculation ......................................................................................................... 27
2.3.2 2016 data set results ........................................................................................................... 29
2.3.3 Confidence interval calculation ........................................................................................... 30
2.4 Discussions and further work ...................................................................................................... 31
2.4.1 Following year study............................................................................................................ 31
2.4.2 Protocol precision improvement......................................................................................... 32
2.4.3 Calculation program improvement ..................................................................................... 32
2.4.4 Cartography further work ................................................................................................... 32
102
2.4.5 Daily precipitation study...................................................................................................... 32
2.4.6 Study extension ................................................................................................................... 33
2.5 Conclusion of the erosion study .................................................................................................. 33
3. Population awareness: study of the survival rates of given trees ...................................................... 34
3.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 34
3.2 Protocol ....................................................................................................................................... 34
3.2.1 Visiting inhabitants sites ...................................................................................................... 34
a. Register of donated tree. ........................................................................................................ 34
b. Marker for the trees ................................................................................................................ 35
c. Sampling method .................................................................................................................... 35
d. Monitoring campaign .............................................................................................................. 36
3.2.2 Participative on line data base ............................................................................................ 37
3.3 Conclusion of the survival rate study .......................................................................................... 37
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 38
Bibliography................................................................................................................................................. 39
Annex ........................................................................................................................................................... 41
ANNEX table ................................................................................................................................................ 99
Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 101
Table of content ........................................................................................................................................ 102
Abstract: .................................................................................................................................................... 104
103
Abstract
Bioregionalism provides a vision to organize the sustainable development of a region.

After the presentation of the specific Bioregion of Bahia de Caraquez, this internship focuses on
two concerns of this region: control the erosion of the bare slopes and rise the bioregion
consciousness of the urban inhabitants.
Concerning the erosion control, the host organization of the internship, Planet Drum
Ecuador, propose a local solution: the revegetation of the slopes. In fact it appears that trees
help to reduce erosion, but how much of erosion can be avoided as a result of revegetation
effort? To answer this question the erosion rate between area with trees and bare slopes are
compared. The evaluation of erosion rate relies on the comparison of topographic survey done
year after year. The surfaces obtained are then compared to estimate the soil loss volume. A
concrete bollard buried on meter deep in the soil is taken as a reference for the topographic
measurements and permits their comparison. This study required a high reproducibility. The
main goal of the study is to drawn a detailed initial situation and gives all the tools for the study
to be continued.
Results shown that the precision of the measure is a major concern of the study and that
data for the next year are required to make conclusion on the protocol.
This internship is the opportunity to study on way to promote bioregional development:

the donation trees. The survival rate of the donated tree is utilized as an indicator of the success
of tree donation campaigns. Register of the donated tree and data about their actual health are
needed. Theoretical concepts are presented and methods ready to use are given to collect data
and evaluate the survival rate.
104

Bioregional Development in Bahia de Caraquez: A Study of The Erosion Control and of The Tree Donation Picture of The Planet Drum Greenhouse ENS 2

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Bioregional Development in Bahia de Caraquez: A Study of The Erosion Control and of The Tree Donation Picture of The Planet Drum Greenhouse ENS 2

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Tutor: Supervisor:

Florian Delerue Clay Plager Unger

Bioregional development in Bahia de Caraquez:

Picture of the Planet Drum greenhouse

ENS 2 internship report

Acknowledgments / Agradecimientos .......................................................................................................... 2

1. Bioregional development, the example of Bahia de Caraquez ............................................................. 5

2. Revegetalisation of the dry tropical forest: study of erosion control ................................................. 13

1.1 Bahia bioregion

- 5 months of wet season, from January to May.

- 7 months of dry season, from June to December.

As a first assumption this description can be used for the

Palo Santo, Ceibo, Ceiba trichastandra Algarrobo, Prosopis pallida

Common name, Patiazul, Fregata, Ibis,

1.2 Bahia Ecocity

1.3 Planet Drum Foundation

Avenida Virgillio Rati y calle Quito, n°69,

The tree donation is linked to many objectives:

- start a discussion about bioregional development

Figure 9 : Tricyclo loaded with trees for donation

A: Average annual soil loss [mass/area/year].

The study tries to give a protocol to:

2.2.1 Sites Selection

“B.Vista”, refers to a site in “el barrio Bella Vista”.

“La.Cruz”, refers to a site in “el barrio La Cruz”.

Figure 10 : Sites investigation, measures to be sure an area of 8m*8m is available

Then these five sites are prepared for the measures.

a. Cartography of the sites

Theses references leads to four categories (fig 12):

The required equipments are:

 For the grid setting up :

 For the topographic measure :

Figure 17 : Dumpy level description

To set up the dumpy level (10):

Then the dumpy-level is ready to use.

To measure with the dumpy level (10):

Figure 20 : step 1 of the grid setting up

Figure 21 : step 2 of the grid implementation

Figure 22 : step 3 of the grid implementation

4. Put a stake at (A)

Figure 23 : step 4 of the grid implementation

Figure 24 : step 5 of the grid implementation

6. Put a stake at (B).

Figure 25 : step 6 of the grid implementation

Figure 26 : verification that the level is at a right place

Figure 27 : measure with the rod grade on the concrete corner

Steps 6 to 12 are explained on the figure 28:

Figure 28 : explanation of steps to measure the points on the area

2.3 Results and interpretations

“year_name of the site_area code.xlsx”

The year is “2016” for the first data set.

Soil/horizontal angle Soil/horizontal angle Referenced Volume

2016_Km8road_NF -1.85351 30.876 496.10

2.3.3 Confidence interval calculation

Volume difference Mean altitude standard normal

Figure 32 : Table of the volume difference due to measure reproduction

So H0 is valid if ∈ [-4.6 , 4.6]cm. H0 means that the protocol precision is not

2.4 Discussions and further work

2.4.3 Calculation program improvement

2.4.4 Cartography further work

2.4.5 Daily precipitation study

2.5 Conclusion of the erosion study

Two ways to collect data are investigate: