Chapter 3 Part 1

TEST PREPARATION CHECKLIST Name: _________________________________

BIOLOGY: Date: __________________________________

Gather Information

Subject of Test: _Cell Structure and Function (pt.1) ___________________ Date of Test: ______________

Chapters/Concepts to Study: Chapter 3 (3.1,3.3, 3.4, and 3.5) _______________________

Other Information covered (videos, handouts, labs, quizzes, assignments, etc.):

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___True/False __Multiple Choice

_35 _Matching __Short
_ Answer

_____Labeling ____Fill-in-the-blank _____Essay _____Other

Total Number of Questions ____35_______ Total Number of Points Possible ____100______

Plan

From the list below, check any study strategy that you believe will be of use to you in preparing for this test. Add any
strategies you use that are not listed below.

_____Compete the chapter reviews in Biology McDougal Littell for

the chapters covered on the test.
_____Complete the online activities for the concepts covered on
test and answer the online activity questions.
www.classzone.com
_____ Complete the practice test sheet.
_____ Practice vocabulary by making flashcards
_____ Update lecture notes with a friend’s notes (especially if
you have been absent during the unit).
_____ Update lecture notes with information from your textbook.
_____ Reread textbook and paraphrase the material.
_____ Define key terms from each concept covered on the test.
_____ Outline textbook chapters.

_____ Complete the online chapter assessments for the chapters _____ Make a test including a variety of questions and types of
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_____ Review guided reading packets for each chapter covered _____ Teach material to someone else.
on test.
_____ Draw a picture or diagram of what you are studying.
_____ Record or take notes from test review session.
_____ Make a timeline.
_____ Reread lectures notes aloud.
_____ Study with a friend.
_____ Rewrite lecture notes.
_____ Meet with teacher before or after school to discuss
_____ Highlight lecture notes. material for the test.

_____ Summarize lecture notes (find and note main ideas) _____ Utilize the Resource Room (RSP) to ask
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_____ Explain lecture notes to a friend or relative.
Study Log

When you study for a test, make sure you do something other than just read. For example, write, draw, read aloud,
tape, talk, highlight, make flash cards, etc. Be creative. When you are actively involved in your study strategy, you will
remember more of the material and understand it better.

When did How long did How did you study? What did you do?
you study? you study?

Analysis

Complete this section after you have received your graded test back.

Points Earned/Points Possible ______________

Percentage/Letter Grade on Test ______________

What worked well for you in preparing for this test?

What will you do differently next time (besides “study more”)? Be specific.
 ASSIGNMENT LOG CHAPTER 3 (Part 1)

You may find it helpful to keep up with your daily grade in this class by using the following
sheet. Record the due date for the assignment. Each day an assignment is due the teacher or
T.A. will go around and stamp workbooks. Workbooks will be collected and graded the week
before grade checks or the day of your test. Before you turn in your workbook check whether
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Copying workbooks is not allowed and is considered cheating. You must complete your own
work. Lastly, cheating will result in a grade of zero for all those involved including the owner of
the completed workbook.
GOOD LUCK!
ASSIGNMENT DATE COMPLETED? POSSIBLE POINTS
DUE POINTS EARNED
Starters 10
Test Prep Checklist:Plan 10
Study Log 10
Chapter 3 Pt 1 Vocabulary 20
3.1 Power Notes 15
3.1 Reading Questions 20
Cell Theory Mapping/Summary 25
3.3 Power Notes 15
3.3 Reading Questions 20
Cell Membrane Diagrams 15
Cell Membrane 25
Mapping/Summary
3.4 Power Notes 15
3.5 Power Notes 15
Passive Vs. Active Venn 25
Diagram and Summary
Transport Mapping/Summary 25
Practice Quiz 30
Chapter 3 (Part 1) Exam 100
Total 395
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 Chapter 3 Key Vocabulary (Part 1)

Word Definition Picture

Cell Theory

Cytoplasm

Organelle

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell
 Cell Membrane

Phospholipid

Fluid Mosaic Model

Selectively Permeable

Receptor

Passive Transport
 Diffusion

Concentration Gradient

Osmosis

Isotonic

Hypertonic

Hypotonic
Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Exocytosis
 chapter

7 Cellular Structure and Function Structure of the Plasma Membrane

You have learned that lipids are large molecules made
up of glycerol and three fatty acids. A phospholipid
section ●
2 The Plasma Membrane (fahs foh LIH pid) is made up of glycerol, two fatty acids,
and a phosphate group. The plasma membrane is made up
of two layers of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail in what is
called a phospholipid bilayer. The phospholipid bilayer allows
the plasma membrane to survive and function in its watery
-!). )DEA Before You Read environment.
A cell’s plasma membrane helps
maintain homeostasis. A window screen in your home allows air to pass through What is the structure of the 2. Explain the purpose of
What You’ll Learn while keeping insects out. In this section, you will learn about phospholipid bilayer? the phospholipid bilayer.
■ how the cell’s plasma membrane a cell structure that has the same basic function. On the lines Each phospholipid has a polar head and two nonpolar tails.
functions below, list some things you think would be allowed to pass The phosphate group in the phospholipid makes it polar. The
■ the role of proteins,
into a cell and some things that would be kept out. polar head is attracted to water because water is also polar.
carbohydrates, and cholesterol
in the plasma membrane The nonpolar tails, made of the fatty acids, are repelled
by water.
The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the polar
heads can be closest to the water that is inside and outside the
cell. Likewise, the nonpolar tails are farthest from the water
Read to Learn because they are inside the phospholipid bilayer, as shown in
Make Flash Cards Make the figure below. This bilayer structure is important for the
a flash card for each question Function of the Plasma Membrane formation and function of the plasma membrane.
heading in this section. On the A cell’s survival depends on maintaining balance, called

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

back of the flash card, write the homeostasis. The plasma membrane is the cell structure
/UTSIDETHECELL
-EMBRANE
PROTEIN Picture This
answer to the question. Use the
primarily responsible for homeostasis. It is the thin, flexible 3. Identify Circle one
flash cards to review what you
boundary between the cell and its watery environment. phospholipid. Label its
have learned.
head and tails.
Nutrients enter the cell and wastes leave the cell through the
#ARBOHYDRATE
plasma membrane. CHAIN
Selective permeability (pur mee uh BIH luh tee) of the
plasma membrane allows some substances to pass through
while keeping others out. The figure below shows selective
0OLARHEADS .ONPOLARTAILS
permeability of the cell’s plasma membrane. The arrows show #HOLESTEROL
Picture This common substances that enter and leave the cell. The plasma )NSIDETHECELL
1. Highlight the items in membrane controls how, when, and how much of these 4RANSPORT
the figure that enter the substances enter and leave the cells. PROTEIN
cell through the plasma
membrane. Circle the items How does the phospholipid bilayer function?
that exit the cell. /UTSIDETHECELL
The phospholipid bilayer forms a barrier that is polar on
/XYGEN 'LUCOSE the surface and nonpolar in the middle. Substances that can
7ASTES
dissolve in water will not pass through the plasma membrane
0LASMA
MEMBRANE 7ASTES because they are stopped by the nonpolar middle. This allows
#ARBONDIOXIDE the plasma membrane to separate the environment inside the
7ATER
)NSIDETHECELL
cell from the environment outside the cell.

72 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Reading Essentials Reading Essentials Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 73

4. Define the role of
transport proteins.
5. Name three substances
that move among the
phospholipids of the
plasma membrane.
74 Cellular Structure and Function
chapter
What else is found in the plasma membrane?
Cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates move among the
phospholipids in the plasma membrane. Proteins are found 7 Cellular Structure and Function
on both the inner surface and the outer surface of the plasma
membrane. Proteins on the outer surface are called receptors section ●
4 Cellular Transport
because they send signals to the inside of the cell. Proteins
on the inner surface anchor the plasma membrane to the
cell’s internal support structure. These proteins give the cell
its shape. -!). )DEA Before You Read
Cellular transport moves
What are transport proteins? substances in and out of a cell. Describe on the lines below how you would move a large box
Proteins also create tunnels through the plasma membrane. that weighs more than you do. Then read the section to learn
What You’ll Learn
These proteins, known as transport proteins, move needed ■ the process of diffusion, how large particles move in and out of cells.
substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane. facilitated diffusion, and active
Transport proteins contribute to the selective permeability of transport
■ effect of hypotonic, hypertonic, or
the plasma membrane.
isotonic solutions on a cell
■ how large particles enter and exit
How does cholesterol help cells?
a cell
Cholesterol molecules are nonpolar. They move among
the tails of the phospholipids. Cholesterol helps prevent the
fatty-acid tails from sticking together, keeping the plasma
membrane fluid. Cholesterol also helps maintain homeostasis Read to Learn
in a cell. Create a Quiz As you read
this section, write quiz questions
Diffusion
What substances help identify based on what you have learned. Substances dissolved in water move constantly and randomly.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
chemical signals? After you write the questions, Imagine you place a drop of red ink on the left side and a drop
Carbohydrates and proteins might stick out from the answer them.
of blue ink on the right side of a dish of water. The ink moves
plasma membrane. They help the cell identify chemical signals randomly through the water and turns the water purple as the
from the environment. For example, carbohydrates in the colors mix. The ink has diffused in the water. Diffusion is the
plasma membrane might help disease-fighting cells identify net movement of particles from an area where there are more
and attack a potentially harmful cell. particles of the substance to an area where there are fewer
What is the fluid mosaic model? particles. Diffusion does not require additional energy because
All the components of the plasma membrane are in the particles are already in motion.
Record Information Make Concentration is the amount of a substance in an area.
constant motion. Phospholipids can move sideways within the a three-pocket Foldable from an
plasma membrane. Proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol Diffusion continues until the concentrations are the same in
11 ⫻ 17 sheet of paper. As you
molecules move among the phospholipids. read, record information about all areas of the water. The dish of water has reached dynamic
The phospholipid bilayer creates a sea in which all the other cellular transport on quarter sheets equilibrium, in which the particles continue to move randomly,
of notebook paper and store them but the overall concentration does not change.
molecules float. As the individual molecules move around, in the appropriate pocket.
a pattern, or mosaic, is formed on the surface of the plasma What affects the rate of diffusion?
membrane. This organization of the plasma membrane Concentration, temperature, and pressure affect the
is called the fluid mosaic model. It is fluid because the rate of diffusion. Diffusion occurs more quickly when the
molecules are moving and being rearranged. It is called a concentration, temperature, or pressure are high because
mosaic because scientists can observe clear patterns on the the particles collide more often. The size and charge of a
surface of the plasma membrane. Diffusion
Active
Transport
Passive
Transport substance also affects the rate of diffusion.
biologygmh.com 80 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Reading Essentials
 What is facilitated diffusion? How do hypotonic solutions and hypertonic
Water can diffuse across the plasma membrane. However, solutions differ?
other ions and molecules that cells need to function cannot If a cell is placed in a solution that has a lower concentration
diffuse across the plasma membrane. Molecules such as of dissolved substances, the cell is in a hypotonic solution.
sugars and chlorine need help to move from outside the There is more water outside the cell than inside the cell.
cell’s environment to inside the cell. Facilitated diffusion Osmosis moves water into the cell.
uses transport proteins to help move some ions and small As water moves into an animal cell, the plasma membrane
3. Analyze Why does water
molecules across the plasma membrane. One type of move into a cell placed in a swells. If the solution is too hypotonic, pressure builds inside
facilitated diffusion is shown in the figure below. hypotonic solution? the cell, and it might burst.
4RANSPORT In a plant cell, the cell wall keeps it from bursting. As the
PROTEIN Picture This central vacuole fills with water, the plasma membrane pushes
1. Explain Use this figure to against the cell wall. The plant cell becomes firmer.
/UTSIDE (IGHER explain facilitated diffusion
#ONCENTRATION In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of dissolved
to a partner.
substances outside the cell is higher than inside. There is more
water inside the cell. During osmosis, more water moves out of
)NSIDE
,OWER the cell than into it. Animal cells shrink in hypertonic solutions.
#ONCENTRATION
The loss of water in plant cells causes wilting.

Diffusion of water and facilitated diffusion of ions and

small molecules occur without additional energy because the
Active Transport
Substances might need to move from an area of lower
particles are already moving. When no energy is added, the
concentration to an area of higher concentration. Transport
transport is referred to as passive transport.
proteins help move substances across the plasma membrane
against the normal flow. This movement against the normal
Osmosis: Diffusion of Water
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

flow requires energy and is called active transport.
Water passes in and out of the cell through the plasma
membrane. The diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane is called osmosis (ahs MOH sus).
Transport of Large Particles
Some substances are too large to move by diffusion or
Osmosis helps the cell maintain homeostasis.
active transport. Endocytosis is the process by which a cell
What is the result of osmosis? surrounds a substance in the outside environment with
Most cells undergo osmosis because they are surrounded a portion of the plasma membrane, then pinches off the
by watery solutions. These solutions have different substance, leaving it inside the cell.
concentrations than the inside environment of the cell. Exocytosis is the process by which large substances exit
Before osmosis, the concentration inside and outside the cell the cell. Both processes, as shown in the figure below, require
have not reached dynamic equilibrium. After osmosis, the energy. As with other forms of transport, endocytosis and
concentrations are the same on both sides of the membrane, 2. Explain Why is the cell at exocytosis help cells maintain homeostasis.
and dynamic equilibrium has been reached. equilibrium in an isotonic
solution?
Picture This %NDOCYTOSIS %XOCYTOSIS
What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution? 4. Label the cell structure )NSIDETHECELL /UTSIDETHECELL
A cell in an isotonic solution has the same concentration through which substances

/UTSIDETHECELL
in its cytoplasm as its surrounding watery environment. pass as they leave the cell
Water continues to move through the plasma membrane, but during exocytosis.
water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate. The cell is at 0LASMA
6ACUOLE
MEMBRANE 6ESICLE )NSIDETHECELL
equilibrium with its surrounding environment.

Reading Essentials Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 81 82 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function biologygmh.com
 SECTION CELL THEORY
3.1 Power Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Scientists who contributed to the cell theory: The principles of cell theory:

CHAPTER 3
1.

2.

3.
Important technological advances:

The cell theory is:

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

This is a cell.

This is a cell.
All cells have:

Unit 2 Resource Book Power Notes 3

McDougal Littell Biology
 Chapter 3 Reading Guide Questions
3.1 (pg 70-72)

1. How did the following scientists

contribute to the cell theory:
Hooke-

Leeuwenhoek-

Schleiden-

Schwann-

Virchow-

2. How did improvements with

the microscope form the cell
theory?

3. What are the 3 major

principles of the cell theory?

4. What is cytoplasm?

5. What are organelles?

6. Cells can be divided into 2

categories. What are they and
how do they differ?

7. What structural differences

suggest that eukaryotic cells
evolved from prokaryotic cells?

8. Suppose a certain poison kills

human cells by blocking pores in
the nuclear membrane. Explain
why it would not kill bacteria?
 SECTION CELL MEMBRANE
3.3 Power Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Functions: Phospholipids:

CHAPTER 3
Cell Membrane
Fluid mosaic model:
Other molecules:

Sketch a semipermeable membrane. Selective permeability:

•
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

Receptors:

• Intracellular

• Membrane

Unit 2 Resource Book Power Notes 11

McDougal Littell Biology
 Chapter 3 Reading Guide Questions
3.3 (pg 81-84)

1. What is the function of the cell

membrane?

2. What is a phospholipid?

3. The structure of a
phospholipids causes them to
organize into a bilayer in the
presence of water. Explain.

4. What part of the membrane is

nonpolar?

5. Why do scientists describe the

arrangement of molecules that
make up a cell membrane a fluid
mosaic model?

6. What is selective permeability

in your own words.

7. Describe a selectively
permeable membrane that you
see in everyday life.

8. How do molecules cross

membranes and how is it based
on size?

9. How do receptors transmit

messages across cell membranes?

10. How do intracellular

membrane receptors differ from
membrane receptors?

11. If proteins were rigid why

would the make poor receptors?
 SECTION DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS
3.4 Power Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Sketch molecules diffusing into a cell. Passive transport:

CHAPTER 3
1. outside 3. inside

2.

Diffusion: Osmosis:

How do different solutions affect cells?

Label the type of solution each red blood cell is in.
Draw arrows on each cell to show the direction of osmosis.

1. 3. 5.

2. 4. 6.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

Sketch molecules entering a cell by facilitated Facilitated diffusion:

diffusion.

1. outside 3. inside

2.

Unit 2 Resource Book Power Notes 15

McDougal Littell Biology
 SECTION ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, AND EXOCYTOSIS
3.5 Power Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Sketch molecules entering a cell by active

CHAPTER 3
Active transport:
transport.
1. outside 3. inside

4.
2.

Endocytosis:

1. 2. 3.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

Exocytosis:

1. 2. 3.

Unit 2 Resource Book Power Notes 19

McDougal Littell Biology
 Topic / Concept: Active Transport Vs. Passive Transport

Venn Diagram

Summary Paragraph . . .