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Alfonso Zozaya
Universidad de Carabobo (UC)
Departamento de Electrónica y Comunicaciones
➤ : MSI => LSI => VLSI => computadores más pequeños, más rápidos
y más baratos.
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 2
Aplicaciones
➤ bla bla
➤ bla bla
➤ bla bla
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 3
Ventajas
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 4
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 5
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 6
Señal Señal
analógica => A/D =>
|{z} DSP =>
|{z} D/A =>analógica
de entrada (1) (2) de salida
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 7
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 8
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 9
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 10
donde:
➤ A es la amplitud.
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 11
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 12
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 13
xa(t + T ) = xa(t)
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 14
A h j(Ωt+θ) −j(Ωt+θ)
i
xa(t) = A cos(Ωt + θ) = e +e
2
➤ ¿Frecuencias negativas?
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 15
donde:
➤ A es la amplitud.
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 16
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 17
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 18
x(n + N ) = x(n), ∀n
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 19
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 20
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 21
1 T0
a) La señal sk es periódica de perı́odo fundamental kF0 = k, donde
T0 = F10 , y de frecuencia fundamental kF0.
b) sk también es periódica de perı́odo T0.
c) Si k1 6= k2 entonces sk1 6= sk2 .
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 22
∞
X ∞
X
xa(t) = ck sk (t) = ck ejkΩ0t
k=−∞ k=−∞
k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
e) Esta sumatoria se denomina expansión en serie de Fourier de xa(t).
{ck } son los coeficientes de la serie y {sk } los armónicos.
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 23
a) Sabemos:
1 kn kn
sk+N (n) = ej [2π(k+N ) N n+θ] = ej (2π N +2πn+θ) = ej2π N = sk (n)
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 24
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 25
Conversión analógica-digital
1. Las señales fı́sicas (señales de radar, señales sı́smicas, señales del sonar,
señales de audio y de video, señales biológicas, etc.) son analógicas en
su mayorı́a.
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 26
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 27
xa(t) = A cos(2πF t + θ)
xa(nTs) = A cos(2πF nTs + θ)
F
xa(nTs) = A cos 2π n + θ
Fs
x(n) = A cos (2πf n + θ)
con
F
f=
Fs
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 28
Fs > 2F
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 29
x0(t) = A cos(2πF0t + θ)
F0
x0(n) = A cos 2π n+θ (1)
Fs
xk (t) = A cos[2π(F0 + kFs)t + θ]
F0 + kFs
xk (n) = A cos 2π n+θ
Fs
F0 F0
= A cos 2π n + 2πkn + θ = A cos 2π n + θ (2)
Fs Fs
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 30
1. Dada la señal:
N
X
xa(t) = Ai cos(2πFit + θi)
i=1
y sea máx{Fi} = FM AX .
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 31
Cuantización
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 32
N
1
|x(n)|2
P
lı́m 2N +1
Px N →∞ n=−N
SQN R = = N
Pe 1
P
lı́m 2N +1 |e(n)|2
N →∞ n=−N
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 33
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 34
Codificación
2. b ≥ log2 L.
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 35
Conversión digital-analógica
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 36
✔ Requiere de postfilter.
➤ De primer orden.
✔ Lı́neas rectas entre puntos (plot en MATLAB).
✔ Respuesta impulsiva del interpolador:
t
1 + Ts , 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts;
h1(t) = 1 − T1s , Ts ≤ t ≤ 2Ts;
0, otherwise.
✔ Requiere de postfilter.
➤ Interpolación cúbica (spline cubic)
✔ Polinomio de orden 3 entre puntos usando mı́nimos cuadrados
(spline en MATLAB): x ba(t) = α0(n) + α1(n)(t − nTs) + α(n)(t −
nTs)2 + α3(n)(t − nTs)3, para nTs ≤ n ≤ (n + 1)Ts
✔ No es una operación causal (pero conveniente en MATLAB [2])
✔ No requiere de postfilter.
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 37
Pizarra
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]
Enero 2004 38
Referencias
[2] Vinay K. Ingle and John G. Proakis. Digital Signal Processing using
MATLAB. BookWare Companion Series. Brooks/Cole Thomson Lear-
ning, 2000.
A. Zozaya [pizarra] [Abrir] [⊗] [<=] [N] [C] [J] [I] [H]