Divine Word University

Madang, Papua New Guinea

Faculty of Business and Informatics
Department of Mathematics and Computing Science

CLAIM: Students visit the clinic more often comapred to staffs

NAME: …………………………………Abraham MONDO

ID: …………………………………………12248

UNIT NAME: …………………………Probability and Statistics 2

UNIT CODE: ……………………………MC308

LECTURER: ……………………………Ms. Doris Benig

 Abstract

This report summarizes all the primary statistical modelling and data analysis results of the patients visiting the Alessandro clinic in Divine Word
University’s campus. The purpose of this report is to document the data analysis and inferential techniques used during the subsequent
statistical analysis of patients of DWU Alessandro Clinic to prove a specific claim.

Introduction

The main motive behind conducting this statistical data analysis of DWU Alessandro clinic is to prove a specific claim that states “Students visit
the clinic more often compared to staffs”. To prove the claim, three procedures in statistics were applied. These three procedures are Method of
Data collection, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics respectively. Therefore, the subsequent report documents and outline three
procedures used to prove the given claim.

Method of Data Collection

In statistics, there are different ways to collect primary data for a particular research. Some examples of data collection methods are
experiments, interviews, questionnaires, surveys and observations. Each method is applied according to type of research that is conducted.

In this research, observation was employed to collect the primary data of the patients attended the DWU Alessandro clinic since patients records
are strictly confidential to give out. The type of data collected from observation is quantitative because it counts the frequency of the patients
visited the clinic.

The primary collected from observation took place from week 10 to week 13 of the second semester 2018. In each week, the data collected by
observing the patients attending the clinic from Monday to Friday starting from 8:00 am to 12:00 pm and from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm each day
excluding Saturday and Sunday.

The data was collected from the defined population which are total population living in DWU community. From the defined population, sample
data was collected from the population which are the number of students and number of DWU staffs that were visiting the clinic. The sample
data consist of two strata. These two strata are:

 Strata 1: Number of students visiting the clinic from week 10 to week 13

 Strata 2: Number of staffs visiting the clinic from week 10 to week 13

The table below depicts the data collected from observation within the time interval week 10 to week 13 of second semester 2018.

Table 1. Raw Data collection by observation of students and staffs visited clinic
Day Date Time Observation
No. of Stds No. of staffs
Week 10 Monday 9/24/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 5 2
Tuesday 9/25/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 7 0
Wednesday 9/26/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 3 1
Thursday 9/27/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 3 3
Friday 9/28/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 4 4
Week 11 Monday 9/17/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 8 4
Tuesday 9/18/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 6 2
Wednesday 9/19/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 6 5
Thursday 9/20/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 4 7
Friday 9/21/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 1 0
Week 12 Monday 9/24/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 2 0
Tuesday 9/25/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 0 2
Wednesday 9/26/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 1 0
Thursday 9/27/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 3 2
Friday 9/28/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 5 6
Week 13 Monday 10/1/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 1 0
Tuesday 10/2/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 2 1
Wednesday 10/3/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 4 3
Thursday 10/4/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 3 0
Friday 10/5/2018 8 am - 12 pm and 1 pm - 4 pm 2 0

From the primary data collected from observation, sample data was extracted and were divided into two strata. The table below shows the
stratified sample of the students and staffs that attended the clinic.

Table 2. Sample data

Day No. of Stds No. of staffs
Week 10 Monday 5 2
Tuesday 7 0
Wednesday 3 1
Thursday 3 3
Friday 4 4
Week 11 Monday 8 4
Tuesday 6 2
Wednesday 6 5
Thursday 4 7
Friday 1 0
Week 12 Monday 2 0
Tuesday 0 2
 Wednesday 1 0
Thursday 3 2
Friday 5 6
Week 13 Monday 1 0
Tuesday 2 1
Wednesday 4 3
Thursday 3 0
Friday 2 0

Data analysis

The collected data is analyzed by two techniques of the statistics which are Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.

Descriptive statistics is used to make sense of the data collected and to make comparison of the sample data. However it is not used to make
judgement or decision about a particular claim of the research. Descriptive statistics involves the mean, mode, median, standard deviation,
variance, etc. Also it uses graphs and charts to give clear comparisons and picture of the variables of the sample population.

Inferential statistics is used to make actual decision or conclusion to a particular claim. It involves the calculation of Hypothesis testing to prove
or make decision to a particular claim.

In this research, the data collected were firstly analyzed through descriptive analysis and then it is used to prove or make decision to the claim
using inferential statistics.

Descriptive Statistics Part 1

From the data collected, descriptive statistics were applied to compare the two sample strata. From the graphs depicted below we can clearly
see the difference in the number of visits to clinic by each groups.

Frequency Distribution table for number of visits of

Students vs. Staffs of DWU

Day No. of Students No. of staffs

Week 10 Monday 5 2
Tuesday 7 0
Wednesday 3 1 Students vs Staffs visiting the clinic
9
Thursday 3 3
8
Friday 4 4 7
Week 11 Monday 8 4 6
NO. OF PEOPLE

5
Tuesday 6 2
4
Wednesday 6 5 3
Thursday 4 7 2
1
Friday 1 0
0
Week 12 Monday 2 0
Tuesday 0 2
Wednesday 1 0
Thursday 3 2 DAYS
No. of Students No. of staffs
Friday 5 6
Week 13 Monday 1 0
Tuesday 2 1
Wednesday 4 3
Thursday 3 0
Friday 2 0

The column graph on the right shows the number of students and staffs of DWU that attended the clinic each within the past four weeks. From
the graph, it clearly shows which group of people visited the clinic more than the other group. All in all from within the period of four weeks
students visited the clinic more each day compared to staff. Again this does not tells us to prove the claim but to visualized and make
comparison between the two strata of the sample data collected.
 Descriptive Statistics Part 2

The sample data goes through the process of data analysis to make sense of the data. In this process, we analyze the sample data to find out the
mean of the sample. Maximum and minimum of the sample which in this case tells us which particular day had maximum number of patients
visited the clinic and which day had minimum number of patients visited the clinic. Also we find the variation of the patients attended the clinic
and so on. In this statistical analysis, excel has been used to make data analysis. From excel, it has in built function of data analysis so we have
used it to generate the data analysis automatically.

Below table shows the data analysis of the sample data of students and staffs that have visited the clinic. The pie chart on the right renders the
total number of visits to the clinic within the time interval of observation. It clearly show that students visited the clinic about 63% of the total
patient’s attended the clinic. Staffs have visited 37% of the time within the interval.

Total Students vs Staffs visiting the clinic

Total: 70 42
Count: 20 20
Sample Size: 40
Sample Mean: 3.5 2.1 37%
No. of Students
Mode: 3 0
No. of staffs
Median: 3 2
63%
Range: 8 7
Maximum: 8 7
Minimum: 0 0
Sample ST.DEV: 2.164303705 2.174009151
Sample Variance: 4.684210526 4.726315789
Standard Error: 0.342206463 0.343741029

Inferential Statistics

To actually prove the claim “Student visit the clinic more often compare to staffs”, inferential techniques is used. The below procedure shows
the data analyzed from descriptive statistics is then applied in inferential techniques to prove the claim.

Again for this research, excel have been employed to do the inferential statistics. From its in-built inferential function, the data analysis from
descriptive statistics is then utilized to make inference of the data to prove the claim using hypothesis testing.

Claim: Students visits the clinic more often compared to staffs.

Null Hypothesis H1: (Student visit the clinic more often compared to staffs)
Step 1:
Alternate Hypothesis H0: (Student visit the clinic less often compared to staffs)

Step 2: Significance Level:

Step 3: Test Type: T-Test because the pop. Std is unknown and the sample size is 40 which is n>30

Step 4: Data Analysis: t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

No. of Students No. of staffs
Mean 3.5 2.1
Variance 4.68421053 4.726315789
Observations 20 20
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 38
t Stat 2.04096744
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.02412227
t Critical one-tail 1.68595446
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.04824454
t Critical two-tail 2.02439416

Step 5: Decision: Since p value for one-tail is less than alpha, We reject H0 and
accept the H1 and say that students visit the clinic more often
comapred to staffs.
  From the inferential techniques, we have proven that students visited the clinic more often compared to staffs.

CONCLUSION
All in all, to collect data for any statistical study, a population must first be defined. Population indicates a group that has been
designated for gathering data from and in this project our population was DWU students visited the clinic from week 10 to week 13
of semester two 2018. The data we’ve collected were categorized into two categories and was analyzed using the techniques of
Descriptive and inferential statistics.