Northern Railways

ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP
I hereby declare that this Submission for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of B. Tech./ B.E. course is my own work and that to the best of my knowledge
and belief, it contains no written material which to a substantial extent has been accepted
for the qualification of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of
higher learning except where due acknowledge is made.

Ravi Nath Jha

50355107216
CSE
7th semester

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very much grateful to the authority of the organization for taking initiative for the
internship to upgrade my knowledge by placing me at Northern Railway. I owe many
thanks to several people who helped and supported me during this training. I wish to
express my gratitude to the officials and other members of Northern Railway who
rendered their help during the period of my training.

Ravi Nath Jha

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ABSTRACT
This report takes a pedagogical stance in demonstrating how results from theoretical
computer science may be applied to yield significant insight into the behavior of the
devices computer systems engineering practice seeks to put in place, and that this is
immediately attainable with the present state of the art. have completed my internship in
Northern Railways. In which i have worked in four different departments.

First, department was of S&T which is System and Telecommunication. In this

department the connection and communication between two servers has to be maintained
which are located far away and they all must be connected to the central sever which is of
New Delhi and this is in IRCA building of Indian Railways. Second, department is of
Database management in this department the data is maintain for each train ( local or
xpress ) and the data of all the trains are stored is the database of new delhi's server. The
record is also maintained of passengers who are travelling, name age source station to
destination station etc. The rate of pantry is also decided by this department. Third,
department was PRS which is Passenger Reservation System. in this department a
reservation system is maintained for the passengers who reserves their seats for future
travelling. Tatkal tickets for AC coach will be started everyday at sharp 11:00 am and for
non-AC coach it will be on 10:00 am. Tatkal tickets will be done before 24 hours of the
train. Its data is also maintained by the Server (newdelhi) and stored in the
database.Fourth, department was Ticketing and Charting. In this department a chart is
prepared for the seat number and train number for which the passengers have requested.
When the charting is started no new seats will be confirmed. Chart will be prepared 1
hour before the departure of the train.

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List of Figures

Figures Figure Name Page no.

Figure 1 RastIS 15

Figure 1 Interconnection of PRS server 17

Figure 3 Concert Application Architecture 18

Figure 4 Quotes on Indian Railways 20

Figure 5 Tatkal Accommodation 22

Figure 6 Reservation Chart 24

Figure 7 Pass Config. 27

Figure 8 Enquiries 27

Figure 9 Accommodation Availability 28

Figure 10 Train Management Utility 28

Figure 11 Fare Management 29

Figure 12 Train Details 30

Figure 13 Sample Details 31

Figure 14 Reservation Status 33

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Chapter 1
INDIAN RAILWAY
1. INTRODUCTION

Indian Railway is the state-owned railway company of India, which owns and operates
most of the country's rail transport. It is overseen by the Ministry of Railways of the
Government of India. Indian Railways has one of the largest and busiest rail networks in
the world, transporting over 18 million passengers and more than 2 million tons of freight
daily. It is the world's largest commercial or utility employer, with more than1.4 million
employees. The railways traverse the length and breadth of the country, covering 6,909
stations over a total route length of more than63,327 kilometers (39,350 mi). As to rolling
stock, IR owns over 200,000 (freight)wagons, 50,000 coaches and 8,000 locomotives.
By 1947, the year of India's independence, there were forty-two rail systems. In1951 the
systems were nationalized as one unit, becoming one of the largest networks in the world.
IR operates both long distance and suburban rail systems on a multi-gauge network of
broad, meter and narrow gauges. It also owns locomotive and coach production facilities.

1.1 About Indian Railways

Indian Railways, a historical legacy, are a vital force in our economy. The first railway on
Indian sub-continent ran from Bombay to Thane on 16th April 1853. Fourteen railway
carriages carried about 400 guests from Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 21 miles
(34 Kilometers).Since then there has been no looking back. Today, it covers 6,909
stations over a total route length of more than 63,028 kilometers. The track kilometers in
broad gauge (1676 mm) are 86,526 kms, meter gauge (1000 mm) are 18, 529 kms and
narrow gauge (762/610 mm) are 3,651kms. Of the total route of 63,028 kms, 16,001 kms
are electrified. The railways have 8000locomotives, 50,000 coaching vehicles, 222,147
freight wagons, 6853 stations, 300 yards, 2300goodsheds, 700 repair shops, and 1.54
million work force. Indian Railways runs around 11,000trains every day, of which 7,000
are passenger trains. Presently, 9 pairs of Rajdhani and 13 pairs of Shatabdi Express
Trains run on the rail tracks of India. It is interesting to note that though the railways

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were introduced to facilitate the commercial interest of the British, it played an important
role in unifying the country. Railways are ideally suited for long distance travel and
movement of bulk commodities. Regarded better than road transport in terms of energy
efficiency, land use, environment impact and safety it is always in forefront during
national emergency.Indian railways, the largest rail network in Asia and the world's
second largest under one management are also credited with having a multi gauge and
multi traction system. The Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more
than 150 years. It has helped the economic life of the country and helped in accelerating
the development of industry and agriculture. Indian Railways is known to be the largest
railway network in Asia. The Indian Railways network binds the social, cultural and
economic fabric of the country and covers the whole of country ranging from north to
south and east to west removing the distance barrier for its people. The railway network
of India has brought together the whole of country hence creating a feeling of unity
among Indians.

1.1.1 Organization Overview

The Ministry of Railways under Government of India controls Indian Railways. The
Ministry is headed by Union Minister who is generally supported by a Minster of State.
The Railway Board consisting of six members and a chairman reports to this top
hierarchy. The railway zones are headed by their respective General Managers who in
turn report to the Railway Board.
1. Rail India Technical & Economic Services Limited (RITES)
2. Indian Railway Construction (IRCON) International Limited
3. Indian Railway Finance Corporation Limited (IRFC)
4. Container Corporation of India Limited (CONCOR)
5. Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL)
6. Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Ltd (IRCTC)
7. Railtel Corporation of India Ltd. (Rail Tel)
8. Mumbai Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd. (MRVNL)

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9. Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd. (RVNL)

Indian Railways have their research and development wing in the form of Research,
Designs and Standard Organization (RDSO). RDSO functions as the technical advisor
and consultant to the Ministry, Zonal Railways and Production Units.

1.1.3 Railway Budget

Since 1924-25, railway finances have been separated from General Revenue. Indian
railways have their own funds in the form of Railway Budget presented to the Parliament
annually. This budget is presented to the Parliament by the Union Railway Minster two
days prior to the General Budget, usually around 26th February. It has to be passed by a
simple majority in the Lok Sabha before it gets final acceptance. Indian Railways are
subject to the same audit control as other government revenues and expenditure.

1.1.4 Passenger Traffic

The passenger traffic has risen from leaps and bounds from 1284 million in 1950-51 to
5112 million in 2002-2003.

1.1.5 Freight Traffic

The revenue fright traffic has also grown immensely from 73.2 million tons in 1950-51
to557.39 million tones. Indian railways carry huge variety of goods such as mineral ores,
fertilizers, petrochemicals, agricultural produce and others. It has been made possible
with measures such as line capacity augmentation on certain critical sectors and
modernization of signaling system and increase in roller bearing equipped wagons. Indian
Railways make huge revenue and most of its profits are from the freight sector and uses
these profits to augment the loss-making passenger sector.
Here, it is important to note that computerization of freight operations --- Freight
Operations Information System (FOIS) has been achieved with the implementation of
Rake Management System.

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1.1.6 Facilities for Passengers

Computer based unreserved ticketing takes care of the large chunk of unreserved segment
of passengers. This facility allows issuance of unreserved tickets from locations other
than
boarding station.

1.1.7 Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC):

IRCTC has launched on line ticketing facility with the aid of Center for Railway
Information System, which can be booked on www.irctc.co.in. For the convenience of
customers queries related to accommodation availability, passenger status, train schedule
etc are can all be addressed online. Computerized reservation facilities have made the life
easy of commuters across India. National Train Enquiry system is another initiative of
Indian Railways which offers train running position on a current basis through various
output devices such as terminals in the station enquiries and Interactive Voice Response
Systems (IVRS) at important railway stations.
Indian Railways are committed to provide improved telecommunication system to its
passengers. For this Optical Fiber Communication (OFC) system has been embraced,
which involves laying optical fiber cable along the railway tracks. In recent years Indian
Railways have witnessed the marked rise of collaboration between private and public
sectors.
Few of the notable examples here are the broad gauge connectivity to Pipya Port where a
joint venture company is formed with Pipava Port authority. Similarly Memorandums of
Understanding has been signed between Railways and State governments of Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Jharkhand.

1.1.8 Rolling Stock

Today, Indian Railways have become self-reliant in production of rolling stock. It
supplies rolling stock to other countries and non-railway customers. The production units
are at Diesel Locomotive Works, Varanasi,Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, Chittaranjan,

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Diesel-Loco Modernization Works, Patiala, Integral Coach Factory, Chennai, Rail Coach
Factory, Kapurthala,Wheel & Axle Plant, Bangalore and Rail Spring Karkhana, Gwalior.

1.2 GENESIS OF INDIAN RAILWAYS

The story of the Indian Railways (IR) is not just a saga of mundane statistics and miles of
rolling stock. It is the glorious tale of a pioneering institution that has blazed a trail for
nearly a century and a half, making inroads into far-flung territory and providing a means
of communication. Indian Railway is one of India's most effective networks that keep
together the social, economic, political and cultural fabric of the country intact. Be it
cold, mountainous terrain or the long stretches through the Rajasthan desert, Indian
Railways cover the vast expanse of the country from north to south, east to west and all in
between. More than a hundred years ago, on the 16 April 1853, a red-letter day appeared
in the glorious history of the Indian Railways. On the day, the very first railway train in
India ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane. This pioneer railway train
consisting of 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 guests, steamed off at 3:30 pm
amidst the loud applause of a vast multitude and to the salute of 21 guns. It reached
Thane at about 4.45 pm. The guests returned to Bombay at 7 pm on the next day, that is,
April 17. On April 18, 1853, Sir JamsetjeeJeejeebhoy,Second Baronet, reserved the
whole train and traveled from Bombay to Thane and back along with some members of
his family and friends. This was the humble beginning of the modern Indian Railway
system known today for its extraordinary integration of high administrative efficiency,
technical skill, commercial enterprise and resourcefulness. Today the Indian Railway(IR)
is one of the most specialized industries of the world.

1.3 OTHER MILESTONES

Under the British East India Company's auspices, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway
Company (GIPRC) was formed on July 15, 1844. Events moved at a fast pace. On
October 31, 1850,the ceremony of turning the first sod for the GIPRC from Bombay to

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Kalyan was performed. The opening ceremony of the extension to Kalyan took place on
May 1, 1854. The railway line from Kalyan to Khopoli was opened on May 12, 1856. It
was further extended to Poona on June 14, 1858when the traffic was opened for public
use. In the eastern part of India, the first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station
for Hooghly, a distance of 24 miles, on August 15, 1854. This marked the formation of
the East Indian Railway. This was followed by the emergence for the Central Bengal
Railway Company. These small beginnings multiplied and by 1880, the IR system had a
route mileage of 9,000 miles in India. The Northeastern Railway also developed rapidly.
On October 19, 1875, the train between Hathras Road and Mathura Cantonment was
started. By the winter of 1880-81, the Kanpur-Farukhabad line became operational and
further east, the Dibrugarh-Dinjan line became operational on August 15, 1882. In South
India, the Madras Railway Company opened the first railway line between Veyasarpaudy
and the Walajah Road (Arcot) on July 1, 1856. This 63-mile line was the first section,
which eventually joined Madras and the west coast. On March 3, 1859, a length of 119
miles was laid from Allahabadto Kanpur.In 1862, the railway line between Amritsar and
Attari was constructed on the Amritsar Lahore route. Some of the trains started by the
British are still in existence. The Frontier Mail is one such train. It was started on
September 1, 1928 as a replacement for the Mumbai-Peshawar mail. It became one of the
fastest trains in India at that time and its reputation in London was very high. The Kalka
Mail from Howrah to Kalka was introduced with the specific goal of facilitating the
annual migration of British officials, their families and their retinue of servants and clerks
from the imperial capital at Calcutta to the summer capital in Shimla. From Kalka, there
was the remarkable toy train service to Shimla. Plans for this narrow-gauge train had
started as early as 1847, but it was at the intervention of the Viceroy, Lord Curzon, that
work actually began. Hence this train service was also known as the Viceroy's Toy Train.
In order to prevent any head-on collisions on the single-track sections of this railway
service, the Neals Token System has been used ever since the train was inaugurated. The
train guards exchange pouches containing small brass discs with staff on the stations en
route. The train driver then puts these discs into special machines, which alert the signals
ahead of their approach. The Darjeeling toy trains, the Matheran toy train from Neral to
Matheran,the Nilgiri Blue Mountain Railway are other engineering marvels running on

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routes designed and built by the British. Trains like the Deccan Queen from Bombay to
Secunderabad and the Grand Trunk Express from Delhi to Madras are some other
prominent trains initiated by the British. With the advancement in the railway system,
electrifying railway lines began side by side, and it was in1925, that the first electric train
ran over a distance of 16 km from Victoria Terminus to Kurala.

1.4 THE NEED FOR A RAILWAY NETWORK

The British rule in India was governed by three principal considerations to expand the IR
system. These were the commercial advantages, the political aspect and even more
importantly, the inexorable imperial defense of India against the possible military attacks
from certain powerful countries showing signs of extending their orbit of influence into
Central Asia.

1.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Now, to further improve upon its services, the Indian Railways have embarked upon
various schemes, which are immensely ambitious. The railway has changed from meter
gauge to broad gauge and the people have given it a warm welcome. Now, there are the
impressive looking locomotives that haul the 21st-century harbingers-the Rajdhanis and
Shatabdis-at speeds of 145 kmph with all amenities and comfort. With these, the
inconvenience of changing to a different gauge en route to a destination will no longer be
felt. The Research, Designing, and Standardizing Organization at Lucknow-the largest
railway research organization in the world was constituted in 1957. It is constantly
devising improvements in the signaling systems, track design and layout, coach interiors
for better riding comfort and capacity, etc., along with improvements in locomotives.
Improvements are being planned by engineers. The workshops of the railways too have
been given new equipment to create sophisticated coaches at Perambur and Kapurthala
and diesel engine parts at Patiala. Locomotives are being made at Chittaranjan and
Varanasi. This is in sharp contrast to the earlier British conviction that only minor repairs
would be possible in India, so all spare parts including nuts and bolts for locomotives
would have to be imported from England. More trains and routes are constantly being
added to the railway network and services. The British legacy lives on in our railway

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system, transformed but never forgotten. Long live the Romance of the Rails! The
network of lines has grown to about 62,000kilometers. But, the variety of Indian
Railways is infinite. It still has the romantic toy trains on narrow gauge hill sections,
meter gauge beauties on other and broad gauge bonanzas as one visits places of tourist
interest courtesy Indian Railways! They are an acknowledgement of the Railways that
tourism as an industry has to be promoted and that India is full of unsurpassed beauty.
The Calcutta Metro is a fine example of highly complex engineering techniques being
adopted to lay an underground railway in the densely built-up areas of Calcutta city. It is
a treat to be seen. The Calcutta’s keep it so clean and tidy that not a paper is thrown
around! It only proves the belief that a man grows worthy of his superior possessions.
Calcutta is also the only city where the Metro Railway started operating from September
27, 1995 over a length of 16.45km. There is also a Circular Railway from Dum Dum to
Princep Ghats covering 13.50 km to provide commuter trains.
In time of war and natural disasters, the railways play a major role. Whether it was the
earthquake of 1935 in Quetta (now in Pakistan) or more recently in Latur in Maharashtra,
it is the railways that muster their strength to carry the sick and wounded to hospitals in
nearby towns and to the people of the affected areas. In rehabilitation and reconstruction,
too, their role is vital. During the Japanese war, the Indian Railways added further laurels
to their record as they extended the railway line right up to Ledo in the extreme
northeastern part of Assam and thus enabled the Allied forces under General Stillwell to
combat the Japanese menace. In fact, several townships in Assam like Margherita and
Digboi owe their origin to the endeavors of the Indian Railways. It was the Assam
Railway and Trading Company that opened up the isolated regions of Assam with the
laying of the railway lines and thus providing the lifeline to carry coal, tea, and timber out
of the area and bring other necessary commodities to Assam and the adjoining
countryside. Now, the Indian Railways system is divided into 9 zonal railways, a metro
railway, Calcutta, the production units, construction organizations, and other railway
establishments. It was a wonderful experience doing internship at northern India
railways.
Our internship was divided into 4 departments. Namely,
1. Signaling and Telecommunication (S&T) department (duration: 10days)

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2. Database Department (duration: 10 days)

3. Sorjini nagar PRS (SOJ PRS) (duration: 10 days)
4. Reservation and charting department (duration : 10 days)

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Chapter 2
SIGNALING AND TELECOMMUNICATION

The Signal and Telecommunication Department is headed by Chief Signal and

Telecommunication Engineer (CSTE).
Signaling is vital to Railway Safety .To cope with the rising traffic density and to meet
with better safety standards. Northern Railway is steadily modernizing its signaling
systems. Route Relay Interlocking, Panel Interlocking, Color Light and Automatic Block
Signaling have been introduced o-n many routes. Safety aids like Track Circuiting and
interlocking of level crossing gates and provision of telephones at manned level crossings
had been increasingly adopted to further enhance safety in train operation.
In this department we got know how each railway station is connected to each other .The
main centre is at New Delhi railway station through which various other stations are
connected across northern India. New Delhi IRCA consist of 5 main routers through
which other routers are connected. The S&T department consists of all the connecting
devices like switches, lan extenders,
Gateways, multiplexers which receives all the data from the server room and then it is
processed to carry out further tasks. The interlinking of various northern India railway
station are defined in S&T department. northern india railway takes network from MTNL
and BSNL , it also have its own network called railtel.
Railway system is made up of multiple components, in which signaling is one of the most
important. Movement of train, its safety, control and management depends on the
signaling system. In the earlier days Railways did not have fixed signaling –there was no
system for informing the driver of the state of the line ahead. Trains were driven "on
sight". Drivers had to keep their eyes open for any sign of a train in front so they could
stop before hitting it. From the time of “no signals” to the present day of sophisticated
signaling, Railways have seen different transitions. The different signaling that came
after witnessing several unpleasant accidents due to unavailability of proper signaling are
– time interval, line capacity, fixed signaling, distant signals, interlocking etc. in the
present days. The working condition of the signaling system depends on various railway
assets such as cables, track circuit, location box, battery box, etc. Hence the requirement
to maintain and manage assets in a systematic manner using state-of- art technology
systems becomes very much inevitable. In this regard, WTI has developed a Geo-spatial

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asset management system for railway assets, which will help the railway officers for
informed decision making.

2.1 Need for RastIS:

Currently, in S&T division of Railways, the following records are being maintained as
paper records,
• Cable plans
• Cable Route plans
• Signaling Plans (Rule diagrams)
• Location Diagrams
• Power Supply diagrams
• SWR (Station Working Rule) document
• Track Bonding Plan
• Failure particulars from data logger
system. Hence the above data needs to be converted / integrated into an intelligent
database with relevant spatial context, for which a customized spatial information system
is very much necessary. A system that can generate, store, update the drawings,
documents etc. available in a digital format would assist in knowledge management
across the organization and can address the deficiencies. Such an Information system
would also assist in the provision of an asset management system for use by internal and
external stakeholders. Keeping the above requiremenst in mind, WTI has come out with a
geospatial system “RastIS” (Railway Signaling and Telecom Information System).

fig-1-RastIS

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2.2 PRS & UTS Network

 Introduction: -
With the implementation of computerized passenger reservation system on Northern
Railway in process of passenger reservation service on Indian Railways. To begin with
the computerized reservation at Delhi was implemented on small VAX-750 computer
with just 30 terminals. Today it is a matter of great pride and satisfaction that highly
complex but successful network of computerized reservation is available at more than 20
major towns including 4 metros of India, covering almost25% of the reservation facility
available on IR. PRS is equipped with latest state of art technology both in the field of
computer and data communication systems.
As a matter of policy and due to technical reasons, it was decided to have PRS computers
only at Delhi, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta and Secunderabad which cover bulk of
reservation volume and tohave remote terminals at other major cities connected to host
PRS computers through data links. Today all PRS hosts are CRIS to network all the
computers to provide an integrated reservation system on IR.Unreservation Ticketing
System (UTS) is like as PRS but it have an external devise which store ticketing
information and upload on server.
A system from where the reserved ticket is made. The ticket can be made online/e-ticket,
offline i.e. from platform, third party or agents. The defense personnel use railway warrant
for travelling is a voucher provided by government of India. Ticket can also be made
through Automatic Ticket Vending Machine (ATVM) using Smartcard,

2.3 CLASSES OF COACHES

1A : AC First class - Coaches are numbered H1, H2, etc.
HA1: AC FIRST CUM AC TWO TIER
HB1: AC FIRST CUM AC THREE TIER
2A : AC 2 TIER - Coaches are numbered A1, A2, A3 etc.

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FC : First class. Same as 1A without AC - Coaches are numbered F1, F2, F3 or FC1, FC2
3A : AC THREE TIER- Coaches are numbered B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 etc.
3H : High-capacity air-conditioned 3-tier sleeper - Coaches are numbered L1, L2
3E:Economy 3tier Air conditioned Sleeper found only in Durunto-Coaches are
numbered3E1, 3E2, 3E3 etc.
CC : Air-conditioned chair-car. - Coaches are numbered C1, C2, C3, etc.
CH:High-capacityversionoftheair-conditionedchair-carclass-CoachesarenumberedM1,M2
EC:ExecutiveClass,orFirstClassAir-conditionedchair-car-CoachesarenumberedE1,E2,E3
SL:Sleeperclass-CoachesarenumberedS1,S2,S3etc
SH : High-capacity (81 berths) sleeper class - Coaches are numbered N1, N2
2S : Second class Sitting or Normal Chair-car - Coaches are numbered D1, D2, D3

fig-2

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fig-3

2.4 Benefits of PRS:

(a) To the Passengers Transparency
Universal counters for booking
Instant update of status
Instantaneous enquiry
Reduced waiting time
Reservation available at a number of locations in the country
Customer satisfaction
(b) To the Railways Increased
efficiency
Optimal utilization of berths

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Real time availability of Accounting Reports

Planning through MIS reports
Analysis of traffic pattern for better overall planning
Reduction in Revenue losses
Saving on Manpower
Eliminate possibilities of fraud.

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Chapter 3
DATABASE
In this department all the information regarding availability of various quotas provided by
the Indian railways is filled into the database. The composition of the all northern India
trains are made by the employees working in this department. Catering charges are also
decided by database department for various trains. Rerouting of trains, cancellation of
train stations all are decided by this department.
Theseare quotas provided by the Indian railways.

Fig-4

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Indian Railway carries 2.3 crore people daily. This means it handles an extremely large
number of seat and berth reservations daily. Different people have different choices and
different priorities and Railways has to take care of them all. For example, it reserves
lower berths for senior citizens, favours military people and member of parliament above
common man in providing accommodation and blocks some seats for emergency which
are released only few hours before train departure. To cater to this Indian Railways have
subdivided the large number of seats on a train into various quotas so that everyone is
able to enjoy the benefits of this travel mode.Employees working in this department
manage 14000 trains.

3.1 General Quota (GN)

General quota is the most common type of quota present in every train. It can be referred
to as quota for common man. General Quota has the highest number of seats allocation in
a train. Bookings under general quota opens 120 days in advance meaning its Advance
Reservation Period (ARP) is 120 days. If you are waitlisted in the General Quota, the so-
called General Quota Waiting List, your chances of getting confirmed are higher. After
all tickets under this quota gets booked, tickets are issued under RAC where one berth is
shared by 2 passengers and then waiting list is issued. Waiting list issued under this quota
can be GNWL, RLWL, RSWL, PQWL etc. depending on passenger origin and
destination stations.

3.2 Tatkal Quota (TQ)

Tatkal Quota is the most sought after reservation quota for booking tickets. Tatkal quota
is meant primarily for the passengers with immediate or urgent travel plans. However the
rush increases in tatkal quota as the general quota seats are mostly booked even if the
plan is made a month ago. During festive season, it is near to impossible for a common
passenger to book a ticket in tatkal quota if they try to book on IRCTC.

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Booking for tatkal quota opens at 10am on the previous day of journey from train
originating station for AC classes whereas that for non-AC classes booking starts at
11am. There is no RAC under this quota and once all seats are filled in this quota TQWL
tickets are issued. There are no provision for any form of concessional tickets under this
quota and same fare is charged for every type of passenger in this quota.

To book ticket in Tatkal quota, one has to choose “Tatkal” option under the number of
quota options in IRCTC. Individuals are allowed only two tickets per user-ID in a day for
Tatkal booking from 10:00 am to 12:00 noon

fig-5

3.3 PREMIUM TATKAL QUOTA (PT)

Premium Tatkal Quota is a reservation quota introduced by Railways with dynamic fare
pricing in a limited number of trains on experimental basis. The main difference of
premium tatkal scheme, with all other ticketing including the regular Tatkal tickets, is the
dynamic nature of ticket cost. Price of premium tatkal tickets increase as the demand
increases, especially towards the the end of the reservation period. If there is no demand,
the price of the premium Tatkal would be comparable with the Tatkal fares.

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3.4 Ladies Quota (LD)

Ladies Quota is the one under which only ladies travelling alone or with a child less than
12 years of age are eligible to book. In some trains, a total number of 6 berths are
earmarked under ladies quota in Sleeper Class (SL) and Second Seating Class (2S) for
ladies irrespective of age. There is no any additional charge for using this quota for
females.
To book ticket under Ladies Quota , one has to select “Ladies” under Quota option on
IRCTC. This option is available along with other options such as Tatkal, General etc. For
booking at PRS counter one has to mention about this quota in the reservation form.

3.5 Lower Berth Quota (SS)

Lower Berth quota is for male passengers of age 60 years and above and female
passengers of age 45 years and above who can avail the facility to get confirmed lower
berth in trains. But more than 2 tickets cannot be booked at a time in this quota, even if
all the passengers are severally and jointly eligible for the same. The quota will be
applicable only when an elderly person travels alone, or two passengers (of age as
mentioned above) travel on a single ticket. After choosing the lower berth quota, if tickets
are booked for three passengers then berths will be allotted under the general quota
automatically.
Passengers can apply for this quota on IRCTC’s main page while booking and select
“Lower Berth” under the different options in the quota. Lower berths earmarked under
senior citizen and women’s quota in the respective classes by default will get allotted to
them. If berths are already booked, they will be given berths under general quota.
Pregnant women are also eligible to avail this quota. Pregnant women will be required to
submit a certificate by one registered Medical Practitioner at the time of booking against
this quota and can be booked at PRS counters only.
There is also provision in the Passenger Reservation System (PRS), to automatically allot
lower berths to Senior Citizens and female passengers of over 45 years of age.

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3.6 Physically Handicapped Quota (HP) (Divyangjan Quota):

Divyangjan Quota formerly known as physically handicapped quota is meant for the
physically challenged passengers. Earlier a reservation quota of two sleeper class berths
was earmarked in all trains running for handicapped persons performing their journey on
handicapped concession ticket. The person accompanying the handicapped person as
escort was also allotted the berth out of this quota.
However according to the revised provisions there are 2 types of berths of physically
challenged quota of 2 berths each, one lower and one middle, in the same cabin. One is
for physically challenged persons who can utilize concession only when accompanied by
an escort and the second is for those for whom it is optional to take an escort with them.

Fig-6

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3.7 HO Quota/Emergency Quota (HO)

High official quota
HO Quota/Emergency quota is a discretionary quota by railways basically for berth
allotment in emergency cases to high railway officials, ministers, MPs, MLA, Judges and
other dignitaries. Seats in this quota are minimal and reviewed from time to time based
on actual requirements.This quota can be used when the ticket is already booked in
general and is in waiting list. Anyone who can prove the urgency of travel are eligible to
get seats under this quota. But a fixed priority is followed. Common man can also apply
for this quota but the chances are quite less because of low priority.
To apply for this quota one has to submit the application requesting to the Chief
reservation supervisor with all the documents proving emergency case on the morning of
the date of journey. Also the written requests for release of berths out of this quota must
be signed by Gazetted Officer.

3.8 Foreign Tourist Quota (FT)

is a a quota meant for the foreign tourists who visit India. Indian Railways proposed a
separate quota for foreign tourists and NRIs in which small number of seats are kept
reserved for those who hold valid tourist visa when they visit India. FTQ is also available
to Indian Passport holders who can prove NRI status. The allocations are usually very
small and do not necessarily apply to all classes of accommodation on a given train.
Foreign Tourist Quota passengers are allowed to book accommodations in Executive
Class/First Class AC and Two-Tier AC coaches in all trains, including Shatabdi,
Rajdhani, Duronto and Gatiman Express trains, for which the fares are uniformly charged
at 1.5 times the base fare by the railways. In addition to this, Indian Railway Catering and
Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) collects enhanced service charge of ₹ 200 per ticket +
GST.
But unlike domestic passengers for whom booking window opens 120 days in advance,
foreign tourists can book tickets in FT quota upto 365 days in advance. Berth allocation
in such cases are done when the booking period starts for the date of journey which is
120 days. Before that passenger can only reserve ticket and get themselves registered.

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Almost 325 trains in India have FT quota allocation in AC classes. Passengers can book
tickets under Foreign Tourist Quota online using the IRCTC website. Under Services tab
on the website there is an option to choose Foreign Tourist Quota Booking. There are
some reserved seats under this quota for some of the trains whose allocation is done per
coach as following:

3.9 DUTY PASS QUOTA(DP)

Duty Pass Quota is also one of the railway quotas which is meant for railway staff on
duty. All those railway staffs that need to travel in trains to perform their duty have a duty
pass through which they can board the trains. A limited number of berths have been
earmarked in Rajdhani, Shatabdi and Duronto Express Trains in all classes and in air-
conditioned class of Jan Shatabdi Express Trains as Duty Pass Quota against which
serving/retired railway employees can book seat against Duty/Privilege/Post Retirement
Complimentary passes. In these trains, booking of passengers who hold complimentary
passes is also done against the Duty Pass Quota. This restriction is not applicable to other
Mail/Express Trains.
This quota can be used by any railway pass holder such as duty, privilege, complimentary
etc. Tickets booked using this quota will have separate waiting list i.e,DPWL like other
quotas and unlike GNWL.
There are various types of passes based on the positions of the railway officers such as
Gold Pass, silver pass, bronze pass, card pass, cheque pass.
The maximum number of berths/seats which can be booked in a train per trip will be as
under:

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Fig-7 Pass Config.

Fig-8-Enquiries

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Fig-9-Accomodation Availability

Fig-10-Train Management Utility

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Fig-11-Fare Management

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Chapter 4
SAROJINI NAGAR PRS
In this department we got to know how booking and cancellation of tickets takes place
from railway counters.
A form is filled depending upon what type of ticket a passenger want to book, i.e, tatkal
or general.
There are two modes of payment available at every ticket booking booth, a person may
either go for cash payment or debit card payment. If any kind of quota is needed it is
mentioned on the ticket booking form and a valid document(applied for quota) is also
showed by the passenger to the ticket generating authority. All the quota available are
mentioned above. Below the screen shows the software used for booking/cancellation of
ticket. Where details like train number, train name,
Passenger details are filled.

Fig-12

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Fig-13

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Chapter 5
RESERVATION AND CHARTING DEPARTMENT
In this department various official quotas like HO quota and defence quota are given
before the preparation of the chart. Once the quota is given chart is prepared giving
information about the passengers having confirmed seats. Below shows the screen which
consists of the software where quota is provided. Composition of train is also done in this
department.
It is a process of providing passengers with food and drink at Railway Station
and in running trains

Static Catering

CATERINGMobileCatering

StaticCatering

Static Units: All units at the station including Food Plazas, Food Courts, fast
Food Units, refreshment rooms, stalls, trolleys, Jan Ahaar, Base K itchen, cell
kitchen, AVMs, etc. are collectively called as static units.

Mobile Units: All catering service through Pantry Cars/mini pantry cars are
collectively known as mobile units.
Base Kitchen: It is a large cooking and packing facility set up in the vicinity of railway
premises whether inside or outside railway premises from where food is prepared and
distributed in trains or to the static units. There will be no sale of food directly to the
passengers from a base kitchen. According to Catering Policy 2017, all base kitchens
should be ISO certified.
Cell Kitchen: It is mini base kitchen which supply food to other catering units,
static/mobile and at the same time can sell food and beverages directly to the passengers.
Food Courts: It is a cluster of stalls at a nominated place, where food items such as

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branded products/eatables are provided.

Automatic Vending Machines (AVM): These are automatic vending machines for
dispensing hygienically packaged catering item.

Fig-14

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Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
This training focussed upon increasing our knowledge and interest in toward the
Production of Railway Carriage & Wagons. Because It is most efficient and necessary
needs to peoples in these days so its production at most efficient method with minimum
cost and in proper sequence with less wastage. I learnt how to produce it by turbine,
generators, cooling towers, water and maintain it. It was a great experience. It increase
my practical skills that’s the main thing which i learnt in the training session. Thus, I
believe that my training session will be beneficial for various purposes & hence our
efforts will be fruitful.
First, department was of S&T which is System and Telecommunication. In this
department the connection and communication between two servers has to be maintained
which are located far away and they all must be connected to the central sever which is of
New Delhi and this is in IRCA building of Indian Railways.Second, department is of
Database management in this department the data is maintain for each train ( local or
xpress ) and the data of all the trains are stored is the database of new delhi's server. The
record is also maintained of passengers who are travelling, name age source station to
destination station etc. The rate of pantry is also decided by this department.Third,
department was PRS which is Passenger Reservation System. in this department a
reservation system is maintained for the passengers who reserves their seats for future
travelling. Tatkal tickets for AC coach will be started everyday at sharp 11:00 am and for
non-AC coach it will be on 10:00 am. Tatkal tickets will be done before 24 hours of the
train. Its data is also maintained by the Server ( newdelhi) and stored in the
database.Fourth, department was Ticketing and Charting. In this department a chart is
prepared for the seat number and train number for which the passengers have requested.
When the charting is started no new seats will be confirmed. Chart will be prepared 1
hour before the departure of the train.

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REFERENCES
1. http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/

2. http://contents.irctc.co.in/en/IRRules.html

3. http://cris.org.in/CRIS/About_us/About_us

4. https://www.fois.indianrail.gov.in/

5. http://www.indianrail.gov.in/

6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways

7. http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/

8. https://india.gov.in/website-ministry-railways

9. http://cris.org.in/CRIS/Projects/PRS

10. https://www.quora.com/

11. http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/tenders.html

12. https://www.ecatering.irctc.co.in/eCatering/

13. http://indiarailinfo.com/news/post/240870

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