Cyberpunk derivatives

A number of cyberpunk derivatives have become recognized as distinct subgenres in speculative fiction.[1] These derivatives,
though they do not share cyberpunk's computers-focused setting, may display other qualities drawn from or analogous to cyberpunk:
a world built on one particular technology that is extrapolated to a highly sophisticated level (this may even be a fantastical or
anachronistic technology, akin to retro-futurism), a gritty transreal urban style, or a particular approach to social themes.

One of the most well-known of these subgenres, steampunk, has been defined as a "kind of technological fantasy",[1] and others in
this category sometimes also incorporate aspects ofscience fantasy and historical fantasy.[2] Scholars have written of these subgenres'
stylistic place in postmodern literature, and also their ambiguous interaction with the historical perspective ofpostcolonialism.[3]

American author Bruce Bethke coined the term "cyberpunk" in his 1980 short story of the same name, proposing it as a label for a
new generation of punk teenagers inspired by the perceptions inherent to the Information Age.[4] The term was quickly appropriated
as a label to be applied to the works ofWilliam Gibson, Bruce Sterling, John Shirley, Rudy Rucker, Michael Swanwick, Pat Cadigan,
Lewis Shiner, Richard Kadrey, and others. Science fiction author Lawrence Person, in defining postcyberpunk, summarized the
characteristics of cyberpunk thus:

Classic cyberpunk characters were marginalized, alienated loners who lived on the edge of society in generally
dystopic futures where daily life was impacted by rapid technological change, an ubiquitous datasphere of
.[5]
computerized information, and invasive modification of the human body

The relevance of cyberpunk as a genre to punk subculture is debatable and further hampered by the lack of a defined cyberpunk
subculture; where the small cyber movement shares themes with cyberpunk fiction and draws inspiration from punk and goth alike,
cyberculture is much more popular though much less defined, encompassing virtual communities and cyberspace in general and
typically embracing optimistic anticipations about the future. Cyberpunk is nonetheless regarded as a successful genre, as it ensnared
many new readers and provided the sort of movement that postmodern literary critics found alluring. Furthermore, author David Brin
[6]
argues, cyberpunk made science fiction more attractive and profitable for mainstream media and the visual arts in general.

Contents
Futuristic derivatives
Biopunk
Nanopunk
Postcyberpunk
Retrofuturistic derivatives
Steampunk
Dieselpunk
Other proposed retrofuturistic derivatives
Stonepunk
Clockpunk
Rococopunk
Raypunk
Nowpunk
Decopunk
Atompunk
Cyberprep
Other proposed fantastic derivatives
 Elfpunk
Mythpunk
References
External links

Futuristic derivatives

Biopunk
Biopunk emerged during the 1990s and focuses on the near-future unintended consequences of the biotechnology revolution
following the discovery of recombinant DNA. Biopunk fiction typically describes the struggles of individuals or groups, often the
product of human experimentation, against a backdrop of totalitarian governments or megacorporations which misuse
biotechnologies as means of social control or profiteering. Unlike cyberpunk, it builds not on information technology but on
biorobotics and synthetic biology. As in postcyberpunk however, individuals are usually modified and enhanced not with cyberware,
but by genetic manipulation of their chromosomes.

Nanopunk
Nanopunk refers to an emerging subgenre of speculative science fiction still very much in its infancy in comparison to other genres
like that of cyberpunk.[7] The genre is similar to biopunk, but describes a world in which the use of biotechnology is limited or
prohibited, and only nanites and nanotechnology is in wide use (while in biopunk bio- and nanotechnologies often coexist). Currently
the genre is more concerned with the artistic and physiological impact of nanotechnology, than of aspects of the technology itself.
Still, one of the most prominent examples of nanopunk is Crysis video game series. And much lesser famous examples is Generator
Rex and Transcendence.[8]

Postcyberpunk
As new writers and artists began to experiment with cyberpunk ideas, new varieties of fiction emerged, sometimes addressing the
criticisms leveled at the original cyberpunk stories. Lawrence Person wrote in an essay he posted to the Internet forum Slashdot in
1998:

The best of cyberpunk conveyed huge cognitive loads about the future by depicting (in best "show, don't tell" fashion)
the interaction of its characters with the quotidian minutia of their environment. In the way they interacted with their
clothes, their furniture, their decks and spex, cyberpunk characters told you more about the society they lived in than
"classic" SF stories did through their interaction with robots and rocketships.
Postcyberpunk uses the same immersive world-building technique, but features different characters, settings, and,
most importantly, makes fundamentally different assumptions about the future. Far from being alienated loners,
postcyberpunk characters are frequently integral members of society (i.e., they have jobs). They live in futures that
are not necessarily dystopic (indeed, they are often suffused with an optimism that ranges from cautious to
exuberant), but their everyday lives are still impacted by rapid technological change and an omnipresent
computerized infrastructure.[5]

Person advocates using the term "postcyberpunk" for the strain of science fiction he describes. In this view, typical postcyberpunk
stories explore themes related to a "world of accelerating technological innovation and ever-increasing complexity in ways relevant
to our everyday lives" with a continued focus on social aspects within a post-third industrial-era society, such as of ubiquitous
dataspheres and cybernetic augmentation of the human body. Unlike cyberpunk its works may portray a utopia or to blend elements
of both extremes into a more mature (to cyberpunk) societal vision. Rafael Miranda Huereca states:
 In this fictional world, the unison in the hive becomes a power mechanism which is executed in its capillary form, not
from above the social body but from within. This mechanism as Foucault remarks is a form of power, which "reaches
into the very grain of individuals, touches their bodies and inserts itself into their actions and attitudes, their
discourses, learning processes and everyday lives." In postcyberpunk unitopia 'the capillary mechanism' that Foucault
describes is literalized. Power touches the body through the genes, injects viruses to the veins, takes the forms of pills
and constantly penetrates the body through its surveillance systems; collects samples of body substance, reads finger
prints, even reads the ‘prints’ that are not visible, the ones which are coded in the genes. The body responds back to
power, communicates with it; supplies the information that power requires and also receives its future conduct as a
part of its daily routine. More importantly, power does not only control the body, but also designs, (re)produces,
(re)creates it according to its own objectives. Thus, human body is re-formed as a result of the transformations of the
relations between communication and power.[9]

The Daemon novels by Daniel Suarez could be considered postcyberpunk in that sense. In addition to themes of its ancestral genre
postcyberpunk might also combine elements of nanopunk and biopunk.[10] Often named examples of postcyberpunk novels are Neal
Stephenson's The Diamond Age and Bruce Sterling's Holy Fire. In television, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex has been
called "the most interesting, sustained postcyberpunk media work in existence".[11] In 2007, SF writers James Patrick Kelly and John
Kessel published Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology. Like all categories discerned within science fiction, the boundaries of
postcyberpunk are likely to be fluid or ill defined.[12]

Retrofuturistic derivatives
As a wider variety of writers began to work with cyberpunk concepts, new subgenres of science fiction emerged, playing off the
cyberpunk label, and focusing on technology and its social effects in different ways. Many derivatives of cyberpunk are retro-
futuristic, based either on the futuristic visions of past eras, especially from the first and second industrial revolution technological-
eras, or more recent extrapolations or exaggerations of the actual technology of those eras.

Steampunk
The word "steampunk" was invented in 1987 as a jocular reference to some of the novels of Tim Powers, James P. Blaylock, and K.
W. Jeter. When Gibson and Sterling entered the subgenre with their 1990 collaborative novel The Difference Engine the term was
being used earnestly as well.[13] Alan Moore's and Kevin O'Neill's 1999 The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen historical fantasy
comic book series (and the subsequent 2003 film adaption) popularized the steampunk genre and helped propel it into mainstream
fiction.[14]

The most immediate form of steampunk subculture is the community of fans surrounding the genre. Others move beyond this,
attempting to adopt a "steampunk" aesthetic through fashion, home decor and even music. This movement may also be (perhaps more
accurately) described as "Neo-Victorianism", which is the amalgamation of Victorian aesthetic principles with modern sensibilities
and technologies. This characteristic is particularly evident in steampunk fashion which tends to synthesize punk, goth and rivet
styles as filtered through the Victorian era. As an object style, however, steampunk adopts more distinct characteristics with various
craftspersons modding modern-day devices into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style.[15] The goal of such redesigns is
to employ appropriate materials (such as polished brass, iron, and wood) with design elements and craftsmanship consistent with the
Victorian era.[16]

Dieselpunk
Dieselpunk is a genre and art style based on the aesthetics popular between World War I and the end of World War II. The style
combines the artistic and genre influences of the period (including pulp magazines, serial films, film noir, art deco, and wartime pin-
ups) with retro-futuristic technology[17][18] and postmodern sensibilities.[19] First coined in 2001 as a marketing term by game
designer Lewis Pollak to describe his role-playing game Children of the Sun,[18][20] dieselpunk has grown to describe a distinct style
of visual art, music, motion pictures, fiction, and engineering. Examples include the movies Iron Sky, Rocketeer, K-20: Legend of the
Mask, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow and Dark City, and the games
Crimson Skies, Greed Corp, Gatling Gears, BioShock and its sequel BioShock 2, The
Legend of Korra and Skullgirls.[21]

Other proposed retrofuturistic derivatives

There have been a handful of divergent terms based on the general concepts of
steampunk. These are typically considered unofficial and are often invented by
readers, or by authors referring to their own works, often humorously
.

A large number of terms have been used by the GURPS roleplaying game
Steampunk to describe anachronistic technologies and settings, including stonepunk,
bronzepunk, sandalpunk, candlepunk, and transistorpunk. These terms have seen
very little use outside GURPS.[22]

Dieselpunk
Stonepunk
Stonepunk refers to works set roughly during the Stone Age in which the characters utilize Neolithic Revolution–era technology
constructed from materials more or less consistent with the time period, but possessing anachronistic complexity and function. The
Flintstones franchise and its various spin offs, Roland Emmerich's 10,000 BC, and the flashback scenes in Cro fall under this
category. Literary examples includeEdgar Rice Burrough's Back to the Stone Age and The Land that Time Forgot, and Jean M. Auel's
"Earth’s Children" series, starting withThe Clan of the Cave Bear.[23]

Clockpunk
Clockpunk portrays Renaissance-era science and technology based on pre-modern designs, in the vein of Mainspring by Jay
Lake,[24] and Whitechapel Gods by S. M. Peters.[25] Examples of clockpunk include The Blazing World by Margaret Cavendish,[26]
Astro-Knights Island in the nonlinear game Poptropica, the 2011 film version of The Three Musketeers, as well as the videogames
Thief: The Dark Project, Syberia and Assassins Creed 2.

The term was coined by theGURPS role playing system.[22]

Rococopunk
Rococopunk is a whimsical punk derivative that thrusts punk attitude into the late baroque period. Although it is a fairly recent
derivative,[27] it is a style that is visually very similar to the New Romantic movement of the 1980s (particularly such groups as
Adam and the Ants).[28] As one steampunk scholar[29] put it, "Imagine a world where the Rococo period never ended, and it had a
lovechild with Sid Vicious.[30] Rococopunk has most recently been featured on The X Factor through the artist known as Prince
Poppycock.[28] Fashion designer Vivienne Westwood, often known as "the Queen of Punk Fashion", also mixes Rococo with punk
stylings.[31]

Raypunk
Raypunk is a distinctive (sub)genre which deals with scenarios, technologies, beings or environments, very different from everything
that we know or what is possible here on Earth or by science. Covers space surrealism, parallel worlds, alien art, technological
psychedelia, non-standard "science", alternative or distorted/twisted reality and so on. Predecessor to
atompunk with similar "cosmic"
themes but mostly without explicit nuclear power or exactly described technology and with more archaic/schematic/artistic style,
dark, obscure, cheesy, weird, mysterious, dreamy, hazy or etheric atmosphere (origins before 1880-1950), parallel to steampunk,
dieselpunk and teslapunk.[32]
Nowpunk
Nowpunk is a term invented by Bruce Sterling, which he applied to contemporary fiction set in the time period (particularly in the
post-Cold War 1990s to the present) in which the fiction is being published, i.e. all contemporary fiction. Sterling used the term to
describe his book The Zenith Angle, which follows the story of a hacker whose life is changed by theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks.[33]

Decopunk
Decopunk is a recent subset of Dieselpunk, centered around the art deco and Streamline Moderne art styles, and based around the
period between the 1920s and 1950s. In an interview[34] at CoyoteCon, steampunk author Sara M. Harvey made the distinctions
"shinier than dieselpunk, more like decopunk", and "Dieselpunk is a gritty version of steampunk set in the 1920s–1950s. The big war
eras, specifically. Decopunk is the sleek, shiny very art deco version; same time period, but everything is chrome!" Its fandom arose
around 2008. Possibly the most notable examples of this are the first two BioShock games, and the cartoon Batman: The Animated
Series which included neo-noir elements along with modern elements such as the use ofVHS cassettes.

Atompunk
Atompunk (sometimes called "atomicpunk") relates to the pre-digital short twentieth century, specifically the period of 1945–1965,
including mid-century Modernism, the Atomic Age, Jet Age and Space Age, Communism and concern about it exaggerated as
paranoia in the U.S. along with Neo-Soviet styling, underground cinema, Googie architecture, Sputnik and the Space Race, early
Cold War espionage, superhero fiction and comic books, the rise of the US military/industrial powers and the fall-out of
Chernobyl.[35][36] Its aesthetic tends toward Populuxe and Raygun Gothic, which describe a retro-futuristic vision of the world.[35]
Notable examples of Atompunk in popular media include the Fallout and S.T.A.L.K.E.R. series of videogames, both receiving
widespread distribution and critical acclaim.

Cyberprep
Cyberprep is a term with a very similar meaning to postcyberpunk. The word is an amalgam of the prefix "cyber-", referring to
cybernetics, and "preppy", reflecting its divergence from the punk elements of cyberpunk. A cyberprep world assumes that all the
technological advancements of cyberpunk speculation have taken place but life is utopian rather than gritty and dangerous.[37] Since
society is largely leisure-driven, advancedbody modifications are used for sports, pleasure and self-improvement.An example would
be Scott Westerfeld's Uglies series.

Other proposed fantastic derivatives

Elfpunk
Elfpunk is subgenre of urban fantasy in which traditional mythological creatures such as faeries and elves are transplanted from rural
folklore into modern urban settings and has been seen in books since the 1980s including works such as War of the Oaks by Emma
Bull, Gossamer Axe by Gael Baudino, and The Iron Dragons' Daughter by Michael Swanwick. During the awards ceremony for the
2007 National Book Awards, judge Elizabeth Partridge expounded on the distinction between elfpunk and urban fantasy, citing
fellow judge Scott Westerfeld's thoughts on the works of Holly Black who is considered "classic elfpunk—there's enough creatures
already, and she's using them. Urban fantasy, though, can have some totally made-up f*cked-up[sic] creatures".[38]

Mythpunk
Catherynne M. Valente uses the term "mythpunk" to describe a subgenre of mythic fiction which starts in folklore and myth and adds
elements of postmodern literary techniques. As the -punk appendage implies,[39] mythpunk is subversive. In particular, it uses aspects
of folklore to subvert or question dominant societal norms, often bringing in a feminist and/or multicultural approach. It confronts,
instead of conforms, to societal norms.[40] Valente describes mythpunk as breaking "mythologies that defined a universe where
women, queer folk, people of color, people who deviate from the norm were invisible or never existed" and then "piecing it back
together to make something strange and different and wild".[39]

Typically, mythpunk narratives focus on transforming folkloric source material rather than retelling it, often through postmodern
literary techniques such as non-linear storytelling, worldbuilding, confessional poetry, as well as modern linguistic and literary
devices. The use of folklore is especially important because folklore is "often a battleground between subversive and conservative
forces" and a medium for constructing new societal norms. Through postmodern literary techniques, mythpunk authors change the
ferent norms".[40]
structures and traditions of folklore, "negotiating—and validating—dif

Most works of mythpunk have been published by small presses, such as Strange Horizons,[41] because "anything playing out on the
edge is going to have truck with the small presses at some point, because small presses take big risks".[39] Writers whose works
would fall under the mythpunk label include Ekaterina Sedia, Theodora Goss, Neil Gaiman, Sonya Taaffe, Adam Christopher, and
the anonymous author behind the pen name "B.L.A. and G.B. Gabbler". Valente's novel Deathless is a good example of mythpunk,
drawing from classic Russian folklore to tell the tale of Koshchei the Deathlessfrom a female perspective.[42]

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External links
"Make Way for Plaguepunk, Bronzepunk, andStonepunk", Annallee Newitz, Wired, March 15, 2007.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk_derivatives&oldid=865233410

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This page was last edited on 22 October 2018, at 16:36(UTC).

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