Pneumoperitoneum is pneumatosis(abnormal presensence of air or other gas)

in the periotoneal cavity.

Hemoperitoneum is the presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity.

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is the develoopment of bacterial infection in

the peritoneum causing peritonitis, despite the abscent of an obvious source
for the infection.

Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum,the liining of the inner wall of

the abdomen and cover of the abdominal organs.

Diaphragmatic hernia is a defect or hole in the diaphragm that allows

abdominal contents to move into the chest cavity.

Hiatal hernia is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs slip through the
diaphrgam into the middle compartmet of the chest.

Inguinal hernia is a protrusion of the abdominal caivty contents through the

inguinal canal.

Direct inguinal hernia

Indirect inguinal hernia

Umbilical hernia

Femoral hernia

Obturator hernia

Spigelian hernia

1.Esophagitis

Esophageal candidiasis is an opportunistic infection of the esophagus by

Candida albicans.

Eosinophilic esophagitis is an allergic inflammatory condition of the condition

of the esophagus that involves eosinophils

Herpes esophagitis is a viral infection of the esophagus caused by Herpes

simplex virus(HSV).

Boerhaave syndrome is a transmural perforation of the esophagus

Mallory-Weiss syndrome refers to bleeding from a laceration in the mucosa at

junction of the stomach and esophagus.
Zenker's diverticulum is a diverticulum of the mucosa of the esophagus,just
above the cricopharyngeal muscle(i.e. above the upper sphincter of the
esophagus).It was described in 1877 by German pathologist Friedrich Albert
von Zenker.

Barrett's esophagus refers to (abnormal) change in the cells of the lower

portion of the esophagus.

Nutcracker esophagus is a disorder of the movement of the esophagus

characterized by contractions in the smooth muscle of the esophagus in a
normal sequence but at an excessive amplitude or duration.

Esophageal achalasia is a failure of smooth muscle fibers to relax, which can

cause the lower esophageal sphincter to remain closed.

Diffusion esophageal spasm is a condition characterized by uncoordinated

contractions of the esophagus, which may cause difficulty
swallowing(dysphagia) or regurgitation.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a long-term condition where stomach

contents come back up intio the esophagus resulting in either symptoms or
compications.

Laryhgopharyngeal reflux is the retrograde flow of the gastric contents into

the larynx, orophraynx and/or the nasopharynx.

Esophageal stricture is a narrowing or tightening of the esophagus that

causes swalling difficulties.

Megaesophagus is a disorder of the esophagus in humans and other

mammals, whereby the esophagus becomes abnormally enlarged.

Stomach

1.Gastritis : it is inflammation of the lining of the stomach.

a.Atrophic gastritis is a process of chronic inflammation of the stomach

mucous membrane(mucosa), leading to loss of gastric glandular cells and
their eventual reppalacement by intestinal and fibrous tissue.

b.Menetrier diseases is a rare,acquired, premalignant disease of the

stomach characterized by massive gastric folds, excessive mucous
production with resultant protein loss, and little or no acid production.

c.Gastroenteristis(also known as infectious diarrhea, is inflammation of

gastrointestinal tract -- the stomach and small intestine.

2.Peptic(gastric) ulcer disease is a break in the inner lining of the stomach,

first part of the small intesitne or sometimes the lower esophagus.

a.Cushing ulcer is a gastric ulcer associated with elevated intracranial

pressure.

b.Dieulafoy's lesion is a medical condition characterized by a large

tortuous arteriole most commonly in the stomach wall(submucosal) that
erodes and bleeds.

3.Dyspepsia is a condition of impaired digestion.

4.Pyloric stenosis is a naroowing of the opening from stomach to the first part
of the small intestine(the pylorus).

5.Achlordydria refers to states where the production of hydrochloric acid in

gastric secretions of the stomach and other digestive organs is absent or low,
respectively.

6.Gastroparesis is a medical condtion consisting of a paresis of the stomach,

resulting in foood remaining in the stomach for an abnormally long time.

7.Gastroptosis is the abnormal downward displacement of the stomach,

8.Portal hypertensive gastrpathy refers to changes in the mucosa of the

stomach in patients with portal hypertension.

9.Gastric antral vascular ectasia is a condition associated with dilated small

blood vessels in the antrum, or the last part of the stomach.

10.Dumping syndrome occurs when food moves too fast from the stomach to
the duodenum.

11.Gastric volvulus is a twisting of all or part of the stomach by more than

180 degrees with obstruction of the flow of material through the stomach,
variable loss of blood supply and possible tissue death.

Small intestine

1.Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine.

a.Duodenitis is inflammation of the duodenum

b.Jejunitis is inflammation of the jejunum

c.Ileitis is an inflammation of the ileum

2.Peptic (duodenal) ulcer is a break in the inner lining of the first part of the
small intestine(duodenal).
 a.Curling's ulcer is an acute gastric eroision reulting as a complication
from severe burns when reduced plasma volume leads to ischemia and cell
necrosis of the gastric mucosa.

3.Malabsorption is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food

nutrients across the gastrointestinal tract.

a.Coeliac disease is a long-term autoimmmune disorder that primarily

affecs the small intestine.

b.Tropical sprue is a malabsorption disease commonly found in tropical

regions, marked with abnormal flattening of the villi and inflammation of the
lining of the lining of the small intestine.

c.Blind loop syndrome

d.Small intestine bacterial overgrowth is a disorder of excessive

bacterial growth in the small intestine

e.Whipple's disease is a rare, systemic infectious disease caused by the

bacterium Tropheryma whipplei.

f.Short bowel syndrome is a malabsorption disorder caused by a lack of

functional small intestine.

g.Steatorrhoea is the presence of the excess fat in feces.

h.Milroy's disease is a familial disease characterized by lymphedema,

commonly in the legs, caused by congential abnormalities in the lymphatic
system.

i.Bile acid malabsorption is a cause of several gut-relatred problems,

the main one being chronic diarrhea.

Large intestine

Appendicitis is inflammation of the lining of the appendix