CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Page 1
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
In recent construction tiles has become synonymous with flooring. Each waste product has its specific
effect on properties of fresh and hard concrete. From structural point of view, ceramic tiles wastes
were found to be performing better than conventional concrete, in various properties such as
durability, density, compressive strength, and permeability [1]. From economic point of view,
nowadays coarse aggregates contribute a bigger portion of costs in the construction industry. Thus
concrete made by ceramic tiles aggregate is more economical compared to conventional concrete. As
an estimate for making 1m3 of concrete by replacing 20% wall 20 mm aggregates with tile aggregates
about 16% money can be saved on total amount of 20 mm aggregates [2]. It is also reported that
toughness and soundness of recycled coarse aggregate is 30% less than the natural aggregate and loss
of strength is about 30% as compared to the conventional aggregate concrete. Similar trends were
reported even for split tensile strength also [3-4]. Reduction of slump was 5.3% when recycled both
tile aggregate was used at a replacement level of 25% and its water absorption was 0.55%, which was
higher than that of natural aggregate at 0.23% [5]. The development of concrete properties was
observed by substitution of crushed stone coarse aggregate with crushed wasted ceramic aggregate
and sand as a fine aggregate with quarry dust aggregate [6]. The conventional crushed stone
aggregate reserves are depleting fast, particularly in some desert regions of the world [7].

Finally, using waste both ceramic tiles in concrete is an effective measure regarding to reducing the
costs of concrete and is environmentally cleaner along with wastage management and decreasing the
use of natural raw materials [8]. In [9] it is affirmed that the increase in tiles powder leads to the
increase in workability of concrete.

1.2 Objectives
The major objectives of this thesis are as follows:
 To review some past research on reusing different types of waste ceramic tiles as coarse
aggregate to investigate the feasibility of reusing waste tiles in construction work.

Page 2
  To determine the strength of concrete using different types of ceramic tiles aggregate
replacing different percentage (10% & 15%) coarse aggregate.
 To compare the results to optimize the use of waste ceramic tiles in concrete.

1.3 Outline of the Thesis

 Waste tiles collection and preparation of coarse aggregate.
 Determination of particle size distribution, specific gravity, water absorption of natural
aggregate and aggregate from different types of ceramic tiles used.
 Determination of the strength of concrete using different types of ceramic tiles aggregate
replacing different percentage (10% & 15%) coarse aggregate.
 Comparison of the results.

Chapter 2.0 is devoted to the review of past researches in Bangladesh and other parts of the World.
Chapter 3.0 is about the mix design, preparation materials used and their properties. Chapter 4.0 is
devoted for the test results and included comments for each results. And chapter 5.0 includes the
conclusion of the test values.

Page 3
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Page 4
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General
Being the major component of structure, many researches have been done on concrete to improve its
properties in every possible manner to develop a sustainable concrete mass. The concrete can be
strengthened only by the replacement of its ingredients by better ones. Not only replacing by some
material but using a waste material makes the environment friendly at the same time more suitable to
construction. In this aspect lot of researches have been done on using the tile aggregate in concrete
which is a waste material directly from industry or indirectly from demolition of a structure. The
present study is focused only on the literature related to usage of tile aggregate in concrete as a
replacement to coarse aggregate.

2.2 Literature Review

From Batriti Monhun R. Marwein (2016), the ceramic waste adopted is broken tiles. Ceramic waste
concrete (CWC) made with these tiles at 0%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. M20 grade concrete is
adopted; a constant water cement ratio of 0.48 is maintained for all the concrete mixes. The
characteristics properties of concrete such as workability for fresh concrete, also Compressive
Strength, Split Tensile Strength are found at 3, 7 and 28 days. The paper suggests that the
replacement of waste tile aggregate should be in the range of 5-30% and also it is suitable to ordinary
mixes like M15 and M20

According to B. TOPÇU AND M. CANBAZ (2010), the amount of tile waste generation is enough
to use in concrete as a replacement to coarse aggregate. The use of ceramic tile waste has a positive
effect on environment and in the cost aspects too. By the use of tile aggregate, the self-weight of
concrete is reduced about 4% which makes the structure economical. Coming to the strength aspect,
the tile aggregate replacement has a negative effect on both the compressive and split tensile strength
of concrete. But this paper studied maximum replacements of tile waste which can be further divided
into smaller percentages and can be utilized in concrete with desirable properties.

Page 5
From Julia García-González, Desirée Rodríguez-Robles, Andrés Juan-Valdés, Julia Ma Morán-
del Pozo and M. Ignacio Guerra-Romero (2014), the study concentrates on the crushed waste from
industries in Spain. The concrete design is done as per the Spanish concrete code and the recycled
ceramic aggregates met all the technical requirements imposed by current Spanish legislation. The
ceramic tiles are replaced up to 100% replacement of coarse aggregate. Appropriate tests were
conducted to compare the mechanical properties with conventional concrete. The ceramic ware
aggregate concrete was exhibited a feasible concrete properties as like the wall gravel concrete.

According to Md Daniyal and Shakeel Ahmad (2015), a large quantity of ceramic materials goes
into wastage during processing, transporting and fixing due to its brittle nature. The crushed waste
ceramic tiles were used in concrete as a replacement for natural coarse aggregates with 10%, 20%,
30%, 40% and 50% of substitution in concrete. The study states that the use of tile aggregate in
concrete enhances its properties and it has been observed an increase in both compression and
flexural strength.

According to Parminder Singh and Dr. Rakesh Kumar Singla (2015), a research paper on
utilization of ceramic waste tiles from industries. A partial replacement to coarse aggregate has been
studied. Three different grades of concrete has been prepared and tested. The results are not
appropriate with the conventional but considering the strength properties, it is advisable to use
ceramic tile aggregate in concrete. It is finally concluded that, about 20% of ceramic tile usage in
M20 grade of concrete is preferable.

Medina (2012), Medina studied on effective utilization of ceramic waste as recycled coarse
aggregate. It was produced by crushing of sanitary ware and its shape curve of recycled ceramic
aggregate was similar to the natural coarse aggregate. Irregular shape of aggregate was presented in
the ceramic waste, resulted that superior surface area and better bonding was observed in
experimentation.

Page 6
Pacheco-Torgal and Said Jalali (2011) Pacheco-Torgal and Said Jalali studied the behavior of
strength and durability of ceramic waste based concrete. Water absorption of ceramic coarse
aggregate was higher than the natural aggregate. It can be assumed that the extra water content leads
to better internal curing than the controlled concrete.

Poon and Chan (2005) presented study on the investigation of blending recycled concrete aggregate
and crushed clay brick as aggregates in the production of paving blocks. The results indicated that the
incorporation of crushed clay brick reduced the density, compressive strength and tensile strength of
the paving blocks. Due to high water absorption of crushed clay brick particles, the water absorption
of the resulting paving blocks were higher than that of the paving blocks that did not incorporate
crushed clay brick

Page 7
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY

Page 8
 3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Work

Work is divided into three phases-
 Phase I: Materials and its preparation
 Phase II: Mix Design
 Phase III: Replacement of Coarse Aggregates by Ceramic Tiles

3.2 Phase I: Materials and Its Preparation

Materials used in casting the concrete mould are having following properties

3.2.1 Cement
Cement is a binder, a substance which sets and hardens, for the experiment the cement used was-
Bangladeshi Bashundhara Ordinary Portland Composite Cement (OPC), BDS EN 197-1:2003, CEM-
I, 52.5N, ASTM C 150, Type-I
Clinker : 95-100%
Gypsum : 0-5%

Figure-1: Cement

Page 9
3.2.2 Coarse Aggregate
The coarse aggregate with 20 mm nominal size having specific gravity 2.72 was used. And the water
absorption of the coarse aggregate is 0.38%.

Figure-2: Coarse Aggregate

3.2.3 Water
Water is an important element for concreting and curing because it enhances chemical reaction with
cement and it also gives the strength to cement concrete. Potable bore water free from any such type
of foreign matters (acids, alkalis, organic and inorganic materials) and having pH value of 7.0 ± 1 was
used. Water which is used need to confirm the requirements of IS: 456 -2000 and the same water will
be used for mixing of concrete and curing of specimens as well.

3.2.4 Tiles
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass,
generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Different
types of tiles are given below.
• Travertine • Onyx
• Ceramic • Quartzite
• Marble • Mosaic
• Slate • Sandstone
• Faux wood • Terrazzo
• Granite

Page 10
Two types of waste ceramic tile (Ceramic Tiles-A and Ceramic Tiles-B) were collected from a
construction site. Then they were crushed into small pieces manually (figure-3 & 4). The required
size of crushed tile aggregate was separated to use them as partial replacement to the natural coarse
aggregate. The tile waste which is lesser than 4.75 mm size was neglected. Crushed tiles were
partially replaced in place of coarse aggregate by the percentage of 10% and 15%. The properties of
both ceramic tiles are given below.

1) Properties of Ceramic Tiles-A

• Ceramic tiles-A is made by clay and sediments.
• Very shiny or lustrous, smooth surface and reflective bright quality.
• More durable as compared to other types of tiles that are used as floor and wall tiles.
• High strength at high temperature.
• It can be cleaned with common household materials.
• Ceramic tiles are completely fire proof at any temperature, also heat resistant.
• Hygiene and slip resistant.
• Highly resistant to chemical agents. It has better resistance to alkalis and acids.

Figure-3: Coarse Aggregate of Ceramic Tiles-A

Page 11
2) Properties of Ceramic Tiles-B
• Tile has a surface that is covered by a colored layer of glaze. This glaze gives the tile
important design characteristics such as color, shininess, pattern, shading, etc., as well as
technical properties such as hardness, slip resistance, etc.
• Depending on the clay used, the body of the tile can be various shades of red or brown (red
body) or whitish (white body).
• More appropriate for larger rooms and superior lighting
• Good electric and heat insulator
• Completely fire proof at any temperature, also heat resistance
• Tile also is highly resistant to chemical agents. It has better resistance to alkalis and acids.
• Less durable as compared to other types of tiles that are used as floor and wall tiles.
• At high temperature it also give high strength

Figure-4: Coarse Aggregate of Ceramic Tiles-B

Page 12
3.3 Phase II: Mix Design
Design for M25 Grade Concrete [10].
Let,

Specified works cube strength = 210 kg/cm2 at 28 days

Degree of control - Very good with weight

Degree of workability – High

Type of cement – Ordinary Portland

Type of fine aggregate & coarse aggregate – Tiles

Table-1: Mix Design Properties

Materials Specific Gravity Dry Bulk Density (kg/m3 )
Cement 3.15 3150
Natural aggregate (20 mm) 2.60 2600
Sand 2.63 2630

Design of Concrete Mix

For the degree of control used,

210 280
Mean design strength = 0.75 = 254 kg/cm2

Water/Cement ratio = 0.57

Aggregate/Cement ratio = 4.8

The proportion of time to total aggregate is 40%

Page 13
Proportion by Weight

Cement ∶ FA ∶ CA

4.8 ∗ 40 4.8 ∗ 60
1∶ ∶
100 100

1 ∶ 1.92 ∶ 2.88

Proportion by Volume

Cement ∶ FA ∶ CA

1.92 ∗ 1472 2.88 ∗ 1472

1∶ ∶
1680 1520

1 ∶ 1.68 ∶ 2.78

Quantity of materials required for 1 m3 of concrete,

If C= weight of cement per m3 of concrete

C 1.92 C 2.88 C 0.57 C

3
+ 3
+ 3
+ =1
3.15 ∗ 10 2.59 ∗ 10 2.585 ∗ 10 103

⟹ 0.002742892 C = 1

∴ C = 365 kg

Materials Quantities by Weight

Cement = 365 kg

Water = 365 ∗ 0.57 = 208 kg

F. A = 2 ∗ 365 = 730 kg

C. A = 3 ∗ 365 = 1095 kg

Density of fresh concrete = 2275 kg

Page 14
Materials Quantities by Volume

365
Cement = = 0.248 m3
1472

208
Water = = 0.208 m3
1000

730
F. A = = 0.435 m3
1680

1095
C. A = = 0.720m3
1520

For Cylinder

πD2 h 3.1416 ∗ 0.332 ∗ 0.67

Area = = = 0.057 ∗ 3 = 0.17 ∗ 1.54 = 0.265 ft 3
4 4

For 0.265 ft 3 the materials quantities are,

0.06572
Cement = = 2.628 ≈ 3kg
1.25

F. A = 1.94 ≈ 2 cft

C. A = 6.74 ≈ 7 cft

Area of cylinder (3) = 0.265 ft 3

𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑 = 𝟏𝟏 ∶ 𝟐𝟐 ∶ 𝟑𝟑

0.265∗1 0.044
For Cement = 6
= 1.25
= 0.035 ∗ 50 = 1.76 ≈ 2 kg

0.265 ∗ 2
F. A = = 0.088 cft
6
0.265 ∗ 3
C. A = = 0.13 cft
6

Page 15
 In this project the concrete grades M25 is designed with a suitable water cement ratio at which the
desired concrete strength attained and also for various mix replacements of coarse aggregate.

Figure-5: Concrete Mixing

Page 16
3.4 Phase III: Replacement of Coarse Aggregates by Ceramic Tiles
Replacing (10% & 15%) of ceramic tiles we done different types of experiment and This topic deals
with the various mix proportions adopted in carrying out the experiments details of their workability,
physical properties and sieve analysis, compressive strength & specific gravity test.

3.4.1 Physical Properties and Sieve Analysis

This is an operation of dividing a sample of aggregate into fractions, each consisting of particles of the
same size. Sieve analysis is used to determine particle size distribution. Sieve analysis tests were
conducted according to ASTM D 422. Sieving were carried out for particles retained on a 0.075 mm
sieve. In sieve analysis, the mass of aggregate retained on each sieve is determined and expressed as a
percentage of the total mass of the sample. The particle size is plotted on a logarithmic scale so that
two sample having the same degrees of uniformity are represented by curves of the distribution plot.
For simplicity, the velocity of aggregate particles can be express by Stokes’ law.

3.4.1.2 Objective
• To determine the particle size distribution of specified aggregates.
• To draw grading curves for the aggregates specified.

3.4.1.3 Apparatus required

• Digital Balance.
• Sample Splitter
• Test Sieve as per BS 882
• Mechanism of Shaking Sieves. Chart for recording results.

3.4.1.4 Procedure

• The test samples was dried

• An approximate sample was taken from the original by riffling.
• The required sample was weighed out.
• The sieve of the largest mesh size was placed in the tray and the weighed sample put on to the
sieve making sure the sieves are dry and clean before using them.

Page 17
 • The sieve was shaken horizontally with a jerking motion in all directions for at least 2 minutes
and until no more than a trace of a sample was passing, ensuring that all material passing fall
into the tray.
• Any material retained on the sieve was weighed.
• The results were tabulated. The cumulative weigh passing each sieve was calculated as a
percentage of the total sample to the nearest whole number.
• A grading curve for the sample was plotted in the grading chart.

3.4.1.5 Calculations
• The various masses on a test data sheet was recorded.
• The mass retained on each sieve as a percentage of the original dry mass was calculated.
• The cumulative percentage of the original dry mass passing each sieve was calculated down to
the smallest aperture sieve (see table 2, 3 and 4).

3.4.2 Specific Gravity

Specific gravity affects the volume of substitution of aggregates in concrete in order to produce
equivalent mixture (A. E. B. CABRAL, 2008). Specific gravity is thus important in estimating the
volume of components (cement, aggregate and water). Specific gravity of aggregate samples were
determined according to ASTM D 854-00. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of unit volume of
aggregate at a stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated
temperature. The specific gravity of an aggregate is used in the phase relationship of air, water, and
solids in a given volume of the aggregate.

3.4.2.1 Apparatus Required

• Digital weighing balance.
• Pycnometer
• Vacuum Pump
• Funnel
• Spoon

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3.4.2.2 Preparing the Sample
• Determine and record the weight of the empty clean and dry pycnometer, WP.
• Place 125g of a dry soil sample (passed through the sieve No. 4.75mm) in the pycnometer.
Record the weight of the pycnometer containing the dry soil, WPS.
• Add distilled water to fill about half to three-fourth of the pycnometer. Soak the sample for 10
minutes.
• Apply a partial vacuum to the contents for 10 minutes longer, to remove the entrapped air.
• Stop the vacuum and carefully remove the vacuum line from pycnometer.
• Fill the pycnometer with distilled (water to the mark), clean the exterior surface of the
pycnometer with a clean, dry cloth. Determine the weight of the pycnometer and contents,
WB.
• Empty the pycnometer and clean it. Then fill it with distilled water only (to the mark). Clean
the exterior surface of the pycnometer with a clean, dry cloth. Determine the weight of the
pycnometer and distilled water, WA
• Empty the pycnometer and clean it.

3.4.2.3 Analysis of Results

Calculate the specific gravity of the aggregate using the following formula.
Specific gravity, Gs= 𝑊𝑊0/𝑊𝑊0 (𝑊𝑊A–𝑊𝑊B)
Where,
W0 = weight of sample of oven-dry g = WPS - WP
WA = weight of pycnometer filled with water
WB = weight of pycnometer filled with water and aggregate

3.4.3 Water Absorption

Water absorption is used to determine the amount of water absorbed under (SSD) conditions. Factors
affecting water absorption include: type of plastic, additives used, temperature and length of
exposure. The data sheds light on the performance of the materials in water or humid
environments. The main objective of these test is to measure the strength or quality of the material.

Page 19
3.4.3.1 Apparatus Required
• Digital weighing balance.
• Oven
• Bowl

3.4.3.2 Preparing the Sample

• The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained and then
placed in the basket and immersed in distilled water at 25oC temperature.
• The specimen was removed from water, shaken off, and rolled in large absorbent cloth until
all the visible films of water was removed.
• The large particles were wiped individually.
• The sample was divided into three parts (Sample S1, S2 and S3) to use each for one test.
• The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110oC for 24hrs.
• Removed from the oven, cooled and weighed.

3.4.3.3 Analysis of Results

Calculate water absorption of the aggregates using the following formula.
Water absorption (% of dry weight) = ((𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆 –𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑) /𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑) x100
Where,
Ws= Saturated sample weight
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑=Oven dry sample weight

 Water absorption range for aggregate is 01 to 2.0%

3.4.4 Slump Test

The slump test is the most well-known and widely used test method to characterize the workability of
fresh concrete. This is an expensive test, which measures consistency, is used on job sites to
determine rapidly whether a concrete batch should be accepted or rejected. When the slump test is
carried out, following are the shape of the concrete slump that can be observed.

Page 20
 Figure-6: Types of Slump Test

True Slump: True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The measurement is
taken between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete after the cone has been removed.

3.4.4.1 Apparatus
• Mould in the shape of a frustum of a cone with a base diameter of 8 inches, a top diameter of
4 inches, and a height of 12 inches.
• Tamping rod
• Hand float
• Scoop
• Steel Ruler

3.4.4.2 Procedure
• Dry materials mixed for 30secend
• Mixed dry materials with water very carefully
• The mould was filled with concrete in three layers of equal volume.
• Each layer was compacted with 25 strokes of a tamping rod.
• The slump cone mould was lifted vertically upward and the change in height of the concrete
was measured.

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3.4.4.3 Analysis of Results
Slump workability obtained according to “Description of workability and magnitude of slump
(BS1881: Part 102: 1983)”.

Table-2: Description of Workability and Magnitude of Slump

Description Of Workability Slump Value (mm)
No slump 0
Very low 5-10
Low 15-30
Medium 35-75
High 80-155
Very high 160 to collapse

3.4.5 Compressive Strength Test

The compressive strength is the most common performance measure used by the engineer in design
of concrete structures. Compressive strength was measured by crushing 150 mm cubes on the
universal testing machine. Compressive test is done as per (BS EN 12390: 2001).

3.4.5.1 Apparatus
• Compression Testing Machine

3.4.5.2 Procedure
• The specimen was placed in the machine with the two cast faces in contact with the platens of
the testing machine.
• The load was applied until failure occurred.
• The compressive strength was recorded to the nearest 0.1N/mm

Page 22
3.4.5.3 Behaviour and Mode of Failure
After placing the specimen the compression load is applied due to compression until the specimen
fails this failure is noted. As the load increases, the diagonal crack width is also increased and
extended towards the top of the cylinder. The concrete was crushed and spalling down. The failure
mode of control concrete, ceramic tiles-A & B are shown in figure (7, 8, 9,10 & 11).

Figure-7: Failure mode (CC)

Page 23
Figure-8: Failure mode of Ceramic Tiles-A (10%replacement)

Figure-9: Failure mode of Ceramic Tiles-A (15%replacement)

Page 24
Figure-10: Failure mode of Ceramic Tiles-B (10%replacement)

Figure-11: Failure mode of Ceramic Tiles-B (15%replacement)

Page 25
 CHAPTER-4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Page 26
 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 General
This topic deals with the various mix proportions adopted in carrying out the experimental results
obtained with respect to their workability, physical properties and sieve analysis, compressive
strength test, slump test and specific gravity test.

4.2 Physical Properties and Sieve Analysis

The particle size is plotted on a logarithmic scale so that two sample having the same degrees of
uniformity are represented by curves of the distribution plot. The physical properties, result and graph
(natural aggregate, ceramic tiles-A and Ceramic tiles-B) are stated below.

4.2.1 Natural Aggregate (NA)

The obtained data from sieve analysis are calculated in Table-3. Grading curves showed those samples
were well graded and suitable for concrete production. The grain size analyses of the materials used of
aggregate is presented in Figure-12.

Table-3, Sieve Analysis Data (NA)

Weight of
Sieve Weight of % %
Weight of Retained Cumulative Cumulative Aggregate
Size Retained Upper Lower
sieve (g) Sand and Retained Passing % Passing
(mm) Sand Limit Limit
Sieve
10 501.5 504.8 3.3 3.3 946.7 95.10 100 100
5 483.5 507.8 24.3 27.6 922.4 92.66 100 91
2.36 254.5 273 18.5 46.1 903.9 90.80 100 65
1.2 582 731 149 195.1 754.9 75.83 96 44
0.6 408.5 742.5 334 529.1 420.9 42.28 80 24
0.3 392.5 623.3 230.8 759.9 190.1 19.10 48 4
0.15 362.5 552.6 190.1 950 0 0.00 10 1
Pan 301.5 347 45.5 995.5 0 0.00 0 0
Sum 950
FM 4.36

Page 27
 100

90

80

70
Percent Passing, %

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size, mm

Figure-12, Sieve Analysis Graph (NA)

From graph we get, D10=0.22mm, D30=0.4mm and D60=0.9mm.

So coefficient of uniformity, Cu= (D60 /D10)

= (0.9/0.22)

= 4.09

Also, the coefficient of curvature, Cc= (D30)2/ (D60*D10)

= (0.4)2/ (0.9*0.22)

= 0.81

4.2.2 Ceramic Tiles-A (CT-A) Aggregate

The obtained data from sieve analysis are calculated in Table-4. Grading curves showed those samples
were well graded and suitable for concrete production. The grain size analyses of the materials used of
aggregate is presented in Figure-13.

Page 28
 Table-4, Sieve Analysis Data (CT-A)
Weight of
Sieve Weight of % %
Weight of Retained Cumulative Cumulative Aggregate
Size Retained Upper Lower
sieve (g) Sand and Retained Passing % Passing
(mm) Sand Limit Limit
Sieve
10 501.5 501.5 0 0 945.73 100.00 100 100
5 483.5 493.5 10 10 935.73 98.94 100 91
2.36 254.5 380 125.5 135.5 810.23 85.67 100 65
1.2 582 855.03 273.03 408.53 537.2 56.80 95 45
0.6 408.5 640.1 231.6 640.13 305.6 32.31 81 25
0.3 392.5 643.5 251 891.13 54.6 5.77 48 4
0.15 362.5 417.1 54.6 945.73 0 0.00 10 1
Pan 301.5 346.5 45 990.73 0 0.00 0 0
Sum 945.73
FM 3.80

100

90

80

70
Percent Passing, %

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size, mm

Figure-13, Sieve Analysis Graph (CT-A)

From graph we get, D10=0.33mm, D30=0.57mm and D60=1.4mm. So the value of CC= 0.70 and
CU=4.24

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4.2.3 Ceramic Tiles-B (CT-B) Aggregate
The obtained data from sieve analysis are calculated in Table-5. Grading curves showed those samples
were well graded and suitable for concrete production. The grain size analyses of the materials used of
aggregate is presented in Figure-14.
Table-5, Sieve Analysis Data (CT-B)
Weight of
Sieve Weight of
Weight of Retained Cumulative Cumulative Aggregate % Upper % Lower
Size Retained
sieve (g) Sand and Retained Passing % Passing Limit Limit
(mm) Sand
Sieve
10 501.5 501.5 0 0 942 100.00 100 100
5 483.5 492.5 9 9 933 96.00 100 91
2.36 254.5 379 124.5 133.5 808.5 83.01 100 65
1.2 582 855.5 273.5 407 535 55.00 96 44
0.6 408.5 639 230.5 637.5 304.5 32.32 80 24
0.3 392.5 642.5 250 887.5 54.5 5.79 48 4
0.15 362.5 417 54.5 942 0 0.00 10 1
Pan 301.5 346.5 45 987 0 0.00 0 0
Sum 942
FM 3.72

100

90

80

70
Percent Passing, %

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size, mm

Figure-14, Sieve Analysis Graph (CT-B)

Page 30
From graph we get, D10=0.35mm, D30=0.59mm and D60=1.4mm. So the value of CC=0.71 and
CU=4.0

Table-6, Properties of Particle Size

Natural Coarse Ceramic Tiles-A Ceramic Tiles-B

Property
Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate

Fineness modulus 4.36 3.80 3.72

Maximum size (mm) 20 20 20
Dry compacted density (kg/m3) 2600 2590 2500

Comments
• Particle size distribution of crushed aggregate depends on the crushing machinery and
blending.
• Crushed ceramic aggregate using the improvised strength of structure that is shown in Figure
(10, 11, and 12) attained the required particle distribution.
• % lower limit is the minimum passing of sample for the specific particle sizes
• % upper limit is the maximum passing of sample for the specific particles sizes
• From the Table (3, 4 and 5) we see the % passing is greater than % lower limit and less than %
upper limit. So the value of % passing is acceptable.

4.3 Specific Gravity

Specific gravity of both ceramic tiles and natural aggregate are shown in table-7. The sample
calculation of ceramic tiles-A is given below and the same calculation of ceramic tiles-B and natural
aggregate shown in table-7.

Wt. of Pycnometer, A =313g

Wt. of Pycnometer + Water, B =1310g

Wt. of Pycnometer + Aggregate, C =915g

Wt. of Pycnometer + Water+ Aggregate, D =1667g

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Specific Gravity, Gs=(C-A)/ (B-A)-(D-C)

= (915-313)/ (1310-313)-(1671-915)

= 2.4979 ≈ 2.50

Table-7: Result of Specific Gravity

A B C D Specific Gravity, Gs
Materials
(g) (g) (g) (g) =(C-A)/ (B-A)-(D-C)

Ceramic Tiles-B (CA) 313 1310 915 1671 2.50

Ceramic Tiles-A (CA) 315 1315 1117 1807 2.59
Aggregate (CA) 313 1310 1099 1794 2.60

Comments
• Ceramic tiles-A and natural coarse aggregate obtained almost same specific gravity.
• Ceramic tiles-B, specific gravity is comparatively less than ceramic tiles-A and natural coarse
aggregate.
• The less SPG is causes the less unit weight of sample.
• Specific gravity influences the density of concrete produced.

4.4 Water Absorption

Water absorption of coarse aggregate (ceramic tiles-A, ceramic tiles-B and natural aggregate) is
calculated. The sample calculation of natural aggregate is given below and the same calculation of tile
and ceramic tiles-A shown in Table-8.

Saturated Sample, Ws= 605g

Oven dried Sample, Wd= 597g
Water absorption= ((𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆 –𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑) /𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑) x100
= ((605-597)*100))/597
=1.34%

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 Table-8: Result of Water Absorption

Saturated Weight, WS Dried Weight, Wd Water Absorption

Materials
(g) (g) ((𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆 –𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑) /𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑) x100
Natural Aggregate 605 597.00 1.34%
Ceramic Tiles-A 606 595.95 1.69%
Ceramic Tiles-B 608 598.20 1.64%

Comments
• From the test, the value of water absorption for natural aggregate 1.34%, ceramic tiles-A
1.69% and ceramic tiles-B 1.64%.
• Water absorption of both ceramic tiles are higher than natural aggregate because of surface
area, pore structure and clay content of both tiles.
• Tiles aggregate has crystalline structure. The pore structure is compacted and even crushing of
these will not wide opens. So, due to this reason water absorption has increased little in tiles
scrap.

4.5 Slump Test

Slump test carried the workability and plastic density of concrete mix. From the test, we can observe
the difference of compressive strength. Mould No. 1, 2, and 3 are cured for 28 days and give higher
compressive strength.

Table-9: Value of Slump Test

Materials Slump (mm)
Aggregate Concrete 85
Ceramic Tiles-A Concrete (10%) 80
Ceramic Tiles-A Concrete (15%) 83
Ceramic Tiles-B Concrete (10%) 80
Ceramic Tiles-B Concrete (15%) 85

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 Figure-15: Slump Test

Comments
• According to the Description of workability and magnitude of slump (BS1881: Part 102:
1983) we find out the workability of the taken concrete mix.
• As the experimental result varies (80 to 85mm) so all concrete mix had high workability and it
is also called true slump because of its cohesiveness and rich mixes.
• Rich mix is a mixture that has more cement content.
• The slump was affected by water absorption of the aggregates.
• From both test, we can conclude that the longer the age of curing, the higher the compressive
strength.

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 4.6 Behaviour and Mode of Failure
The Strength value in which crack pattern obtained from 28days cured is stated at Table-10.

Table-10: Value of Crack Pattern Strength

28 days Strength (kN) Average

Crack Pattern
Cylinder-1 Cylinder-2 Cylinder-3 Strength (kN)
Control Concrete (CC) 95 100 90 95
Ceramic Tiles-A (replaced 10%) 95 85 76 85
Ceramic Tiles-A (replaced 15%) 105 105 70 93
Ceramic Tiles-B (replaced 10%) 70 70 75 72
Ceramic Tiles-B (replaced 15%) 100 82 72 85

4.6.1 Effect of Tiles Aggregate on Strength (for 28 days)

Effect on strength for 10% and 15% replacement of both ceramic tiles aggregate are showed figure-
16 & 17.

Figure-16: Strength of tiles aggregate concrete Figure-17: Strength of tiles aggregate concrete
(10% replacement ) (15% replacement)

Comments
• For 10% replacement of both ceramic tiles (figure-15) we see that the strength value of tiles-B
(72kN) is comparatively less than tiles-A (85kN).
• For15% replacement (figure-15) we see that the strength value of tiles-A (93kN) is
comparatively higher than tiles-B (85kN).

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 • From Figure 15 and 16, it is evident that ceramic tiles-A gives more strength than ceramic
tiles-B in both 10% and 15% replacement.

Comparing the strength value among the control concrete and (10% & 15% replacement) both
ceramic tiles coarse aggregate.

Figure-18: Strength of Control Concrete and Figure-19: Strength of Control Concrete and
Ceramic Tiles-A (CT-A) Ceramic Tiles-B (CT-B)

Comments
• From figure-17, 95kN strength comes from the control concrete (CC) of grade M25 and 85kN
strength comes from replaced 10% of ceramic tiles-A which is 10.53% decreased from CC.
Further replaced 15% ceramic tiles-A aggregate and get 93kN which is increased 8.43% from
10% replacement and comparably almost equal value 95kN strength.
• From figure-18, 95kN strength comes from the control concrete (CC) of grade M25 and 72kN
strength comes from replaced 10% of ceramic tiles-B which is 24.21% decreased from CC.
Further replaced 15% ceramic tiles-A aggregate and get 85kN which is decreased 10.53%
from the control concrete strength.
• From Figure 17 and 18 it is clear that, ceramic tiles-A give more strength than tiles-B in both
10% and 15% replacement. Moreover 15% of ceramic tiles-A are acceptable for replacement
of 15% aggregate in concrete because of nearby strength and as waste materials it is more
economic than aggregate.

Page 36
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION

Page 37
 5. CONCLUSION

1) The maximum size of both ceramic waste and crushed stone for sieve analysis is found to be the
same i.e. 20 mm. The particle size distribution of natural aggregate (NA), ceramic tiles-A and
ceramic tiles-B show the similar nature.

2) The waste material had a lower specific gravity as compared to natural stone. Specific gravity
influences the density of concrete. The higher values of specific gravity indicates the high density of
concrete.

3) The results revealed that using coarse waste of both ceramic tiles within the concrete mix lead to a
considerable increase in workability for all the mixtures. Also, it isalso noticed that the workability of
concrete gradually increased with the increase of quantity of both waste tiles content.

4) Water absorption of tiles is higher than natural aggregate because of surface area, pore structure
and clay content.

5) For M25 control concrete 95kN strength is obtained. While Compressive strength is found to be
85kN and 93kN for 10% and 15% replacement of NA by coarse aggregate of ceramic tile-A
respectively. So, the strength of concrete has increased gradually with the increase of percentage of
tiles content in case of ceramic tile-A.

7) For ceramic tile-B, the obtained strength is 75kN for 10% replacement and 85kN for 15%
replacement. The strength of concrete has also increased gradually with the increase of percentage of
tiles content for ceramic tile-B.

8) Ceramic tiles-A gives more strength than tiles-B in both 10% and 15% replacement of NA.
Moreover, 15% replacement of ceramic tiles-A in concrete are acceptable because of compressive
strength which is closer to that of NA and higher specific gravity.

Page 38
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