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Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose and test a model of brand love that includes both its antecedents and its consequences. The model is
rooted in a causal approach and features established consumer-brand relationship constructs (brand identification, brand trust and brand commitment).
Design/methodology/approach – The conceptual model and associated hypotheses are tested with a sample of 1,505 consumers. Data were
analysed through partial least squares structural equation modelling.
Findings – The results demonstrate strong relationships between the two antecedents (trust and identification) and brand love, and between brand
love and its consequences (brand commitment, positive word of mouth, and propensity to pay a higher price for the brand).
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Originality/value – Through the causal approach and proposed nomological model, the authors discriminate brand love from three important
relational constructs (i.e. brand trust, brand identification and brand commitment) and establish the relationships among the constructs. Following
recommendations in prior research, the predictive ability of the different relational constructs (trust, identification, commitment and love) are compared
and the relevance of brand love for understanding consumer-brand relationships is demonstrated.
Keywords Consumer behaviour, Brands, Brand love, Trust, Identification, Commitment, Word of mouth
An executive summary for managers and executive brand relationship paradigm explain brand love
readers can be found at the end of this article. (e.g. commitment, trust, identification). Because love is
essentially a relational construct, it logically should be linked
Research into consumer-brand relationships has proposed to other relational constructs. We therefore investigate how
and tested various relational concepts, including brand trust brand love might be explained by other consumer-brand
(Hess, 1995), brand commitment (Fullerton, 2005) and relationship (CBR) constructs and its position in a
brand identification (Escalas and Bettman, 2003). The brand nomological framework.
relationship paradigm has been successful because of its Specifically, we consider two key research questions:
relevance for understanding brand loyalty, conceptualised as 1 Is brand love distinguishable from other well-known
long-lasting relationships with the brand that rely on deep, relational constructs?
underlying feelings towards it (Fournier, 1998). More recent 2 How does brand love relate to these constructs?
studies also demonstrate that consumers can experience a
By addressing these questions, our research offers several
feeling of love for their brand (Albert et al., 2008a; Batra et al.,
contributions. We link love for the first time to two well-
2012). Drawing on seminal work by Shimp and Madden
established relational constructs (trust and commitment) and
(1988) and Ahuvia (1993), studies of brand love tend to focus
confirm its link to brand identification. Love is conceptually
on its conceptualisation (Ahuvia, 1993) and measurement
similar to other relational constructs, which makes it
(Carroll and Ahuvia, 2006). But even as brand love has
important to establish the nomological relationships of
emerged as an important consumer-brand relationship
brand love with other established constructs, as well as to
construct, we still know little about what generates a love
confirm that brand love is distinguishable facet of CBR
relationship (e.g. trust) and what its behavioural
(i.e. discriminant validity). Finally, this study responds to
consequences may be (e.g. repeat purchase). For example,
Palmatier et al.’s (2006) concern about the lack of
brand love may be influenced by product or brand
comparisons between the effects of relational constructs by
characteristics (e.g. hedonic product, brand quality) and
comparing the impact of brand love and brand commitment
may influence loyalty toward the brand (Carroll and Ahuvia,
(both mediator variables in our model) on willingness to pay a
2006; Batra et al., 2012). Yet few studies have conceptualised
price premium and positive word of mouth (two dependent
or explored how established constructs from the consumer-
variables). Overall, then, this research establishes the
theoretical and managerial importance of the concept of
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at love for a brand.
www.emeraldinsight.com/0736-3761.htm
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Noel Albert and Dwight Merunka Volume 30 · Number 3 · 2013 · 258 –266
Initially, researchers adapted the interpersonal love theory Ahuvia, 2006; Bergkvist and Bech-Larsen, 2010 or active
(Sternberg, 1986) to consumption contexts, such that brand participation in a brand community (Bergkvist and Bech-
love appeared composed of three dimensions: Larsen, 2010).
1 passion; Because only these few antecedents and consequences have
2 intimacy; and been associated with brand love, we still lack a good
3 commitment (e.g. Lastovicka and Sirianni, 2011; Shimp understanding of how it relates to CBR constructs in a
and Madden, 1988). nomological framework. Brand love pertains to the relational
paradigm (Fournier, 1998), so it should connect with other
The self-inclusion theory of love (Aron and Aron, 1986) also
relational constructs. However, the distinction between other,
has been adapted to marketing (Ahuvia, 1993). This theory
well-known relational constructs and brand love, as well as
posits that people need to become part of an other to feel brand love’s place in the relevant nomological framework, are
loved. Therefore, Ahuvia (1993) proposes that when a brand yet to be established. In turn, we model brand love within a
reaches both a high real and desired level of integration with nomological framework that includes several well-established
the consumer’s sense of self, that consumer feels love for the CBR constructs (brand trust, commitment and identification)
brand. and establish causal relationships between the constructs.
Another stream of research has investigated brand love
without referring to an interpersonal theory of love. Carroll
and Ahuvia (2006) do not refer explicitly to interpersonal Relational concepts
love, and propose instead that brand love consists of passion, Three well-known CBR constructs likely associate with brand
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attachment, positive evaluations of the brand, positive love. We highlight their links as well as their differences.
emotions in response to the brand and declarations of love
for the brand. However, their measurement of brand love is Brand identification
unidimensional and may fail to catch the complexity of love, a Consumers choose products and brands not only for their
construct usually presented as multidimensional (Albert et al., utilitarian values but also for their symbolic benefits. Brands
2008b; Batra et al., 2012). Investigating CBR, Fournier possess deep meaning (MacCraken, 1989) and serve to build
(1998) identifies six possible relationships: consumers’ self-concept or identities. Consumers use brands
1 love and passion; to construct their selves, present themselves to others or
2 self-connection; achieve their identity goals (Escalas and Bettman, 2003).
3 commitment; Consumers identify with brands to the “degree to which the
4 inter-dependence; brand delivers on important identity concerns, tasks, or
5 intimacy; and themes, thereby expressing a significant aspect of the self”
6 brand partner quality. (Fournier, 1998, p. 364). Furthermore, brands have the
The brand love relationship is deep and enduring (beyond ability to reflect important facets of the consumer’s identity
simple affect), such that the loved brand is considered and express significant aspect of the self (Fournier, 1998).
irreplaceable. The consumer suffers when deprived of the Studies on brand identification thus identify two sources of
brand for any extended period of time. Brand love also leads congruency between the consumer and the brand: one that
to biased, positive perceptions of the brand. Albert et al. stems from the brand’s image, values or personality, referred
(2008b) identify six first-order dimensions of brand love to as “brand identification” (Fournier, 1998; Escalas and
(i.e. idealisation, intimacy, pleasure, dream, memories, Bettman, 2003), and another that is external to the brand and
unicity) that constitute two second-order dimensions is based instead on the typical consumer of the brand (Escalas
(passion and affection). Passion and affection also appear as and Bettman, 2003). Because this second source refers to the
critical dimensions of interpersonal love (Baumeister and focal consumer’s identification with typical consumers of the
Bratslavsky, 1999). Finally, Batra et al. (2012) establish that brand, it is termed “customer identification”. Therefore,
consumers’ love for a brand consists of seven dimensions: overall brand identification comprises both brand
1 perceived functional quality; identification and customer identification.
2 self-related cognitions;
3 positive affect; Brand trust
4 negative affect; A key construct in relational marketing (e.g. Morgan and
5 satisfaction; Hunt, 1994), brand trust offers an important component of
6 attitude strength; and successful marketing relationships (Garbarino and Johnson,
7 loyalty. 1999). In a consumer-brand relationship context, trust
reflects assumptions about reliability, honesty and altruism
The growing literature on brand love has, however, that consumers attribute to brands (Hess, 1995). This
concentrated on its conceptualisation rather than its construct encompasses both cognitive and affective elements
antecedents and consequences. Some studies propose (Delgado-Ballester et al., 2003). The cognitive dimension
several antecedents of brand love, such as status as a indicates a perception that the brand will meet expectations
hedonic brand (i.e. brands for which fun, pleasure or and respect its obligations (Chaudhuri and Holbrook, 2001);
enjoyment are primary benefits) or a self-expressive brands the affective dimension instead is based on perceptions of
(i.e. the brand enhances the social self or reflects the inner honesty and altruism (Delgado-Ballester et al., 2003).
self; Carroll and Ahuvia, 2006), brand quality (Batra et al.,
2012) and brand identification (Bergkvist and Bech-Larsen, Brand commitment
2010). Other research offers a few consequences, including Brand commitment is a psychological disposition that implies
influences on brand loyalty (Batra et al., 2012; Carroll and a positive attitude toward the brand and a willingness to
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Noel Albert and Dwight Merunka Volume 30 · Number 3 · 2013 · 258 –266
260
The role of brand love in consumer-brand relationships Journal of Consumer Marketing
Noel Albert and Dwight Merunka Volume 30 · Number 3 · 2013 · 258 –266
Holbrook, 2001). Because commitment is the attitudinal H10. Brand love has a greater impact on word of mouth than
component of brand loyalty (Oliver, 1999), we propose: brand commitment.
H5. Brand love has a positive influence on brand H11. Brand love has a greater impact on willingness to pay a
commitment. price premium than brand commitment.
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The role of brand love in consumer-brand relationships Journal of Consumer Marketing
Noel Albert and Dwight Merunka Volume 30 · Number 3 · 2013 · 258 –266
and Aron, 1986). The consumer must feel psychological critical for brand communications. Collectively, these results
proximity to develop an affective proximity with the brand. A highlight the importance of brand love and the central role of
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specific contribution of this research is its demonstration that affective elements in consumer-brand relationships.
consumer love for a brand depends on both brand
identification and identification with other customers. Not Managerial implications
only must there be a fit between the brand and consumers’ Brand love is influenced similarly by brand identification
personality or values (e.g. Batra et al., 2012; Carroll and (b ¼ 0:50) and brand trust (b ¼ 0:46). The influence of
Ahuvia, 2006), but the identification with typical brand brand identification on brand love should convince
customers, opinion leaders or influential consumers in brand practitioners to create closer proximity between their brands
communities also may influence the development of a feeling and consumers, such as by highlighting brand values or the
of love for a brand. Previous studies have limited their brand’s personality in corporate communications. The
investigation to congruency between the brand and the creation of a brand community also may favour consumers’
consumer. Our results extend this identification to typical identification. Moreover, because brand trust positively
brand consumers, providing new insights for brand love influences brand love, product quality is an issue. Elements
literature. By highlighting the impact of both brand trust and such as after-sales service, service quality, and effective
brand identification on brand love, we extend previous results employee training to ensure they can address customer needs
and reveal that brand love results from consumer-brand all affect a consumer’s trust and consequently his or her love
relationships, not just brand characteristics (e.g. quality in for the brand. Brand love positively influences brand
Batra et al., 2012) or consumer attributes (e.g. social deficit in commitment, word of mouth and willingness to pay a price
Lastovicka and Sirianni, 2011). premium; companies therefore can expect some return on
As another contribution, we demonstrate the significant their investments in such actions.
influence of brand love on brand commitment. Love
influences attitudinal loyalty. An interesting and new finding Further research
here is the influence of brand love on the two dimensions of Our research demonstrates that brand love may be influenced
commitment, affective and continuance. Love plays an by brand relationship attributes; previous studies indicate that
important role in maintaining the relationship with the brand attributes may affect consumer love. Consumer
brand for both psychological/functional reasons and affective characteristics (e.g. personality, need for affect, attachment
reasons. The relationship between love and commitment also styles) also may contribute to love for a brand, which
indicates the importance of brand love for management; it constitutes an interesting research question. Using a
influences long-term brand relationships. Brand love affects qualitative approach, Lastovicka and Sirianni (2011)
positive word of mouth and the consumer’s willingness to pay demonstrate that brand love may encompass a social deficit.
a price premium too. Not only does love influence brand Thus another research question arises: What kind of
commitment, but it also encourages consumers to speak antecedents (consumer, brand or relationship attributes)
positively about the brand and maintain their relationship, have the greatest impact on brand love? In other words, where
despite the high price level. Brand love therefore influences is brand love rooted: in the brand, in the consumer or in the
both attitudinal and behavioural loyalty. relationship between the partners?
Finally, our last contribution comes from our comparison of
the predictive ability of the relational constructs in our model.
Notes
Palmatier et al. (2006) indicate that marketing literature has
lacked such comparisons. Brand love has a greater influence 1 Because PLS does not possess formal indexes to test the
on brand commitment (b ¼ 0:60) than brand trust (b ¼ 0:18) adequacy of the data for the model, Tenenhaus et al.
or brand identification (b ¼ 0:20). The affective elements of (2005) propose an overall goodness-of-fit index (GoF)
brand relationships appear central and necessary for the that varies between 0 and 1, such that 1 indicates a perfect
consumer’s commitment to the brand. Brand love also has a fit of the data to the model. The absolute GoF for our
stronger influence on positive word of mouth (b ¼ 0:62) than model equals 0.581, which is satisfactory (Wetzels et al.,
brand commitment (b ¼ 0:37), such that brand love may be 2009).
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The role of brand love in consumer-brand relationships Journal of Consumer Marketing
Noel Albert and Dwight Merunka Volume 30 · Number 3 · 2013 · 258 –266
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Noel Albert and Dwight Merunka Volume 30 · Number 3 · 2013 · 258 –266
Tenenhaus, M., Esposito, V., Chatelin, Y.-M. and Lauro, C. scholars propose a first and second order classification of
(2005), “PLS path modeling”, Computational Statistics and these dimensions.
Data Analysis, Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 159-205. Knowledge of the antecedents and consequences of brand
Thomson, M., MacInnis, D.J. and Park, W.C. (2005), love remains limited. Certain scholars argue that brand
“The ties that bind: measuring the strength of consumers’ quality and brand identification serve as antecedents to brand
emotional attachment to brands”, Journal of Consumer love, while others claim that a brand’s status triggers strong
Psychology, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 77-91. feelings of affection. The latter emotional connection seems
Wetzels, M., Oderkerken-Schröder, G. and van Hopper, C. likelier to be made with hedonic brands or those which help
(2009), “Using PLS path modeling for assessing express and enhance the self. The main consequence of brand
hierarchical construct models: guidelines and empirical love would appear to be increased loyalty to that particular
illustration”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 177-195. brand. Evidence also points to increased participation in a
Wing, C.S. and Angie, N.K.O. (2006), “A study of trust in e- brand community being another outcome.
shopping before and after first-hand experience is gained”, Brand love has been described as a relationship that is
Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. Summer, “deep and enduring” to a degree that the brand in question is
pp. 125-130. deemed “irreplaceable”. The probability exists that brand love
is closely linked with:
About the authors
.
Brand identification – Various studies have shown that
consumers attach meaning to brands and invariably select
Noel Albert is a Professor and a Research Scientist at those they consider to best fit with their own perceived
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Euromed Management in Marseille, France. His studies focus identity. In addition to their role in constructing the self,
on consumer behaviour and especially consumers’ love for brands help individuals convey a particular image to
brands: what is love? Can we feel love for a brand? Is this others. Congruency between consumer and brand
feeling the same as love for a person? How can we measure a seemingly operates on two levels. The first is labelled
consumer’s love for a brand? His works have appeared in “brand identification” and involves the “image, values or
various international and French journals (e.g. Journal of personality” of a brand. Academics also purport that
Business Research, Innovations, Marche and Organisation). Noel congruence exists between people and other typical
Albert is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: consumers of the brand. Customer identification is thus
noelalbert@euromed-management.com.fr regarded as the second dimension of brand identification.
Dwight Merunka is a Professor of Marketing at Aix- .
Brand trust – In any relationship between consumer and
Marseille University and at Euromed Management in brand, trust is a vital element. Its presence assumes that
Marseille, Fance. His research interests cover branding, consumers believe the brand in question is honest, reliable
product management and consumer behaviour. His work has and altruistic. According to the literature, trust is
been published in leading scientific journals such as comprised of cognitive and effective elements. An
International Journal of Research in Marketing, Journal of expectation that the brand will keep its promises and
Business Ethics, Journal of Business Research, Journal live up to expectations is reflected in the cognitive
of Forecasting, International Marketing Review and Journal of dimension, whereas the affective dimension relates to
Consumer Marketing. honesty and altruism.
. Brand commitment – The view of some scholars is that
Executive summary and implications for brand commitment means that consumers are
managers and executives psychologically inclined towards a specific brand. Such
consumers will invariably perceive the brand positively
This summary has been provided to allow managers and executives and be eager to sustain a “valued relationship” with it.
a rapid appreciation of the content of the article. Those with a Two dimensions of commitment are widely acknowledged
particular interest in the topic covered may then read the article in and are termed “continuance” and “affective” in some
toto to take advantage of the more comprehensive description of the quarters. Consumers who show no interest in competing
research undertaken and its results to get the full benefit of the brands are demonstrating continuance commitment,
material present. which also includes the related belief that switching to
other brands is too costly. Such as shared values,
In the quest to better understand consumer-brand identification, trust and attachment reflect affective
relationships and brand loyalty, considerable research brand commitment. This emotional form of
attention has been paid to concepts like brand trust, brand commitment impacts on consumer behaviour in terms of
commitment and brand identification. such as repeat purchase, positive word-of-mouth (WOM)
Some emphasis has more recently been placed on the belief and, in time, loyalty towards the brand. Reduced
that consumers might actually feel love towards a specific marketing costs and greater resistance to approaches
brand. To date, studies in this area have focused largely on from rival brands are other likely positive outcomes.
conceptualising and measuring the brand love construct.
Although some similarity between brand love and other Although similarities exist between brand love and these other
relational constructs is agreed upon, further investigation is consumer-brand relationship (CBR) constructs, significant
needed to ascertain how the various constructs interact. explicit and implicit differences have also been noted. For
The number of dimensions incorporated into brand love instance, love is an expression of how a consumer feels about
remains a topic of debate. Passion, intimacy, pleasure, the brand, whereas trust is more a reflection that the
interdependence, satisfaction and commitment are among consumer expects the brand to be honest, altruistic and
those to be regularly identified as construct elements. Some reliable. The “intense feeling” that is love is also different
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The role of brand love in consumer-brand relationships Journal of Consumer Marketing
Noel Albert and Dwight Merunka Volume 30 · Number 3 · 2013 · 258 –266
from cognitive commitment. The latter usually involves a consumers acknowledge that some interests of brands conflict
“cognitive comparison” of different choices and may result with their own or do not regard their brand relationships as
because viable alternatives are lacking. Love reflects a more entirely reciprocal.
special connection that does not result from comparing With regard to brand identification, results attest that
different brand options. Since love contains both cognitive consumers must closely identify with both the brand and its
and emotional elements, it is distinguished from typical consumers in order for love to develop. It is crucial
identification, researchers claim. The cognitive nature of the therefore to feel some affinity with these consumers, opinion
identification process also explains why most consumers leaders or key figures within brand communities.
might identify with many brands but only love a select few. Similar confirmation is provided about brand love’s
The model proposed by Albert and Merunka considers influence on both dimensions of brand commitment. The
brand identification and brand trust as determinants of brand resulting impact on such as WOM and willingness to pay
love and brand commitment as a consequence. Various higher prices for the brand demonstrates how love positively
hypotheses were developed and tested in an online study affects attitudinal and behavioural loyalty.
conducted in France. A total of 1,505 participants completed That brand love has a stronger impact on brand
the questionnaire, with women accounting for 58.5 per cent commitment than brand trust or brand identification is
of the sample. Average respondent age was 36 years. significant. Albert and Merunka conclude that affective
Subjects were asked to indicate their favourite brand, its components of brand relationships are crucial in increasing
product category and the extent to which the dimensions consumer commitment towards the brand. The stronger
reflect their association with this brand. Analysis revealed influence on WOM than the other CBR constructs further
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that: strengthens the case for making brand love central to brand
.
brand identification and brand trust positively influence communications.
brand love and brand commitment; Managers are encouraged to emphasise the personality and
.
brand love positively impacts on brand commitment, values of a brand to develop closer links between the firm’s
WOM and willingness to pay a price premium; brands and customers. Another possible means of enhancing
.
brand commitment positively influences WOM and identification is the development of a brand community. The
willingness to pay a price premium; and influential role of trust prompts the authors to recommend a
.
the impact on WOM is greater from brand love than from focus on such as service quality and employee training to
brand commitment. ensure product quality and after-sales service are of the
Contrary to expectation, brand commitment had a stronger highest standard possible. That way, consumers will have the
influence on willingness to pay a price premium than brand necessary faith in the brand for love to emerge.
love. Additional research might examine how consumer
The key role of identification and trust in building brand characteristics relate to brand love and identify whether
love is emphasised in this study. A feeling that the brand can consumer, brand or relationship attributes have differing
be relied upon appears to help develop feelings of love. The influences on the construct.
authors thus conclude that the honesty and reliability
components of trust strongly influence brand love. However, (A précis of the article “The role of brand love in consumer-brand
altruism appears not to have this effect. It is possible that relationships”. Supplied by Marketing Consultants for Emerald.)
266
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