Assa Auerbach Interacting Electrons and Quantum Magnetism With 34 Illustrations 6 Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona BudapestAssa Auerbach Technion Israel Institute of Technology Department of Physics Haifa 32000, Israel Series Editors Joseph L. Birman Helmut Faissner Department of Physics Physikalisches Institut The City College of the RWTH Aachen City University of New York 5100 Aachen, Germany New York, NY 10031 USA Jeffrey W. Lynn Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Auerbach, Assa. Interacting electrons and quantum magnetism / Assa Auerbach. Pp. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-387-94286-6 (New York). — ISBN 3-540-94286-6 (Berlin) 1. Energy-band theory of solids. 2. Wave functions. 3. Integrals, Path. 4. Electron-electron interactions. 5. Magnetism. I. Title. QC176.8.E4A94 1994 530.4'12—dc20 94-6510 With illustrations by Dick Codor. Printed on acid-free paper. © 1994 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereaf- ter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production managed by Hal Henglein; manufacturing supervised by Jacqui Ashri. Photocomposed copy prepared from the author’s LaTeX files. Printed and bound by R.R. Donnelley & Sons, Harrisonburg, VA. Printed in the United States of America. 987654321 ISBN 0-387-94286-6 Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg ISBN 3-540-94286-6 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New YorkTo my parents, Ruth and Israel.