LIBERTY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DIVINITY

Research Project

Lessons on Paul as an Apostle

Submitted to Dr. Eric Spano

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of

NBST 520-B07

New Testament Orientation II

by

Jan H. Molina

October 15, 2017

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction .....................................................................................................................................1

Lesson # 1 - Who was Saul of Tarsus? .........................................................................................2

Transcription .....................................................................................................................3

Lesson #2 – Conversion .................................................................................................................4

Transcription ......................................................................................................................6

Lesson # 3 - Apostle by vocation ...................................................................................................6

Transcription .....................................................................................................................8

Lesson # 4 - Characteristics of your apostolate ..........................................................................9

Transcription ...................................................................................................................11

Lesson # 5 - His Relationship with Christ ……………………………………………………..14

Transcription ...................................................................................................................15

Lesson # 6 – Be Imitators ...............................................................................................................16

Transcription ...................................................................................................................17

Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................18

Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................19

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 Introduction

Paradoxically, Paul, called Saul of Tarsus, is not one of the Apostles appointed by Jesus;

nevertheless, in his condition of Disciple, he is the one that wrote more books giving to know the

ideology of Jesus, who later was called “Jesus Christ”.

Without having belonged to the initial circle of the Twelve Apostles, and traveling on

paths marked by misunderstandings and adversities, "Paul" became the motor of construction

and expansion of Christianity in the Roman Empire, thanks to his talent, conviction and character

indisputably missionary. His thinking formed the so-called Pauline Christianity, one of the four

basic currents of early Christianity that eventually integrated the biblical canon.

The so-called “Pauline Epistles” are the primary sources that help to fix some dates of

Paul's life, establish a relatively precise chronology of his activity, and a quite finished

semblance of his impassioned personality. His writings, of which we have received copies as old

as the papyrus dating from 175-225, were unanimously accepted by all the Christian Churches.

His figure, associated with the summit of experimental Christian mysticism, was inspiring in arts

as diverse as architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, and cinematography, and for

Christianity, since its earliest times, an inescapable source of doctrine, of spirituality and

Christianity.

On one occasion Paul himself wrote, “Imitate me, just as I also imitate Christ” (1

Corinthians 11:1). Through the example of Paul as an apostle, these lessons will inspire the

reader to study and apply in his life the apostle's lessons to the Gentiles.

1
Lesson # 1 - Who was Saul of Tarsus?

There was a man in the time of the apostles named Saul, born in a city called Tarsus,

located today in Turkey. Saul would mark not only his future, but the future of a people born in

the first century.

A. Early Years

Read Acts 22:3 and answer the following questions

1. What was Saul’s religion?

_____________________________________________________________________

2. What else does the Bible mentions about Saul’s first years? Philippians 3:5

_____________________________________________________________________

B. Education of Saul

3. Who was Saul’s teacher?

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Under what rules was Saul instructed?

_____________________________________________________________________

5. How was Saul’s attitude toward God?

2
 _____________________________________________________________________

C. Live

The purpose of this section is (1) to meditate on your past and on something that has

prevented you from surrendering to Jesus, then (2) analyze Saul's past and compare it

with yours.

D. Share

Saul had a past, like all who have reached the feet of Christ. Choose a companion from

your study group, and share some of your past situations that prevented you from approaching

Jesus, then pray with him or her. In prayer, intercede especially for those barriers of the past that

prevent you from giving yourself more to Christ and working on His cause.

Transcription

The Apostle Paul, is considered the first theologian and the greatest missionary of

Christendom, also called the Apostle of the Gentiles. He was born in Tarsus (now Turkey) and

his parents, faithful followers of the Jewish religion, called him Saul as the old Hebrew king and

on the eighth day was circumcised as stipulated in Jewish Law. It is also mentioned in Acts.

23:16 that he had a sister. He was educated with the utmost rigor, according to the Pharisaic

interpretation of the Law and as a young Jew of the Diaspora (the dispersion of the Jews in the

Greco-Roman world), he chose the Latin name of Paul, for his phonetic similarity with his.

His letters reflect a deep knowledge of Greek rhetoric, something he learned without a

doubt as a young man in Tarsus, but his models of thought also reflect a formal education in the

Mosaic Law, perhaps received in Jerusalem from the famous teacher Gamaliel, the Elder during

3
preparation to become in rabbi.1 An outstanding scholar of the Law and a staunch defender of

Jewish orthodoxy (see Ga.1:14; Phil 3:6), his zeal led him to persecute the early Christian

Church as a Hebrew sect contrary to the Law and which was to be destroyed (see Ga.1:13). The

Acts of the Apostles tells of his participation as a witness in the stoning of the young Esteban,

the first Christian martyr.

Lesson #2 – Conversion

Saul of Tarsus, encouraged by the zeal he had for his religion and for God, began to

persecute the early Christians. The persecution led to the martyrdom of even the leaders of the

rising church, but something would happen in Saul's life, which would change him forever.

A. Conversion

Read Acts 7:55-60; 8:1-3; and 9:1-2, and answer

1. Who was present at Stephen’s death?

_____________________________________________________________________

2. What was Paul’s attitude toward Christians?

_____________________________________________________________________

3. To which city did Paul address his letters?

1
Charles L. Quarles, “Rabbi Paul: An Intellectual Biography.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society (September 2005): 655-675.

4
 _____________________________________________________________________

B. An encounter with Jesus

Read Acts 9:3-19

4. What two phenomena’s did Saul experience on his way to Damascus? Verses 3-4

_____________________________________________________________________

5. Who appeared before Saul? Verse 5

_____________________________________________________________________

6. What was Saul’s reaction to the vision? Verse 6

_____________________________________________________________________

7. To whom was Saul to go and present himself?

_____________________________________________________________________

8. What was Jesus’ purpose for Saul?

_____________________________________________________________________

C. Live

The purpose of this section is to meditate on the way Jesus called you to be a part of His

people.

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 D. Share

Every child of God has been called with a purpose. God has different purposes for each

of his children, the primary purpose is the salvation of his children, and the second is the

preaching of the gospel. Now take time to share with a group partner about the way God called

you, and what purpose do you think He has for you.

Transcription

He converted to Christianity after experiencing a vision of Christ during a journey from

Jerusalem to Damascus (Acts 9:1-19; 22:5-16; 26:12-18), which obviously implies a change

from one religion to another.2 For him, this revelation of Jesus Christ was the sign of the end of

all creeds and, therefore, of all religious differences (see Genesis 3:28).3 Instead he speaks with a

reiterated insistence that God “called him” to Christianity and to the evangelization of the

Gentiles. Although he recognized the legitimacy of his mission among the Jews, such as the one

carried out by Peter, he was convinced that Christianity was a call that God made to all people

apart from the requirements of Jewish law.

Lesson # 3 - Apostle by vocation

If there is anyone special in the Christian church, that is Saul. It is the clear evidence that

God does not care who the person is, but what it can become in His hands. A murderer like Saul

was called by Jesus himself to be His apostle.

2
Brittany E. Wilson, “The Blinding of Paul and the Power of God: Masculinity, Sight, and Self-Control in
Acts 9.” Journal of Biblical Literature (2014): 367-387.
3
Wendel W. Meyer, “Sermon: The Conversion of St. Paul.” Anglican Theological Review (2003): 13-17.

6
 A. First mission after conversion

Read Acts 9:20-22, and answer each question

1. To whom did Saul preach in the synagogues?

_____________________________________________________________________

2. To whom did Saul preach in the synagogues?

_____________________________________________________________________

3. What did Saul intend to demonstrate by striving?

_____________________________________________________________________

B. Paul’s vocation

4. Who ordained Saul as an apostle? Galatians 1:1

_____________________________________________________________________

5. How did Saul consider himself? 1 Corinthians 15:9

_____________________________________________________________________

6. What change did Saul experience in Acts 13:94

4
Sean M. McDonough, “Small Change: Saul to Paul, Again.” Journal of Biblical Literature (2006): 390-
391.

7
 _____________________________________________________________________

C. Live

The purpose of this section is to meditate on your mission. Also in the gifts that God has

given you to build His church. Those who have received the Lord feel a burning desire to share

what the Savior has done for them.

D. Share

Share with a classmate what you think is your calling. Also share what gifts you think

you might have and how you plan to use them. Then pray together so that, like Paul, you can

accomplish God’s purpose in your life.

Transcription

Paul had just been converted and as soon as he came out of the waters of baptism he

began to have to overcome great obstacles. Of course, Paul’s experience is not unique, in fact

every new Christian will be tested. Now, the way in which our faith will be tested and the

temptations we will have to overcome will be different in each case. The devil knows us well and

knows in which areas of our lives we are most vulnerable. Paul was tested precisely in those

things that could cause him to suffer the most.5

5
David J. Downs, “Paul’s Collection and the Book of Acts Revisited.” New Testament Studies (2006), 50-
70.

8
 According to the well-known account contained in the Acts of the Apostles, Paul carried

out three clearly defined mission trips. His letters reveal that his missionary itinerary was guided

by three main concerns:

(1) His vocation to evangelize territories not yet trodden by other Christian evangelists,

hence his plans to head west to Spain (Ro 1:14 and 15:24-28), (2) his interest in revisiting his

own congregations when problems arose, such as his various visits to Corinth, and (3) his

unwavering determination to give himself in the Judeo-Christian Church of Jerusalem the money

collected in his Gentile churches. Although scholars do not convincingly grasp Paul’s motives in

this endeavor, it was indeed intended to unify the churches of their Gentile mission with those of

the Christian Jews of Palestine.

Speaking of his vocation, “Paul” makes it go back long before the event that occurred on

the road to Damascus. He states that “God had called him by his grace, from the womb.” At the

origin of his existence, even before his birth, "Paul" had been marked by the vocation. God had

put it away or had chosen it, that is to say that he had separated Paul from other men and the

world, to take possession of his life, reserving it for himself. He had called him by his grace, that

is to say that by an entirely gratuitous favor, he had decided to make him hear his call. In this

sense he was predestined to the vocation.

Lesson # 4 - Characteristics of your apostolate

The apostle Paul was a man with the gift of speech. His eloquence reached the rich and

the poor, doctors and illiterates. He preached to Romans and Greeks, debated with Jews and

reached the first Christians. However, Paul fulfilled the task that bears the title of apostle.

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Apostle means, “one who is sent.” Paul not only preached, but traveled to many places to plant

the seed of the gospel.

A. The preaching of Paul

1. For what was Paul set aside as an apostle? Romans 1:1

_____________________________________________________________________

2. What did Paul need to announce? Acts 13:46

_____________________________________________________________________

3. What did Paul’s preaching include? 1 Corinthians 15:3-8

_____________________________________________________________________

B. Paul’s Travels

4. Who accompanied Paul on his first missionary journey? Acts 13-14

_____________________________________________________________________

5. What opposition did Paul encounter on his journey? Acts 15:1-2

_____________________________________________________________________

6. Specifically to whom did Paul needed to go and preach? Galatians 1:15-16

_____________________________________________________________________

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 C. Live

The purpose of this section is to meditate on the message you must carry, and to whom

you must preach it. We are all called to be apostles, and you are no exception.

D. Share

Share with a group partner what you think the message is. Also share who you think you

should preach, and what forms you should use to get the message across. At the same time, ask

yourself if you are ready to be missionaries for Christ.

Transcription

The Church of Antioch of Syria was the starting point of their travels, where for the first

time the Gospel was announced to the Greeks and where it was also coined the name

“Christians,” that is, believers in Christ. From there he first set out for Cyprus and then on

different occasions to regions of Asia Minor (Pisidia, Lycaonia, Galatia), and then to those of

Europe (Macedonia, Greece). More revealing were the cities of Ephesus, Philippi, Thessalonica,

Corinth, not to mention Berea, Athens and Miletus.

In the apostolate of “Paul” there were no shortages, which he bravely faced for the sake

of Christ. He reminded himself that he had to endure “labors, imprisonments, scourges, dangers

of death, many times, three times I was beaten with rods, once stoned, three times I was

shipwrecked, frequent trips, dangers of rivers, dangers of robbers, of my race, the perils of the

Gentiles, the dangers in the city, the dangers of depopulation, the dangers of the sea, the dangers

of false brethren, work and fatigue, sleepless nights, hunger and thirst, many days without food,

cold and nakedness. And apart from other things, my daily responsibility: the concern for all the

Churches.” In a passage of the Letter to the Romans his purpose to reach Spain is reflected, to
11
the edge of the West, to proclaim the Gospel everywhere to the ends of the land then known.

Why not admire such a man? How can we not thank the Lord for giving us such an apostle? It is

clear that he would not have been able to face situations so difficult, and sometimes so desperate,

if he had not had an absolute valuable reason before which there could be no limits. For “Paul,”

this reason, we know, is Jesus Christ, of whom he writes: “The love of Christ urges us... died for

all, lest those who live should live for themselves but for him who died and rose again for them

for us, for all.”

On the first missionary journey,6 in the year 46 together with Barnabas and his cousin

John Mark's assistant, they departed from Seleucia, the port of Antioch, to the island of Cyprus.

In Salamis they preached for a year. This was the first place where they preached to non-Jews,

that is, to the Gentiles or pagans. It was here that Saul began to be called by his Roman name

Paul, as we have already expressed it means the smallest.

After this they leave the island of Cyprus.7 John Mark returned to Jerusalem. Paul and

Barnabas arrived up to the south of Galicia. As they found a bad reception by the Jews resident,

they decided to address the pagans, form communities and leave them to the care of managers.

The second trip was from the years 49 to 52. In this tour you will find less violent reactions than

in the previous trip, but these are not lacking and are quite serious. He visits the churches he

founded on the first trip and intends to continue preaching in Asia Minor but a message from

heaven prevents him and tells him to go to Europe to preach. He meets with two collaborators:

the evangelist St. Luke (whom he calls the most beloved physician) and Timothy, who will be

6
Jipp, Joshua W. “Paul: Missionary of Jesus-After Jesus, Volume 2.” Trinity Journal (2009), 293-294.
7
Tuner, Geoffrey. “Paul and the Globalization of Christianity.” New Blackfriars (2005), 165-171.

12
his most faithful secretary and servant, and whom after he will write two letters that have

become famous. The first city of Macedonia that he visited was Philippi (in dreams he heard

someone asking for help and going to Macedonia, where he healed a girl who guessed the future.

When they finished the business to those who charged for every divination, they attacked against

Paul and his companion Silas, and they fiercely beat them up, but in the prison where they were

taken, they succeeded in converting and baptizing the jailer and his whole family Paul always

kept a great affection for the inhabitants of Philippi and they drove after one of his most

affectionate letters, the Epistle to the Philippians.

He then went to the city of Athens, which was very famous for its culture and its

philosophers. There he preached, although many people laughed at him for speaking that Christ

had risen, converted several people. Then he went to Corinth an important merchant’s port.

There he spent a year and a half preaching, achieving a large number of conversions. From here

the letters will come to the Corinthians. In the spring of the year 54 he began his third missionary

journey, established his center of operations in Ephesus, capital of Asia Minor. He stayed there

for about three years. In the light of the conflicts that arose in the community of Corinth, he

wrote the first letter to the Corinthians in the year 54 and the second letter to the Corinthians at

the end of 57. In the face of conflicts with the Judeo-Christians, he wrote letters to the

Corinthians. Philippians and the Galatians in the year 57.

He traveled to Corinth at the end of 57, where he spent the winter. He wrote the letter to

the Romans in the spring of 58 and returned to Jerusalem to deliver the collection of Christian

communities from paganism. In Jerusalem Jews from Antioch accused him of violating Jewish

law and attempted to kill him in a revolt. The Roman tribune, Claudius Lisias prevented him

13
from being assassinated, imprisoned and sent to the province of Judea, where he was held by

procurator Felix for two years, from 58 to 60, waiting for a ransom for his freedom. In the Letter

to Philemon “Paul” declares himself an old man. (He wrote it when he was a prisoner, in the

mid-fifties in Ephesus, or in the mid-sixties in Caesarea or Rome.) At that time, old age was

supposed to reach the age of 50 or 60. Porcio Festo succeeded Marco Antonio Felix as Judea’s

procurator. Paul appealed to his right as a Roman citizen to be tried in Rome. After an uneven

journey, he arrived in Rome in the spring of the year 61 and was released in 63.

Lesson # 5 - His Relationship with Christ

Paul is a great example for Christians. This man was called by Christ from his own

darkness to His marvelous light (1 Peter 2:9). From his calling, Paul developed a close

relationship with Jesus.

A. The preaching of Paul

1. For what was Paul constituted by Jesus? 1 Timothy 2:7

_____________________________________________________________________

2. What was the seal of Paul's apostleship? 1 Corinthians 9:1-2

_____________________________________________________________________

3. What did Paul say about himself? Galatians 2:20

_____________________________________________________________________

B. His trust

4. Who did Paul trusted? Philippians 4:13

_____________________________________________________________________

5. Was Paul sure of his salvation? 2 Timothy 4:7-8

_____________________________________________________________________

14
 6. What was Paul’s passion? 1 Corinthians 9:16

_____________________________________________________________________

C. Live

The purpose of this section is to meditate on Paul's relationship with Jesus, and at the

same time meditate on yours with the Savior.

D. Share

Share with a group partner where you believe your relationship with Christ is. From zero

to five, with zero being the worst and five being the best, evaluate yourself, not with the goal of

discouragement but with the goal of continuing to grow in Christ.

Transcription

Paul was a fascinated, in love with the person of Christ. Meeting with the Risen Jesus

was the greatest, most profound and decisive experience of his life. Experience of joy, love and

freedom. Christ broke the slab of the sepulcher of his pride and self-sufficiency, which was

peculiar to the Pharisees, and raised him from within. From now on he will feel the need to

evangelize: “Woe to me if I do not evangelize!” “The love of Christ pushes me.”8 Passionate for

the Truth, he preaches it in Arabia and in Damascus and is moved to tears by an unbelieving or

idolatrous city. It preaches the naked truth of all human adornment, and preaches it in time and

out of time. His sufferings, which he knows are invaluable, because in them the whole body

participates, the heart that suffers and cries, the will that accepts and offers, and the faith that

gathers merit, are mainly the doors that open the doors to the gospel everywhere, “As a mother

8
Daniel R. Langton, “The Myth of the ‘Traditional View of Paul’ and the Role of the Apostle in Modern
Jewish-Christian Polemics.” Sage Journals (September, 2005): 69-104.

15
lovingly cares for her children, so, in our tenderness for you, we would have wanted to give you

together. Our work and our sufferings, we labored day and night, so as not to burden any of you

as we preached the gospel of God to you.”

Lesson # 6 – Be Imitators

The testimony of Paul is in the Bible so that the readers follow his example. Paul had a

bad past, but was restored by Christ, began to preach to him who saved him. Paul was called to

be an apostle, and he was a great missionary. Thanks to Paul, the gospel was spread outside

Israel.

A. Imitators

1. What advice does Paul give in 1 Corinthians 11:1?

_____________________________________________________________________

2. Who did Paul imitate? 1 Corinthians 11:1

_____________________________________________________________________

3. In which ways did Paul imitate Jesus? Acts 19:8; Acts 20:25, cf. Mark 1:14-15;

Luke 8:1; Acts 1:3

_____________________________________________________________________

B. Imitating Jesus

4. What advice does 1 Peter 2:21 gives?

16
 _____________________________________________________________________

5. To what does the Christian compares to? 2 Corinthians 3:18

_____________________________________________________________________

6. What should he who says he abides in Jesus do? 1 John 2:6

_____________________________________________________________________

C. Live

The purpose of this section is to meditate on who you are imitating. Sometimes humans

tend to imitate the artist of the moment. Even within the church, some may tend to imitate a

famous preacher.

D. Comparte

Share with a group partner how you would like to imitate Jesus. What aspects of the

character of the Savior you would like to reflect. Then pray together and ask to be transformed

into mirrors that reflect the glory of God.

Transcription

In Mark 1:1 we read about the beginning or beginning of the gospel, or of the message, of

Jesus Christ. In verses 14 and 15, “Now after John was put in prison, Jesus came to Galilee,

preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God, and saying, “The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom

of God is at hand. Repent, and believe in the gospel.” “Now it came to pass, afterward, that He

went through every city and village, preaching and bringing the glad tidings of the kingdom of

God. And the twelve were with Him” (Luke 8:1). What did the risen Jesus and his disciples talk

17
about? Luke tells us in the same passage that it was no other than the kingdom of God, “...being

seen by them during forty days and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God”

(Acts 1:3).

It is shown that the gospel preached by Jesus and his disciples in different towns and

cities was the kingdom of God. Jesus Himself said that for this, that is, for the preaching of the

kingdom of God, He was sent by His Father into the world (Luke 4:43).

Likewise, Paul begins to imitate the preaching of Jesus. “And he went into the synagogue

and spoke boldly for three months, reasoning and persuading concerning the things of the

kingdom of God” (Acts 19:8). He told the Ephesians that he had come to them “Preaching the

Kingdom of God” (Acts 20:25). Paul preached about Jesus as the ruler of a literal kingdom is

evident from the reaction of his adversaries in Thessalonica. They accused Paul of saying things

that “acting contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying there is another king—Jesus" (Acts 17:7). It

is either that the coming kingdom of Jesus was seen as a threat to the Roman emperor.9 We can

be sure that the preaching of a mystical or symbolic king would not have raised such a reaction.

While in prison for his beliefs he was able to say to his visitors: “because for the hope of Israel I

am bound with this chain” (Acts 28:20). This hope is defined a few verses later, “...the kingdom

of God, persuading them concerning Jesus from both the Law of Moses and the Prophets, from

morning till evening” (Acts 28:23).

All his activity in prison is summarized in the last verse of Acts: “preaching the kingdom

of God and teaching the things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ with all confidence, no one

9
Davina C. Lopez, “Paul, Apostle to the Conquered: Reimagining Paul’s Mission.” Journal for the Study
of the New Testament (July, 2010): 73-86.

18
forbidding him” (Acts 28:31). Now Paul says, “Imitate me, just as I also imitate Christ" (1

Corinthians 11:1). Are you imitating Paul in his evangelical work, as he did with Christ?

Conclusion

From the Acts of the Apostles it is known that Paul was imprisoned in Jerusalem after the

riots provoked by his Jewish antagonists, and that he was taken to Rome. In the same text he also

refers to the possibility of his death (see Acts 20: 24; 20:38). Most likely he was executed in

Rome in the year 62.

The New Testament contains thirteen epistles bearing the name of Paul as the author,

seven of them written almost certainly by him: 1 Thessalonians, Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians,

the Romans, the Philippians, and Philemon. These letters, in which he sometimes speaks of his

personal experience and his work, are the main source of concrete news about his life and most

scholars concentrate on them, referring to the Acts of the Apostles as a subsidiary source.

In Paul's life any Christian could be seen reflected. He was rescued, ordained and guided in the

ministry. He traveled as a missionary in the region to spread the gospel. He had opponents and

was persecuted, but the apostle always had a close relationship with Christ, and in the end, won

the battle and won the victory.

19
 Bibliography
Downs, David J. “Paul’s Collection and the Book of Acts Revisited.” New Testament Studies
(January, 2006): 50-70.
Jipp, Joshua W. “Paul: Missionary of Jesus-After Jesus, Volume 2.” Trinity Journal (Fall 2009):
293-294.
Langton, Daniel R. “The Myth of the ‘Traditional View of Paul’ and the Role of the Apostle in
Modern Jewish-Christian Polemics.” Sage Journals (September, 2005): 69-104.
Lopez, Davina C. “Paul, Apostle to the Conquered: Reimagining Paul’s Mission.” Journal for
the Study of the New Testament (July, 2010): 73-86.
Mammoser, Thomas. “Peter and Paul, Apostles.” Currents in Theology and Mission. 35.2 (Apr.
2008): 154.
McDonough, Sean M. “Small Change: Saul to Paul, Again.” Journal of Biblical Literature
(Summer, 2006): 390-391.
Meyer, Wendel W. “Sermon: The Conversion of St. Paul.” Anglican Theological Review
(Winter, 2003): 13-17.
Quarles, Charles L. “Rabbi Paul: An Intellectual Biography.” Journal of the Evangelical
Theological Society (September 2005): 655-675.
Tuner, Geoffrey. “Paul and the Globalization of Christianity.” New Blackfriars (March 2005):
165-171.
Wilson, Brittany E. “The Blinding of Paul and the Power of God: Masculinity, Sight, and Self-
Control in Acts 9.” Journal of Biblical Literature (2014): 367-387.

20