Detailing of reinforcement

Presented by:

Jan Wium / Chris Roth

Stellenbosch University
University of Pretoria
Table of contents

• General
• Beams
• Solid slabs
• Flat slabs
• Columns
• Walls
• Deep beams/Foundations
• Tying systems
General (SANS 51992-1-1 Chapter 8)

• Spacing: 20 mm, with k1, and k2 = 1

and 5 mm respectively
• Vertical placement : above each other
• Mandrel diameters of bent bars:
• For steel with fy ≤ 450 MPa use mandrel diameters as specified in SANS 282 (no
change!)
• For higher strength steel use tables 6(a) and 6(b) of SANS 51992-1-1 Supplement
• Check crushing inside bend if length beyond bend is > 4 diameters :
General (SANS 51992-1-1 Chapter 8)

• Anchorage:

• Calculate ultimate bond stress using (eq. 8.2):

• Function of bond condition, bar diameter, concrete tensile strength

General (SANS 51992-1-1 Chapter 8)

• Anchorage length (eq. 8.3):

Being a function of bond capacity (eq. 8.2) and design tensile stress in bar.
(bond force = force in bar)
• Then (eq. 8.4) (also a simplified method available):

Being a function of (as for SANS 10100-1):

- form of the bar (allowing for effect of a hook or bend…)
- Cover and spacing
- Transverse reinforcement and pressure (not in SANS 10100-1)
General (SANS 51992-1-1 Chapter 8)

• Anchorage (cont):

– Rules for anchorage of links;

– Role of transverse welded bars

• Laps
General (SANS 51992-1-1 Chapter 8)

• Laps (cont):

- Rules for transverse bars at laps;

- Bars in tension
- Bars in compression

- Bundled bars:
- Anchorage;
- Lapping
General (SANS 51992-1-1 Chapter 8)

• Detailing for prestressing tendons (see clause 8.10)

Beams (Section 9.2)

• Longitudinal reinforcement
• Minimum and maximum areas of reinforcement (Clause 9.2.1.1):

= 0.26 x 2.9/450 x btd = 0.0017 btd (30MPa fck)

but > 0.0013 btd

• As,max = 0.04 btd

Flanged beam As within beff

Beams (Section 9.2)

• Longitudinal reinforcement:
• Curtailment,
• With additional tensile force in reinforcement

• Shear reinforcement
• Torsion reinforcement
Beams (Section 9.2)

• Longitudinal reinforcement:
• Curtailment (Clause 9.2.1.3)
• (1) Sufficient reinforcement should be provided at all sections to resist the
envelope of the acting tensile force, including the effect of inclined cracks
in webs and flanges

• From 6.2.3 (7)

Beams (Section 9.2)

• Longitudinal reinforcement:
• Curtailment (Clause 9.2.1.3) (Cont.)
– (3) The resistance of bars within their anchorage lengths may be taken into
account, assuming a linear variation of force, see Figure 9.2. As a
conservative simplification this contribution may be ignored.
Beams (Section 9.2)

• Curtailment at end support (Clause 9.2.1.4)

– (1) The area of bottom reinforcement provided at end supports with little or
no end fixity assumed in design, should be at least 0.25 x the area of steel
provided in the span
– (3) The anchorage length is lbd according to 8.4.4, measured from the line
of contact between beam and support. Transverse pressure may be taken
into account for direct support. See Figure 9.3.
Beams (Section 9.2)

• Anchorage of bottom reinforcement at intermediate supports (Clause

9.2.1.5)
– (1) The area of reinforcement given in 9.2.1.4 (1) applies
– (2) The anchorage length should not be less than 10φ (for straight
bars)……...
Beams (Section 9.2)

• Shear reinforcement (Clause 9.2.2)

– (5) The ratio of shear reinforcement is given by Expression (9.4):
– ρw = Asw / (s . bw . sinα) (9.4)

= 0.08 x sqrt (fck )/fyk )

= 0.08 x sqrt (25)/450) = 0.0009 (0.0012 in SANS 10100-1)

Or 0.08 x sqrt (25)/250) = 0.0016 (0.002 in SANS 10100-1)

• Max spacing = 0.75 d for vertical links (as for SANS 10100-1)
Beams (Section 9.2)

• Torsion reinforcement (Clause 9.2.3)

• Closed links
• Limits on longitudinal spacing
• Longitudinal bar in each corner
Beams (Section 9.2)

• Surface reinforcement (Clause 9.2.4 and Annex J)

• Indirect supports (Clause 9.2.5)
(1) Where a beam is supported by a beam instead of a wall or column,
reinforcement should be provided and designed to resist the mutual
reaction.

Plan view
Solid slabs (Section 9.3)

• Flexural:
• Minimum reinforcement see clause 9.2.1.1 (1) (Beams)
• Secondary transverse reinforcement (> 20% of principal reinforcement)
• Spacing

• Near support and at edges (Clause 9.3.1.2 (2))

• Corners edges (Clause 9.3.1.3 (1))
• Free edges (Clause 9.3.1.4)
Solid slabs (Section 9.3)

• Flat slabs (Clause 9.4):

• At internal columns, unless rigorous serviceability calculations are
carried out, top reinforcement of area 0,5 At should be placed in a
width equal to the sum of 0,125 times the panel width on either side of
the column. At represents the area of reinforcement required to resist
the full negative moment from the sum of the two half panels each side
of the column.
• Bottom reinforcement (≥ 2 bars) in each orthogonal direction should be
provided at internal columns and this reinforcement should pass
through the column.

• Punching shear
Solid slabs (Section 9.3)

• Flat slabs (Clause 9.4):

• Punching shear
Flat slabs

• Refer to Annex I
Columns (Section 9.5)

• Longitudinal reinforcement:
• Longitudinal bars should have a diameter of not less than 8 min.
• The total amount of longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than
As,min

• The area of longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed

As,max. = 0.04 Ac (0.08Ac at laps)
Columns (Section 9.5)

• Transverse reinforcement

• 6mm or 0.25 x max longitudinal bar diameter

• Spacing the least of the following three distances:
- 20 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars
- the lesser dimension of the column
- 400 mm
BUT :
- The maximum spacing required above should be reduced by a factor
0,6: (same as SANS 10100-1)
Other elements

• Walls (Clause 9.6)

• Vertical reinforcement
• Horizontal reinforcement
• Transverse reinforcement
• Deep beams (Clause 9.7)
• Foundations (Clause 9.8)
• Pile caps
• Column and wall footings
• Tie beams
• Column footings on rock (splitting forces)
• Bored piles (min. A s differ from columns!)
Tying systems (Clause 9.10)

• Structures which are not designed to withstand accidental actions shall

have a suitable tying system, to prevent progressive collapse by providing
alternative load paths after local damage. The following simple rules are
deemed to satisfy this requirement.
• The following ties should be provided:
a) peripheral ties
b) internal ties
c) horizontal column or wall ties
d) where required, vertical ties, particularly in panel buildings.
The End