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RMD 2501
Steam Turbines
3
Entropy (S) kJ/kg-K Specific volume (v) m /kg
3
Density (ρ) kg/m Isobaric heat capacity (Cp)
13 kJ/kg-K © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 4
Steam Power Plant Process
PEMP
RMD 2501
T
hot
Generator
Fuel Boiler Turbine
T
cold
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 5
Steam Turbine
PEMP
RMD 2501
¾ Steam turbine convert a part of the energy of the steam evidenced by high
temperature and pressure into mechanical power-in turn electrical power
¾ The steam from the boiler is expanded in a nozzle, resulting in the emission of
a high velocity jet. This jet of steam impinges on the moving vanes or blades,
mounted on a shaft. Here it undergoes a change of direction of motion which
gives rise to a change in momentum and therefore a force.
¾ The motive power in a steam turbine is obtained by the rate of change in
momentum of a high velocity jet of steam impinging on a curved blade which
is free to rotate.
¾ The conversion of energy in the blades takes place by impulse, reaction or
impulse reaction principle.
¾ Steam turbines are available in a few kW (as prime mover) to 1500 MW
¾ Impulse turbine are used for capacity up to
¾ Reaction turbines are used for capacity up to
Merits:
• Ability to utilize high pressure and high temperature steam.
• High component efficiency.
• High rotational speed.
• High capacity/weight ratio.
• Smooth, nearly vibration-free operation.
• No internal lubrication.
• Oil free exhaust steam.
• Can be built in small or very large units (up to 1200 MW).
Demerits:
• For slow speed application reduction gears are required.
• The steam turbine cannot be made reversible.
• The efficiency of small simple steam turbines is poor.
• Power generation
• Refinery, Petrochemical,
• Pharmaceuticals,
• Food processing,
• Petroleum/Gas processing,
• Pulp & Paper mills,
• Waste-to-energy
¾ Efficiency
¾ Life
¾ Power density (power to weight ratio)
¾ Direct operation cost
¾ Manufacturing and maintenance costs
T 3
w
Note that T5 < T3. Many outhi
(T3=T5). 4
2 w
outlo
w in 1 6
Reheat is usually not q
offered for turbines out
less than 50 MW
s
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 12
Schematic of Rankine Reheat Cycle PEMP
RMD 2501
qinlo Low
5
Pressure
4 TURBINE
BOILER
w outhi w outlo
3
High
2 Pressure 6
TURBINE CONDENSER
q q
inhi out
1
w
in PUMP
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 13
Steam Turbine Classification
PEMP
RMD 2501
PEMP
PEMP
Profile loss: Due to formation of boundary layer on blade surfaces. Profile loss is a
boundary layer phenomenon and therefore subject to factors that influence
boundary layer development. These factors are Reynolds number, surface
roughness, exit Mach number and trailing edge thickness.
Secondary loss: Due to friction on the casing wall and on the blade root and tip. It
is a boundary layer effect and dependent upon the same considerations as those of
profile loss.
Tip leakage loss: Due to steam passing through the small clearances required
between the moving tip and casing or between the moving blade tip and rotating
shaft. The extend of leakage depends on the whether the turbine is impulse or
reaction. Due to pressure drop in moving blades of reaction turbine they are more
prone to leakages.
Disc windage loss: Due to surface friction created on the discs of an impulse
turbine as the disc rotates in steam atmosphere. The result is the forfeiture of shaft
power for an increase in kinetic energy and heat energy of steam.
Lacing wire loss: Due to passage blockage created by the presence of lacing wires
in long blade of LP Stages.
Wetness loss: Due to moisture entrained in the low pressure steam at the exit of LP
turbine. The loss is a combination of two effects; firstly, reduction in efficiency due
to absorption of energy by the water droplets and secondly, erosion of final moving
blades leading edges.
Annulus loss: Due to significant amount of diffusion between adjacent stages or
where wall cavities occur between the fixed and moving blades. The extent of loss
is greatly reduced at high annulus area ratios (inlet/outlet) if the expansion of the
steam is controlled by a flared casing wall.
Leaving loss: Due to kinetic energy available at the steam leaving from the last
stage of LP turbine. In practice steam does slow down after leaving the last blade,
but through the conversion of its kinetic energy to flow friction losses.
Partial admission loss: Due to partial filling of steam, flow between the blades is
considerably accelerated causing a loss in power.
U Blade velocity
W Relative velocity of steam
Va=Vf = Vm Axial component or flow velocity
V Whirl or tangential component
w
α Nozzle angle
β Blade angle
h enthalpy
Suffix
1 Inlet
2 Outlet
Vw1
V1 W1 Va1
Vw2 U
Va2 V2
2
Vw2 Vw1
Va2 V2 W 1 Va1
V1
W2
Vw
Since Vw2 is in the negative r direction, the work done per unit mass flow is given by,
Wt = U(Vw1+Vw2)
(2)
If Va1 ≠ Va2, there will an axial thrust in the flow direction. Assume that Va
is constant then,
Wt = UVa (tanα1+ tanα2) (3)
Wt = UVa (tanβ1+ tanβ2) (4)
Equation (4) is often referred to as the diagram work per unit mass flow and hence
13 the diagram efficiency is defined as 31
© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies
Work Done – Impulse Steam Turbine PEMP
RMD 2501
blades is the kinetic energy of the jet V12 2 and the blading or diagram efficiency;
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 32
Work Done – Impulse Steam Turbine PEMP
RMD 2501
4(V1 cosα1 −U )U 4U U
ηd = 2 = cosα1
V1 V1 V
1
U
where is called the blade speed ratio
V1 (12)
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 33
Work Done – Impulse Steam Turbine RMD 2501
PEMP
V 2
1
i.e., maximum diagram efficiency
1
4 cosα 1
cosα
= cosα1 −
2 2
or 2 (14)
ηd = 4 cos α1
Substituting this value in equation (7), the power output per unit mass flow rate
at the maximum diagram efficiency
(15)
(15)
P = 2U 2
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 34
Degree of Reaction PEMP
RMD 2501
h = h − V2 similarly h = h − V2
0 2
0 00 2 02
2Cp 2C
p
Substituting Λ = (h1 − h2 )
V2 V2
h − 0 −h − 2
00 02
2C 2C
p p
But for a normal stage, V0 = V2 and since h00 = h01 in the nozzle, then;
Λ = (h1 − h2 )
( ) (17)
h −h (V 2
2
)
01 02
– h02) = (h1 − h2 )+ −V
We know that (h01 w1 w2
=0
2
Substituting for (h1- h2) in equation (17),
(Vw22 −Vw21 ) (Vw22 −Vw21 )
=
Λ= [2(h − h )] [2U (Vw1 −Vw2 )] (18)
01 02
Assuming the axial velocity is constant through out the stage, then
(V 2 −V 2 )
Λ=
[2U (U +V +V −U )]
w2 w1
w1 w2
(V −V )(V +V )
Λ = w2 w1 w2 w1
(19)
[2U (Vw1 +Vw2 )]
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 36
Degree of Reaction
(20)
PEMP
RMD 2501
Λ = Va ( tan β2 + tan
β1 ) 2U
From the velocity triangles it is seen that
V = U +V Vw2 = Vw2 −U
w1 w1
Therefore equation (20) can be arranged into a second form:
2 2
U
Putting Λ = 0 in equation (20), we get
Now h01r01 = h02r02 and h1 = h2 for Λ = 0. Then W1 = W2. In the ideal case, there is
no pressure drop in the rotor and points 1 2 and 2s on the mollier chart should
coincide. But due to irreversibility, there is a pressure drop through the rotor. The
zero reaction in the impulse stage by definition, means there is no pressure drop
through the rotor. The Mollier diagram for an impulse stage is shown in Fig. 1.a,
where it can be observed that the enthalpy increases through the rotor.
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 38
Degree of Reaction
PEMP RMD 2501
Degree of Reaction
RMD 2501
Substituting β 2 = tanα 2 +U into equation (21)
V
V a
Λ = 1+ (22)
a
(tanα2 − tanα1 )
2U Thus when α2 = α1, the reaction is unity
1 0 (i e nozzle
flow diffusion).
Choice of Reaction and Effect on Efficiency
Vw2 −Vw1
Equation (17) can be rewritten as Λ = 1+
2U
Cw2 can be eliminated by using this equation
V =W −Vw1 yielding Λ = 1+ W V
− w1
w2
U 2U 2 U
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 40
Degree of Reaction PEMP
RMD 2501
•
The continuity equation m = ρAV may be used to find the blade height ‘h’. The
annular area of flow = πDh. Thus the mass flow rate through an axial flow
turbine is
•
m = ρπDhVa
•
h= m
ρπDV
a
Blade height will increase in the direction of flow in a turbine and decrease
in the direction of flow in a compressor.
i.e., P = P = P3 = P
1 2 4
P P P P
2 3 4 5
Let η0 is the overall efficiency of expansion and is defined as the ratio of actual work done per kg of steam to the isentropic work done per kg of steam
between 1 and 5.
W i.e.,η0 = h1 − h5
i.e.,η = a
'
0 W
s
h1 − h5
(22)
The actual work done per kg of steam Wa = η0 Ws
Isentropic or ideal values in each stages are Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, Ws4.
Therefore the total value of the actual work done in these stages is,
Wa = Σ(1-2)+(2-3)+(3-4)+(4-5)
Also stage efficiency for each stage is given by
ηs = actual work done/kg of steam = W a1
For stage 1 W h −h W
i.e., = a1 = 1 2 = a1 or W = W
η W η
s1
s1
h − h'
1 2
W s1
a1 s1s1
η0W0 = ηsΣΔWs
(24)
∴η0 = ηs ΣΔWs
W s
This shows that the constant pressure lines must diverge towards the right.
Therefore ΣΔW
s
>1
.
Ws
For expansion process. It is obvious that the enthalpy increases when we move
towards right along the constant pressure line. Hence the summation of Ws1
Ws1 etc., is more than the total isentropic enthalpy drop Ws
The ratio of summation of isentropic enthalpy drop for individual stage to the total
isentropic enthalpy drop as a whole is called Reheat factor. Thus
RF = Σ[ W + W + W + W ] = Σ[(1− 2' ) + (2 − a' ) + (3 − b' ) + (4 − c' )]
s1 s2 s3 s4
ΣΔW Ws (1− 5)
RF = (25)
s
W s
PEMP
Advantages of Reheating
1. There is an increase in output of turbine.
2. Erosion and corrosion problems in steam turbine are reduced.
3. There is an improvement in overall thermal efficiency of the turbine.
4. Condition of steam in last stage are improved.
Demerits
1. Capital cost required for Reheating
2. The increase in thermal efficiency is not appreciable compared to
expenditure incurred in reheating for smaller capacity turbines.
Thank you