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TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS l II
s,
A. A. I1aHlJRmKlIH, E. T. llIaBryJIR)J,3e
TPl1rOHOMETPI1QECRI1E <DYHRUl1lJ
B 3A,D;AQAX
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I
A. Panchishkin
E.Shavgulidze '
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
(Problem-50lving
Approach)
1
,
1 Mir
Publishers
Moscow'
I
-,
I
Translated from Russian I;
by Leonid Levant
t
/1
First published 1988 I
Revised from the 1986 Russian edition
r
I
Ha anaAuiic1:0M nsune
If n radians = 180°,
35n: ra d'ians = x,
an d t:r
then x =
35n:
( 12 -.180°
)1I Jt = 525 0
• ~
a b
Fig. 1
{t + 2nk: k E Z}.
Fig. 4
1 +
2~k , where k E Z. The last assertion is verified in the
following way: any integer k E Z can be uniquely written
in the form k = Nm +
l, where O~ l~ N - 1 and m,
l E Z, l being the remainder of the division of the integer
k by N. It is now obvious that the equality 1 2~k = +
1 + 2~l + 2Jtm is true since its right-hand side con-
y
8=Pf3n/z
E =P..,sn!1
c A=/l,
x
Fig. 5
°
tive abscissa, whereas the abscissa of the point PI is
positive; consequently, cos 1 > > cos 2. ~
Example 1.2.4. Determine the signs of the numbers
sin 10, cos 10, sin 8, cos 8.
.... It was shown in Example 1.1.7 that the point PIO lies
in the third quadrant, while the point P 8 is in the second
quadrant. The signs of the coordinates of a point on the
trigonometric circle are completely determined by the-
2*
20 1. Properties of Trigonometric Functions
or C, and cos t = °
only if the point P t has a zero ordinate, that is, P t = A
is equivalent to that P t = B or D
sin t = °
(see Fig. 2). Therefore all the solutions of the equation
are given by the formula
t = nn, nEZ,
and all the solutions of the equation cos t = 0 have the
form
~
t=T+nn, nEZ.
2. The Tangent and Cotangent Defined.
Definition. The ratio of the sine of a number t E R to
the cosine of this number is called the tangent of the
number t and is symbolized tan t. The ratio of the cosine
of the number t to the sine of this number is termed the
cotangent of t and is denoted by cot t.
By definition,
tan t = sin t
cos t '
cot t = C?S t
sm t •
.
The expression -sin-
t has sense for a 11 rea 1 values
cos t
of t, except those for which cos t = 0, that is, except
1.2. Definitions 21
1J
Fig. 9
!I !I
Fig. 10
l7n 11n
--fj-' -fj-'
p- i7 n / 6 (- V 3/2.
-1/2), P l1 n / 6 (V 3/2, -1/2),
therefore tan (3n/4) = cot (3n/4) = -1, tan (17n/4) =
cot (17n/4) = 1, tan (-17J1/6) = 1/V3 z.z: V3/;~,
cot (-17J1/6) = V 3, tan (11Jr/6) = - y3/3, cot (11n/6) ==
-Y3. ~
1.3. Basic Properties of Trigonometric Functions
1. Periodicity. A function I with domain of definition
X = D (I) is said to be periodic if there is a nonzero num-
ber T such that for any x E X
.z +T EX and o: - T EX,
and the following equality is true:
I (x - T) = I (.r) = I (.r + T).
The number T is then called the period of the function
I (x). A periodic function has infinitely many periods
since, along with T, any number of the form nT, where n
is an integer, is also a period of this function. The smal-
lest positive period of the function (if such period exists)
is called the [undamenial period.
Theorem 1.1. The [unctions I (z) = sin x and I (x) =
cos x are periodic with [undamenial period 2J1.
Theorem 1.2. The [unctions I (.r) = tan x and I (.1:) =
cot x are periodic with fundamental period rr.
It is natural to carry 011t the prooj of Theorems 1.1
and 1.2 using the graphical representation of sine, eosine.
tangent, and cotangent with the aid of the trigonometrie
circle. To the rcal numbers x, x + 2n, and x - 2n,
there corresponds one and the same point P x on the
24 1. Properties of Trigonometric Functions
°
sin x and cos x, Indeed, if T is the period of cos x, then
cos T = cos (0 + T) = cos = 1. Hence, to the num-
ber T, there corresponds the point P T with coordinates
(1, 0), therefore the number T has the form T = 2nn
(n E Z); and since it is positive, we have T ~ 2n. Similar-
ly, if T is the period of the function sin x, then sin ( ~ +
T) sin ~ = 1, and to the number ~ +
= there T
corresponds the point P n with coordinates (0, 1).
Z+T
Hence, ~ +T = ~ + 2nn (n E Z) or T = 2nn, that is,
T~ 2n. ~
To prove Theorem 1.2, let us note that the points P t
and P t + n are symmetric with respect to tho origin for
any t (the number n specifies a half-revolution of the
trigonometric circle), therefore the coordinates of tho
points P t and P t + n are equal in absolute value
and have unlike signs, that is, sin t = -sin (t + rt},
sin t
cos t = -cos (t + n). Consequently, tan t = - -=
cos t
-sin (t+n) = t an (t+) n co t t = -.-
cost =--cos(t+n)
. -
-cos(t+n) , sm t -SlTI (t+n)
cot (t + n). Therefore n is the period of the functions
°°
tan t and cot t. To make sure that rr is the fundamental
period, note that tan = 0, and the least positive value
of t for which tan t = is equal to rc. The same rea-
soning is applicable to the function cot t. ~
Example 1.3.1. Find the fundamental period of the
function f (t) = cos" t + sin t .
.... The function f is periodic since
f (t + 2n) = cos! (t + 2n) + sin (t + 2n)
= cos! t + sin t.
No positive number T, smaller than 2n, is the period
of ~he function f (t) since f ( - ~ ) =J= f ( - ~ + T) ere
numbers cos ( - +
are distinct from zero and have unlike signs, the
~) and cos coincide, therefore
cos! ( - 2T) + sin ( - 2T) =t= cos" 2+
r sin 2'
r ~
Example 1.3.2. Find the fundamental period of the
func tion f CV 5x) if it is known that T is the f undamen tal
period of the function f (x).
~ First of all, let us note that the points x - t, x,
x+- t belong to the domain of definition of the func-
tion g (x) = f CV5x) if and only if the points xV5-
+-
t VS, x VS, xV5 t ~f 5" belong to the domain of del-
ini tion of the function f (x). The definition of the func-
tion g (x) implies that the equalities g (x - t) =
g (x) = g (x +t) and f (xV5 - tVS) = f (xVS) =
+
f (xV5" tV "5) are equivalent. Therefore, since T is the
fundamental period of the function f (z}, the number
T 1115 is a period of the function g (x); it is the funda-
mental period of g (x), since otherwise the function g (x)
would have a period t < TIV ~ and, hence, the function
f (x) would have a period tV 5, strictly less than T. ~
Note that a more general statement is valid: if a func-
tion f (x) has the fundamental period 1', then the func-
tion g (x) = f (ax +-b) (u =t= 0) has the fundamental
period I'll a I.
Example 1.3.3. Prove that the function f (x) =
sin VTXT is not periodic.
~ Suppose that T is the period of the function f (x).
We take a positive x satisfying the equality sin Vi ,,1.
Then sin V x-+- T sill Ii i-~-l, hence V
x+ 1'- Vi '--'--
2Jln (n EZ). But Vx +- >
T Vi, therefore the following
inequality holds true:
V x+ T~2:n+ Vi.
Both sides of this inequality contain positive numbers,
consequently, when squared, this inequality will be re-
placed by an equivalent one: .1: -I T ~ 4:n 2 -I- 4:nVx+
x or
+-
T~ 4:n 2 4Jt -V i .
.I ..
26 1. Properties of Trigonometric Functions
if cos t =1= 0 (here also cos (-t) = cos t =1= 0), and
if sin t =1= 0 (here also sin (-t) = -sin t =1= 0). Thus,
the functions tan t and cot t are odd. ~
Example 1.3.4. Prove that the function f (t) =
sin" 2t cos 4t+ tan 5t is odd .
... Note that f (-t) = (sin (-2t))3 cos (-2t) +
tan (-5t) = (-sin 2t)3 cos 2t - tan 5t = - f (t) for
any t from the domain of
definition of the function
(that is, such that
cos 5t =1= 0). ~
3. Monotonicity. Recall
that a function f defined
in an interval X is said to If
be increasing in this inter- o a:
val if for any numbers Xl'
X 2 E X such that 'Xl < X 2
the inequality f (Xl) < f (x 2 )
holds true; and if a weak
inequality is valid, that is,
f (Xl) ~ f (x 2) , then the func- Fig. 12
tion f is said to be nonde-
creasing on the interval X. The notion of a decreasing
function and a nonincreasing function is introduced in
a similar way. The properties of increasing or decreasing
of a function are also called monotonicity of the function.
The interval over which the function increases or decreases
is called the interval of monotonicity of the function.
Let us test the functions sin t and cos t for monotonici-
ty. As the point P I moves along the trigonometric circle
anticlockwise (that is, in the positive direction) from the
point A = Po to the point B (0, 1), it keeps rising and
displacing to the left (Fig. 12), that is, with an increase
in t the ordinate of the point increases, while the abscissa
decreases. But the ordinate of P t is equal to sint, its
abscissa being equal to cos t. Therefore, on the closed
interval [0, n/21, that is, in the first quadrant, the func-
tion sin t increases from a to 1, and cos t decreases
from 1 to O.
28 1. Properties of Trigonometric Functions
~3 1J
Fig. 13 Fig. 14
!!
j}
Fig. 15
°
Theorem 1.4. On the interval [0, n/2l the function
sin t increases from to 1, while cos t decreases from 1 to 0.
increases from °
the function sin t increases from -1 to 0, while cos t
to 1.
1.3. Basic Properties 29
1 +. cot 2 t-
_
-Sj .Il1-2-
t
, (1.11)
y Iml~1 1m I>'!
o A
Fig. 18 Fig. 19
PROBLEMS
1.1. Locate the points hy indicating the quadrants:
(a) Pn, (h) P 1 0 -t' 2' (e) P V26 + V 2'
1.2. Given a regular pentagon inscribed in the trigono-
metric circle with vertices zl , = P 2 n k / r"k = 0,1,2,3,4.
Find on which of the ares joining two neighhouring ver-
tices the following points lie: (a) PIO' (h) P -11' (e) P12'
1.3. Given a regular heptagon inscribed in the trigono-
metric circle with vertices B k = P 2 +2 n k/ 7 ' k = 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6. Find on which of the arcs joining the neighhouring
vertices the point PY-29 lies.
1.4. Prove that there is a regular N-gon inscribed in
the trigonometric circle such that its vertices include the
points PY-2Hn/ll' PY-2+7n/13' Find the least possible
number N.
1.5. Prove that any two points of the form P nx, P ny'
where x, yare rational numbers, are vertices of a regular
N-gon Inscribed in the trigonometric circle,
1.6. Find a necessary and sufficient condition for the
points PIX and P['J to he vertices of one and the same regu-
lar N-gon inscribed in the trigonometric circle.
1. 7. Compare the following pairs of numhers:
(a) sin 1 and sin ( 1.+ ~n ) ,
Problems 37
cos ( 1 + S; ).
1.9. Can the sine of an angle be equal to:
l
(a) loga+-- -
1oga
(a>O, a=#=1),
.
1.15. Prove that the Junction f (t) = tan 34
llt
+ cot 54
13t
(f) V3 tan (t + ~ ) == 1.
1.44. Compute:
(a) arcsin 0+ arccos ° + arctan 0,
. 1 V3 V3
(b) arcsin z+arccos -2-+ arctan -3-'
V3
(c) arcsin _.-2- + arccos ( - '-3
~ )-arctan ( -
V3
-3-) .
In Problems 1.45 to 1.47, prove the identities.
1.45. (a) tan I arctan x I = I x I, (b) cos (arctan x) =
1IV1 + .:t2 •
40 1. Properties of Trigonometric Functions
x
arccot y 1-x 2
for O~x< 1,
1
arccot -x = arctan x
. x 1
= arCSIn •/: = arccos
v 1 +x 2
Y 1+x2
for x> o.
. 3 12 5
1.48. Express: (a) arcSIll5" , (b) arccos 13' (c) arctan 12'
(d) arctan ~ in terms of values of each of the three
other inverse trigonometric functions.
1.49. Express: (a) arccos ( - ~ ), (b) arctan ( ~ ;4 ),
(C) arccot ( ~ ~) in terms of values of each of the
three other inverse trigonometric functions.
1.50. Find sin a if tan a = 2 and n < a < 3n/2.
Chapter 2
Identical Transformations
of Trigonometric Expressions
o /
Fig. 22
follows that the chords P t,P t. and P t,P t. are also con-
gruent: I P t,P t, I = I Pt,P t• I·
Theorem 2.1. For any real numbers t and s the following
identity is valid:
·
.... 8 lllce - rr = -rr -- -Jt we cet f'. l'OmOrlllU
f Ia (2.2) for
12 3 4' '"
t = n/3 and S = 'JTFl:
rr
cos 12 = cos
(Jt"3 - 4""Jt) = cos "3Jt cos 4""Jt -1- sin "3Jt SIll
I . 4""
• rt
2. Reduction Formulas.
Corollary 2. For any real number t we hare
=O·cost-1.sint= -sint,
cos (n + t) = cos n cos t - sin n sin t
= (--1)·cos t-O·sin t=-cos t.
These equalities prove identities (2.4) and (2.5). ~
Corollary 3. For any real number t we have
sin ( ~ - t) cos t, (2.7)
3
1+1;
--""'3- = 7. ~
1-1;
tan t + tan 8
tun(t+s)= 1-tanttan8
15+48
20-3R
Example 2.1.5. Evaluate
Since the product sin t sin s is not equal to zero since t =/=
silc, s =/= sim; (k, m E Z), both the numerator and denomi-
nator of the fraction may be divided by sin t sin s. Then
COS t . cos s -1
cot t cot s-1
cot (t + s) = --:-------
t +
sint sins
C?S C?S S cot t+cot s
Sill t sin s
.
f oIIowing t -1- s
f orm: t = -2- + --2-
t- s , an d t I10 uum Jlor Ii
.
111
t-s , and apply formu Ias (2. 11 )
t+s - -2-
the form s = -2-
and (2.12):
. t = Sin
SIn . -2- t-s -1- COS -2-
t+s COS -2- t+s.
SIn -t-s
2-' (2 .19)
.
.
SIn .
S=SIn t+s t-s t+s. t-s
- 2 - COS -2--cOS -2- Sin -2-
(2 . 20)
· -t+s
cos t - cos s = - 2 SIn . t-s
2 - slll-2- (2 . 22)
t an t + t a n ssin=t -+-sin
-- s
cos t cos s
+
sin t cos s sin s cos t sin (t+s)
cos t cos s cos t cos s
(we have applied formula (2.11) for the sine of a sum).
Similarly (using formula (2.12)), we get:
sin t sin s
tan t - tan s = - - - - -
cos t cos s
sin t cos s-sin s cos t sin (t-s)
- cos t cos s cos t cos s •
7. Formulas for Transforming a Product of Trigono-
metric Functions into a Sum. These formulas are helpful
in many cases, especially in finding derivatives and inte-
grals of functions containing trigonometric expressions and
in solving trigonometric inequalities and equations.
Corollary 13. For any real values of t and s the following
identity is valid:
I-tan 2 -.::..
2
(2.43)
l+tan 2 ~
2
Remark. The domains of permissible values of the
arguments on the right-hand and left-hand sides of (2.42)
and (2.43) differ: the left-hand sides are defined for all
the values of a, while the right-hand sides only for the
a l s which are indicated in the corollary.
Proof. By virtue of (2.36) and the fundamental trigono-
metric identity (1.9), we have:
2 sin -.::.. cos-'::" 2 sin !!:.- cos ~
sin a = sin (2, ~ ) = ~ 2
2 2
IX
divided by COs 2 T' whence
2 sin IX IX
cos IX 2 tan "2
sin GG = - - - - - -
1 + tan 2 .!!:.-
2
1-1----
C08 2 !!'-
2
We now apply (2.37) and the fundamental trigonomet-
ric identity and get
1- tan 2 !!:--
2
58 :!. Identical Trans iorm.ations
a + .. /1+cosa (2.46)
cos 2= - V 2 '
. a _ + .. / 1-cos a
SIn 2 - - V 2 ' (2.47)
1 +cos a
COS 2 ~
2 2
whence
Icos ~ I= V 1 +~os a
To get rid of the modulus sign, the expression cos ~
should be given the sign corresponding to the quadrant
~ lies in; whence follows formula (2.46). Similarly
(2.41) yields equality (2.47). ~ .
Corollary 6. For any real number a, except a = 11: (212 +
1) (12 E Z), the following identities are valid
a / 1-cosa (2.48)
tan 2= + l 1+cosa
60 2. Identical Transformations
cos ~ =
V
... (
1 + cos
2
11:
4 V2 +
2
l/2
sin2=
8·
11 1 - COS ~
2
!1 12=172
2
Further,
• 11:
Sill 8
tan~=
8 11:
cos
s
= 1
I (2- Y2)2
(2+Y2) (2-l/2) =V 2 -
-
1. ~
*)).
... Let ex = arccos ( - *),
Example 2.2.5. Evaluate cos ( ; arccos ( -
-. / 9 3-YS
= V 20=-11-1-'
(-~)).
~ Using first identity (2.50) for the tangent of half argu-
ment and then the corresponding reduction formula,
we get
-_ 8" i (?~.
i . "2 ~. lJl
400 cos /,()O) _
l -- WI"~
"I n
80n .
31t (n n) .1t
coss=cos 2-8 =8m8""'
+ 8""
s.
. 5n . (1t 1t ) n
sin 8 = sin T = cos ""8 = - cos 71t
Consequently, the given expression can be rewritten as
follows:
2 (sin 4 ~ + cos! ~ )
-_2('2
1t
sm""8 +cos28""
1t )2
- 22'2 1t
. sm 8"" cos2 8
1t
=2.1-sin2~=2
4
- !=~
2 2 •
Here, we have used the fundamental trigonometric iden-
tity, formula (2.36) for the sine of a double angle, and
also the tabular value sin ~ = ~2. ~
Example 2.3.9. It is known that cos q> + sin q> = a,
where q> and a are real numbers. Find sina (p + cosa qi.
~ sin 3 fj) + cos" q>
= (sin q> + cos q» (sin2 q>- sin fj) cos (P + cos2 q»
=a (~ (sin 2fj)+cos2 q»
3 1
=2 a- 2a3 • ~
= cos60° =1 ~
cos 60° .
= _ 3 V 2 sin (J., +B
V65 2
Consequently,
" (J.,+B -_ ( -63
sln-2-
21). (
-;- -
3 V2
V65
) -_ 7
V130 .
Similarly, by virtue of the identity (2.21), we get
cos 18° = V 5+ V 5
S
.... Consider the continued identity based on the formula
for the sine of a double argument:
cos 18° sin 18° cos 36° = ~ (2 sin 18° cos 18°) cos 36°
t /-
x a = -1 l: 5 . Since 0 < 18° < sin 30° (by Theo- =;
rem 1.4), then xt=Fsin18°, x2=Fsin18°, consequently,
sin 18° = -1: 1/5 . Hence (since cos 18° > 0)
= V 1 - 3-t'5 =V 5+{ 5. ~
2. Simplifying Trigonometric Expressions and Proving
Trigonometric Identities. The usual method of proving
a trigonometric identity consists in that one of its sides
is transformed with the aid of various trigonometric and
algebraic operations and also with the aid of the rela t.ion-
2.3. Trigonometric Transformations 71
. . (2 ( + PR» = (aB+bA)sin(x-~)cos(x-~)
SInce SIll x - a bB
-I-- 0
7-
for the values of the arguments x, a, [:\ considered
in the problem. ~
Example 2.3.14. Simplify the expression
sin" 2a cos 6a +
cos" 2a sin 6a .
.... Applying formulas (2.53) and (2.54) for the sine and co-
sine of a triple argument and also formula (2.11), we get
sin" 2a cos 6a + cos" 2a sin 6a
= ( 43 .
SIll 2a - . 6)
41SIll a cos {'o«
= 43 '2 6a- 1
a cos
'66
SIll
4 SIll a cos a
+{ cos 2a sin 6a +-{ cos 6a sin 6a
= : (sin 2a cos (ja + cos 2a sin 6a)
= : sin (2a + 6a) = : sin 8a.
All the transformations carried out are reversible, and
any real value of a is permissible. ~
Example 2.3.15. Prove that the expression
2 (sin" x + cos" x) - 3 (sin" x + cos! x)
is independent of x .
.... Apply the fundamental trigonometric identity:
2 (sin" x + cos" x) - 3 (sin! x cos! x) +
= 2 ((sin X)3
2
+
(cos" X)3) - 3 sins x - 3 cos' X
= 2 (sin" x + cos'' x)
(sin" x - sin 2 x cos" x + cos" x)
- 3 sin" x - 3 cos! X
= 2 (sirr' o: - sin" x cos' x + cos! x)
- 3 sin" x - 3 cos' X
= -(sin 4 x +
2 sin'' x cos" x + cos! x)
= -(sin 2
x + cos'' X)2 = -1. ~
2.3. Trigonometric Transformations 73
= 23 . 8a
1 SIll ... COS 2" a 0= •••
_
-
1
¥SlJI
. 2·" ce cos 2" a-
_ 2 1+ SIn
. 2"+1 a.
n 1
Consequently,
1 sin 2n+l a
P= 2"+l· sin a • ~
\'i
2.3. Trigonometric Transformations 75
SIll a +'2+
' 2a = (si
S sin sm a ')
... + sin na .
sm 2a
.a.
= SIll SIll 2a +SIll . 2a+ .. , -l-si
. 2a SIll ,a
Sin na sm 2
1( cos 2a -cos 23a) +21(cos -2---cos-2-
=2 3a 5a)
1 ( (2n--3) a (2n-l) a)
+ . , . -+ '2 COS 2 - COS 2
1 ((2n-l)a (2n+2)a)
-+ "2 COS 2 COS 2
1( a
="2 cos 2 - cOS
(2n+l)a). (n+l)a.
2 = sm 2
no:
SIll -2-
(we have also applied formula (2.22», whence
(n+l) a , na
sill 2 Sill -2-
S= . ~
, a
slll2
_ 1 ('in
--"2 S
(2n+1)
2
ex, SI'U ex,2 ) = sin n ex, cos (n+1)
2
ex,
2
Consequently,
. na. (n+1) ex,
Sill -2- cos 2
s= . ex,
. ~
Sill T
Example 2.3.21. Prove the identity
1 ex, 1 ex, 1 ex,
"2 tauT+-4 tan T+- ", + 2n tan F
1 ex,
=¥cot ¥-cota .
.... First, we provo a useful auxiliary formula:
sin x cos x
tan x - cot a = - - - -,-
cosx sm x
cos 2 x-sin 2 x _ 2 cos 2x
sin x,cos x sin 2x
= -2cot2x.
Then we subtract the number 2~ cot 2~ from the left-
hand side of tho identity and apply n times the formula
just derived:
1 ex, 1 ex, 1 ex,
2 tan 2" +- 4" tan T + ' ,.+ 2n-1 tan 2n-1
1 a 1 a 1 a
= ... = "2 tan 2 -+- "4 tan T -"4 cot T
1
="2 1(
tan 2a +"4 tan Ta - cot Ta)
1 a 1 a
-- -tan
2 -2- - c
2 o t2-
(a
1 tan 2 - cot 2"" = -eot a.
="2 a)
The given identity follows from this continued equality.
Note that the domains of definition of both sides of the
given identity coincide with the set of real numbers a
such that sin a =I=- 0, that is, a =I=- stk, k E Z.
PROBLEMS
2.3. sin 4a
~...,----;--.
cos 2a =co t ( -3 'J[-a )
1+ cos 4a 1+ cos 2a 2 •
2.4. (cos a-cos B)2- (sin a-sin B)2
a-~
= -4sin 2 - (a+B)·
2-cos
sin 4 t+cos 4 t-1 2
2.5. sin" t+cos 6 t-1 3 .
2.6. cot t- tan t-2 tan 2t = 4 cot 4t.
2.7. tan 6t - tan 4t - tan 2t = tan 6t tan 4t tan 2t.
2 .8. t an.3t -- - 3 tan t-tan 3t
1 _ 3 tan 2 t
2.12. cost+cos(t+s)+cos(t+2s}.
s.r. General
Written entry examinations include, as a rule, problems
on solving trigonometric equations. This is partly ex-
plained by the fact that there is no general method which
would be applicable for solving any trigonometric equations
and in each concrete case the search for a solution require,
a certain of ease in carrying out identical transformations
and the knack of finding and applying the proper trigo-
nometric formula. In most cases, the transformations
used to solve such problems are generally aimed at the
reduction of a given equation to several simple equations
to be solved in a regular way, as it was described in
Sec. 1.4.
It is of importance to note that the form of notation of
the roots of trigonometric equations often depends on the
method applied in solving a given equation. To prove the
fact that two different notations of the answer are equiv-
alent is sometimes an interesting problem in itself,
although the examination requires to solve the given
equation using only one method, rather than to transform
the answer into other notations.
When solving trigonometric equations and systems of
equations the student has frequently to deal with rather
complicated expressions composed of trigonometric func-
tions. Competition problems often involve expressions
that, along with trigonometric functions, contain other
types of functions (inverse trigonometric, exponential,
logarithmic, rational, fractional, etc.). The student must
remember that in most cases such expressions are not
defined for all values of the variables in the given expres-
sion. Frequently, identical transformations result in
some simplifications, however, the equation (or system)
obtained may have another domain of permissible values
3.1. General 81
12 ~- 2 VZI = 2 VZ - 2 if
and
1
3~ -2 v2 1=3~i --2 V2.
The following inequality holds true:
1 ,(- ,[- 1
3 6-2 V 2 <2 v 2 -2(\.
i-cos (6x+ ~) 1J
sin- (3x+ : ) = ='2(1+sin6x),
2
i+tan x
H ence, tan x + 1 t
.
- anx = - 2. Settmg y = tan x, we
get an algebraic equation:
. Y + i-y
i+Y = _ 2 ,
or
y (1 - y) + 1 +.y = -2 (1 - y), y = + V;r,
3.2. Methods of Solving Equations .. ~H
(1 - y) ( 1 -+ 1 +2 yy2 )
= 1 -+ y - 1- y2
+
1 y2 •
1
or 2" (cos 6x - cos 2x) = 0, whence, by virtue of iden-
tity (2.22) we get
-sin 4x sin 2x = O.
The original equation has been broken into two equa-
tions:
sin 4x = 0 and sin 2x = O.
Note that the solutions of the equation sin 2x = 0 (x =
Jtk/2, k E Z) are solutions of the equation sin 4x = 0
(since sin 4 (Jtk/2) = sin 2Jtk = 0, k E Z), therefore it
suffices to find the roots of the equation sin 4x = O. Con-
sequently, 4x = Jtn or:
x = Jtn/4, n E Z. ~
Example 3.2.6. Solve the equation
sin x + sin 2x + 2 sin x sin 2x = 2 cos x + cos 2x.
~By virtue of identity (2.29) for the product of sines,
we have
sin x + sin 2x + cos x - cos 3x = 2 cos x + cos 2x,
92 3. Trigonometric Equations and Systems
or
sin x +-sin 2x - cos x - cos 2x - cos 3x = O.
sin x -+- sin 2x - (cos x + cos 3x) - cos 2x = O.
Applying formulas (2.21) and (2.3(j), we get
sin x+-2 sin x cos x - 2 cos 2x cos x - cos 2x = 0,
or
sin x (1 +- 2 cos x) - cos 2x (1 +- 2 cos x) = 0,
(sin x - cos2x) (~ +- 2 cos x) = O.
Thus, the original equation has been decomposed into two
equations:
(1) 1 +- 2 cos x = 0 or cos x = -1/2,
for which x = +2; +- 2nll, II E Z,
(2) sin x - cos 2x = O.
By formula (2.39), we transform this equation to the
form
sin x - 1 +- 2 sin 2
x = °
and set y = sin x:
2y 2 +- y - 1 = O.
The quadratic equation thus obtained has two roots:
Yl = -1, Y2 = 1/2. In the first case
:n:
sin z e, -1, or x= -2+ 2nn,
In the second case
1-
Sill ;:J.T-
sin z sin Sr
Slfl X
o.
Applying identities (2.1) and (2.18), we get
- cos 3x 2 cos 3x si n 2x
--;-----0:--
sin .T cos 2x
+ sin x sin 5x
= 0,
or
cos 3x (sin 5x - 2 sin 2x cos 2x) = 0
sin x cos 2x sin 5x '
_ cos 3x (sin 5x - sin 4x) =0
sin x cos 2x sin 5x '
or
cos x (20 cos! J: - 15 +- 3 - 12 sin x (1 - 2 sin 2x» = 0,
cos x (20 (1 - sin 2x) -12 - 12 sin x (1 - 2 sin 2x» = 0,
cos x (20 - 20 sin- J: - 12 - 12 sin x + 24 sin-z) = 0,
cos X . 3 x -
. Sin
(6 t::
oJ sin
. 2 x - <3·
sin x + 'J)
~ = °,
(we see that the solutions of equation (2) are at the same
time solutions of equation (1»,
(3) 6 sin" x +- sin x - 2 = 0.
+.SIn -
7 X-SIll
2
,5 + SIn
- X
, 9-
2 2
. 7 x)
X-SIn -
2
, 9
1 sm "2 x
' x
2 sin 2""
7-01644
98 S. Trigonometric Equations and Systems
- COS 2 X(1-cos 6 X) = 0,
{
(sin 4x - cos- X)2 = o.
The first equation decomposes in to two:
(1) cos'' X = 0 or cos x = 0,
whence x = ~ +
sen, n EZ. The obtained values also
satisfy the second equation since
T + cos x = 2 .
. 5x
sin
5: = ~ + 2rtn, n E Z,
{ x = 2rtk, k EZ,
.
and the equahty 2n
2rtk=T+ 8n
Tn must ho I d , whence
k = 1~4n . Since kEZ, we have n=5m+1, mEZ
{since for the remaining integral n's, that is, n = 5m l
3.3. Equations in Several Unknowns 101
n = 5m + 2, n = 5m +
3, n = 5m + 4, it is obvious
that k ~ Z), and then x = 2n + 8nm, m. E Z, that is,
x = 2n (4m + 1), m E Z.
.... It follows from the first eqnation that. sin x> 0, two
cases are possible here: if sin x = 0, then the eqnation
turns into an identity,and if sin x ;» 0, then the equation
implies that cos y = O. Consequently, the system is equiv-
102 3. Trigonometric Equations and Stfstems
and
{ 2 sin- x - cos 2y - 2 = °
cosy= 0,
{ 2 sinz x-cos 2y-2 = 0, sin x > 0.
The first system has no solutions (cos 2y + 2 -=1= 0),
while the second is equivalent to the system of two simple
equations
COS y= 0,
{
sin x= V2/2.
Consequently, the set of all solutions of the original sys-
tem consists of pairs of numbers (x, y) of the kind
( (_1)k ~ + stk, ~ + nl), k, l EZ. ~
Example 3.3.2. Solve the equation
3+2cos(x-y) 1/3+2 Z z x-y I sin 2(x-y)
2 = V x - x cos - 2 - T 2
equation cos 2y = - +
of solutions of the first equation. Finally, from the
it follows that 2y = + 2:Tl: + 2nn,
3
and therefore y 0= ± ~ + sin, n EZ; hence, x = ; +
~
3 :Tl: + 3~ + sil , IE Z. The fina 1 answer:
- 2nn + sck ~-":2
( ; + n I, :Tl:;), (; + 2; + n I, + ~ + n n) ,
n, IEZ. ~
Example 3.3.4. Solve the system of equations
Ix~ +~:} = 3,
{ SIll -2- = 1.
n '
x-y= - 3 { x-y= 5n '
-3
{
x+y=2n, x+y=2n,
whose solutions are (5n/6, 7n/6) and (Jt/6, l1n/6), respec-
tively.
Similarly, if sin x < we get °
CO S (x - y) -=- cos (x + y) =
1/2,
{
cos (x + y) + cos (x - y) = 3/2
and rr < x < 2n, whence
cos(x-y)=1, .
{ cos(x+y)=1/2, -n<x-y<n, 2n<x+y<4n,
whence
x-y=O, and {X-y=o,
{ x+y=7n/3, x+y=1'1Jt/3.
The solutions of these systems are (7n16, 7n16) and
(l1nI6, l1nl6) , respectively. Finally, the original system
has the following solutions:
(5n/6, 7n/6), (Jt/5, 11nI6),
(7n/6, 7n/6), (l1nI6, l1n/6). ~
3.3. Equations in Several Unknowns 107
{ . n (X-2Y-:)
SIll 3,0,
or
y = 2t+ 1,
{ x- 2 y- 1 = 3v, t,vEZ. (3.7)
108 3. Trigonometric Equations and Systems
3 •'25• cot4t
sin 2 t
+ ~=O
sin 2 4t .
3.26. tan 4 x = 36 cos" 2x.
3.27. cot x - tan x - 2 tan 2x -4 tan 4x + 8 = O.
3.28. 4 sin" x cos 3x + 4 cos" x sin 3x = 3 sin 2x.
z
3.29. 2 cos sin" ( 3; - z) - 5 sin 2 zcos 2Z
-s
t
10-9 (x 2+ (y - a)2= 3
V x2+ (y_a)2 __ 9
has a solution.
Chapter 4
(x) II
T
:n:
T
:n: :n:
3
:n:
2
2:n:
3 ~I~
4 6 :n:
sin x ()
1 V2 V3 1 V3 V2 1
()
2" -2- -2- -2- -2- 2
Fig. 24
-1
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
It It It
X 0 (3 T 3
I
r
tan x Ii t 3 1 y"3
"3
4.1. Graphs 119
Fig. 27
IE: a:
12
I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\
I
I
I
I
I
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
-.~
I
W
Fig. 30
IJ.rc o:
/2
Fig. 31
= 2 sin (2x+ ~ ) .
The fundamental period of this function is rr.
(1) The points of intersection of the graph with the
axis of abscissas:
nk
sin (2x+ ~) =0,
:rt
that is, X= --6+ 2 ' kEZ.
(2) The points of maximum of the function:
sin(2x+~)=1, that is, x= ;2 + nk , k E Z,
therefore the po in ts ( - ~~ +
sik, - 2 ), k E Z, lie on
the graph.
The graph of the function y = sin 2x + V3
cos 2x is
shown in Fig. 31. ~
Y
Fig. 32
Indeed,
[cos x- cos xol = /2 S' I l lXo-
- --
2
x •
SIll -Xo +
- 2x- I
= 21 sin xo;-x II sin xot x I
~2 J sin xo;-x I
~21 xo;-x 1= IX- xol·
Therefore, setting () = e, for any e > 0 for 0 < Ix -
X o I < () we have
~ For x =1= °
is continuous on R.
the given function has the form of the prod-
uct 11 (X)'/2 (x) of two functions 11 (x) = x and 12 (x) =
sin ~. The function 11 (;:c) is continuous and the function
x
12 (x) = sin.!
x
can be represented in the form of the com-
posi tion
12 (x) = f4 (f 3 (x))
of the functions 13 (x) = ~, x =1= 0, and 14 (y) = sin y. By
Theorem 4.1 the function 14 (y) is continuous on Rand
the function f 3 (x) is continuous for x =1= by virtue of the
remark on the continuity of a fraction. Consequently, the
°
function 12 (x) is continuous on ~e set {x E R: x =1= O}; it
remains only to check whether it is continuous for x = 0,
that is, whether the equality
lim x sin ~=
x->- 0 X
° ·C f (0)
is fulfilled.
°
For 10 > we set 6 = 10, then for °< I x 1< {j we have
I:xsin ~ --OI=lxl!Sin ~ 1~IXI<c={j. ~
Recall that the 6-neighbourhood of a point a E R is
defined as an interval of the form (a - 6, a (j), where +
{j > O.
Example 4.2.2. Find out whether the function
f (x) = {
sin.i.
° x
if
if
x=i=O,
x=c=O,
xER,
is continuous on R.
Note that on the set {x E R: x =1= O} the given function
coincides with the function t 2 (x) from Example 4.2.1
and therefore it is continuous on this set. Let us show
that t (x) is not continuous (discontinuous) at the point
,....
. x1
1·Imslll-=
x-+O
°
is violated. To this end, let us take e = 1/2 and consider
the sequence of points
2
xn = rt{1+4n) , n=1, 2, 3, ... ,
the point X o = °
that is, the condition of the continuity of the function at
is violated. Thus, the function I (x) is
discontinuous at the point X o = 0. (Similarly, we can
show that no real number b is the limit of the function
sini. at the point X o = 0.) ~
x
The computation of many limits is based on the fol-
lowing theorem.
Theorem 4.2 (on the first remarkable limit):
· sin x
1Im--= 1.
x--+O x
Prooj,
[sin z] <
Let °
< Ixl < n/2. Then the inequality
x < [tan z] holds (see Equation (4.1)). Divid-
ing both sides of this inequality by [sin z ] :;6: 0, we
get 1 < 1-.x_I
sm x < Icos1 x I . Taking into account that
-.->0,
X
SIn x
cos ,1:>0 for 0< Ixl <-2'
rt
we h ave 1 <
x 1 sin x
-.-<--
sin x cos x
and, consequently, 1 >--
II:
> cos z.
Hence we get
0< 1- -
sin-
x
x < 1-cosx=cos -cos x,°
>
is a (') > °
Since cosine is a continuous function, for any e
such that .
0, there
9-01644
°< I °- x I < (') * I cos °- cos x I< 8.
130 4. Investigating Trigonometric Functions
, i-cos x
Example 4.2.4. Compute l im 2
x->-O x
~Note that, by virtue of formula (2,41),
1- cos x = 2 sin2 ~ •
=+J.
sin~-1
o
(in addition to the theorems on the limits of a quotient
and a sum, we have used the fact that the function sin x
is continuous). ~
9*
132 4. Investigating Trigonometric Functions
. h
lim t(x+~)--t(:r) = lim cos ( x + - h ) 2
8l1l
2 -h-
"-+0 1 h->O
2
. h
, 8mT
= Jim cos (x++) lim -,-=cos x.
h/2->0 h/2->0 _I
2
where
u= sin x - x cos x, v = cos x + x sin x,
,
U = SIn ., x - (x COS x )'
= COS X - (COS X - x sin x) = x sin X r
v ,= cos '+x (x SIn
. x )'
= -sin x + (sin x + x cos x) = x cos x,
u'v - uo' = x sin x (cos x + x sin x)
- (sin x - x cos x) x cos x
= x 2 sin'' x + x 2 cos2 X = x 2 ,
whence
, x2
Y = (cos x+x sin X)2 ,
the derivative exists everywhere in the domain of the
given function, that is, for x's such that~ cos x x sin x =1= +
O. ~
Example 4.3.4. Compute the derivative of the indicated
functions:
(a) y = sin (sin (sin x»,
(b) y = sin (cos" (tan" (x4 + 1))).
.... (a) By the rule (4.3) for differentiating a composite
function applied twice, we get
y' = cos (sin (sin x» -cos (sin x). cos x.
(b) Let us write the function in the form of a composite
function:
y = !B (h (/4 (/3 (/2 (/1 (x»))))),
where 11 (x) = x 4 + 1, 12 (x) = tan x, 13 (x) = x 3 ,
14 (x) = cos x, t, (x) = x 2 , 16 (x) = sin x, and we get
I~ (x) = 4x3 , I~ (x) = lIcos 2 x, I; (x) = 3x2 , I ~ (x) =
-sin x, I~ (x) = 2x, I~ (x) = cos x. Consequently, by
applying the rule (4.3) several times, we get
y' (x) = cos (cos- (tan- (x 4 + 1)).2 cos (tan" (x 4 + 1»
X (- sin (tan" (x 4 + 1))).3 tan 2 (x4 + 1). cos 2 (;4+1) .4x3
= - 12x3 cos (cos- (tan" (x 4 + 1»)
2(x 4
. (2t 3( 4+1» sin + 1) .....
X sin an x cos- (x 4 + 1 ) ' r
4.3. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 137
2 _
ff~}
o Q.- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-!
, x:,
Fig. 33
using dashed lines, and then for the values of x lying OIl
the intervals (4.8) to outline the graph of (1.10) using
continuous lines, and on the intervals (4.9) the graph
of (4.11); as a result, we get the graph of the function
under consideration (the continuous line in Fig. 34).
To fmd the critical points, note first that on the inter-
val (0, n) f' (x) = 5 cos (2x + cp) if 0 < x < n/4 or
3n/4 < x < rr, and t' (x) = 5 cos (2x - cp) if n/4 <
x < 3n/4. At the points x = n/4 and x = 3n/4 the func-
t ipn is not differentiable. This is proved exactly in the
4.3. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 141
!'(\
y=J.. sin2x+2Icos2r!
2
I \
I \
I \
/ \
I \ x
I .7'l/ / \
I / / \
J I I \
I J I I
I -2 I I
I I \ I
I \ I
I \\ ...I
\./
Fig. 34
f (Xi) = t ( ~ - r) = {- I
t (Xs) = f ( ~ ) = -} ,
and also the values f (0) = t (It) = 2 at the
ond points of the
interval [OJ nl, we see that the greatest value of the Iunc-
142 4. Investigating Trigonometric Puneuon«
Y
Y= x-cos2x
/
/
/
/ !/= f,(.:r)
/
/'
Fig. 35
We have
5n )
f ( -12 5n
= -12-cOS (5n ) V:3 5n
- 6 =2-12'
Va
-2- -12
>1--
5n rt
2 '
2t 2 - 1 - 4 (a + 1) t + (2a2 + 4a - 7),
or the function
g (t) = t 2 - 2 (a + 1) t + a2 + 2a - 4,
on the closed interval [-1, 1] is positive. The derivative
g' (t) = 2t - 2 (a + 1) vanishes at the point to = a + 1-
Therefore the least value m of the quadratic function
4.3. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 145
s
Jl/2
a:
-1l/2
Fig. 36
1
4.17. y = tan 2x -cot 2x. 4.18. y = x 2 cos-.
x
4.19. y = x +
sin x cos x.
4.20. (a) y = tan sin x; (b) y = tan" x.
In Problems 4.21 to 4.24, find the critical points and
compute the least and greatest values of the given func-
tions.
4.21. y = [sin 2xl + V:3 cos 2x.
4.22. Y = [sin 2xl -+ V:3lcos 2 x l.
4.23. y = arcsin (cos z}, 4.24. y = arccos (cos x).
In Problems 4.25 and 4.26, find the intervals of increase
and decrease of the given functions.
sin _1_, x*O,
4.25. Y=lxl-cos2x. 4.26. Y= {
x
0, x=O.
4.27. Find all the val ues of x for each of which the
tangent lines to the graphs of the functions
Y (x) = 3 cos 5x and Y (x) = 5 cos 3x +2
at points with abscissa x are parallel.
4.28. Find all the values of the parameter b for each
of which the function
f (x) = sin 2x - 8 (b + 2) cos x - (4b2 + 1Gb + G) x
decreases throughout the number line and has no critical
points.
4.29. Find the greatest value of the expression
sm 15rt - 4x ) - sin- ( 1
• 2 ( -8- -4x)
77rt
10*
148 4. Investigating Trigonometric Functions
Sf::,OAP
t = + \OAI·IOPtl sint=+sint,
1 1
s; UAW t =210AI·IAWtl =2 tan t,
SOAEP
t
= t/2
(the last formula follows from the fact that the area of a
complete circle of unit radius, equal to nr 2 = rr, may be
considered as the area of a sector of 2n radians, and,
consequently, the area of a sector of t radians is found
from an obvious proportion and equals t/2).
5.1. Proving Inequalities 151
1-2 sin- (~ __
. 4
1_) >
2
1-2 (~_J:...)2
4 2 '
II
a:
Fig. 38
:n:
cos "8=-
V2+72
2
:n:
tan 8= y-2- 1, consequently,
5.1. Proving lnequalities 153
For k =
,
'1 we get sin 16 =
" Jt Y2-Y2+V2
2 '
. n
cos 16 =
\'/2+Y2+V2
2 ' tan 16
rr
= 2 'yf y 2 + 1-
,r
y 2- 1, there-
fore 8 Y 2 - Y 2 + Y
2 < n < 16 (2 Y Y 2 +- 1 - Y 2 - 1) .
In addition, the following estimates hold true:
8 Y 2 - Y 2 + Y 2 > 3 .1,
·
S mce . 2t <"2'
sin t b Y rep I '
acing . tl
in . 10 I t' It - Ilam1 . 1C
SH
~We have
cos 2a - cos 4a
sin (X sin 2(X sin 3(X = sin 2(X 2
1+tan2 x
sin 2 x (COS x sin x ) tan 2 x (1- tan x)
cos 2 X cos X - cos x
(i - tan x) 2 + 2 tan .'r
tan 2 x (1- tan x)
i-tan x 2
tan 2 x +
tan x (1- tan x) •
1 -tan x 2
tan 2 xl-- tan x (1- tan x) > 8. ~
5.1. Proving Inequalities 155
°
inequalities termwise, we get sin" x +- cos 14 X ~ 1. Since
sin" x ~ and COS1 4 x ~ 0, we have sin" x +-
COS1 4 X ~ 0,
an equality being satisfied only if sin" x and COSH x are
both equal to zero which is impossible, that is, sin" j; +-
COSH X > O. ~
qualities.
The technique of solving
simple trigonometric ine-
quali ties is, in many re":
spects, the same as that of
solving corresponding tri-
gonometric equations. For
instance, let there be re-
quired to solve the inequal-
ity tan t ~ a. The num-
ber tan t is the ordinate of
the point W t on the line
of tangents corresponding
to the point P t (see Sec.
1.4, Item 3 and Fig. 39).
Therefore in order to solve
this inequality, we have
first to find all points P t Fig. 39
on the trigonometric circle
such that the ordinates of the corresponding points
on the line of tangents are less than, or equal to, a.
The set of such points is shown in Fig. 39; in the
given case, it consists of two parts, one part being
obtained from the other when rotated about the point 0
through an angle of rr (radians). Then we have to pass
from the points on the circle to the corresponding real
numbers. Since the function tan t is periodic with period
n, it suffices to find all the solutions of the inequality in
question belonging to a definite interval of length rr,
since all the remaining solutions will differ from the found
ones by a shift to the right or left by numbers multiple
of rr. To get the shortest possible answer, it is desired
that the initial interval of length n be chosen so that the
solutions belonging to that interval, in turn, constitute
458 5. Trigonometric Inequalities
If a >
1, then x is an arbitrary real number. If a < -1,
then there is no solution.
(4) cos x >
a. If I a I ~ 1, then
-arccos a -+ 2JIn ~ x ~ arccos a -+ 2 JIn, n E Z.
If a > 1, then there is no solution. If a ~ -1, then x is
an arbitrary real number.
(5) tanx~a.- ~ -1-JIn<x~arctana-+JIn, nEZ.
- ~ +2nn, nE Z . . .
Example 5.2.3. Solve the inequality
sin" .X + cos" > X 13/16.
.... Transforming the Ieft-hand side, we have
+
sin" x cos" X
=c= (sin- x + cos2 x) (sin- x - sin'' x cos2 x + cos! x)
= (sin- x + cos- X)2 - 3 sin 2 x cos- x
= 1-~ sin'' 2x= 1- i-.1-cos4x
4 ' 4 2
2
8
+ 3 cos4x
8
Hence, the problem has been reduced to solving the
.
mequa ·l't;:;
I y 8
j
-1-
3cos4x
8 13 I.
.> 16 or cos I X >
<, 1/2 . H ence,
11-01644
162 5. Trigonometric Inequalities
PROBLEMS
In Problems 5.1 to 5.18, solve the given inequalities.
5.1. cos x >
1/2. 5.2. sin 2x < V2/2.
5.3. sin ~ >
-1/2. 5.4. tan (3x - 1) < 1/VS".
>
5.5. I tan x I V 3". 5.6. I cos x I < 1/2.
5.7. sin" x < 1/4. 5.8. tan" x> 1/3.
5.9. 2 sin" x ~ sin x. 5.10. 2 cos" x + cos x < 1.
5.11. I sin x 1< 1cos x I. 5.12. I sin x I> I cos x I.
5.13. I sin x I cos x > 1.4.
5.14. I sin x I + I cos x I > 1.
5.15. 4 (sin" x - I cos x I) < 1.
5.16. s~nx+cosx
x- COS x
SIn
> V3.
5-4 (sin 2 x+cos x)
5.17. ---'-------'---'--
cosx
~ O.
CHAPTER 1
n 2n 1
-12/5. 1.41. (a) ± 3+2nk, (b) ± T+2nk, ± arccos "3 + 2nk.
1.42. (b) -4n/3, -2n/3, 2n/3, 4n/3, 8n/3, 10n/3, 14n/3, 16n/3.
n stk: n
1.43. (c) 6 + 2 ' (e) "2 +nk, (f) stk, 1.44. (a) n/2, (b) n/2,
4 3 4 . 5
(c) 4n/3. 1.48. (a) arccos "5 , arctan "4' arccot"3' (b) arcsin 13 '
5 12 5 12 12
arctan 12' arccot 5 ' (c) arcsin 13' arccos 13' arccot 5 '
. 4 3 4 21/'2
(d) arcs1ll 5 ' arccos "5 , arctan "3' 1.49. (a) n-arcsin - 3 - ,
CHAPTER 2
2.18. sin t sin 4s. 2.19. -sin 2t sin 4s. 2.20. 1/4. 2.21. sin 4t.
2.22. { sin 8t. 2.23. -cos 22t. 2.24. 2 sin ( 6t - ~ ) .
CHAPTER 3
n . rck
3.1. n (2k+1)/10, (-1)k 12-t-T' 3.2. n (4k-1)/12.
n k n nk
3.3. n(2k+1)/2, (-1)k(f+nk. 3.4. :rr(2k+1)/4, (-1) 12+2'
2n n 1
uk, 3.14. n(2k+l)/12, ± g +2rrk. 3.15. 4+nk, arctan "3+ n k.
3.16. nk/3, n(2k+l)/7. 3.17. 2arctan3+2nk, -2arctan7+2nk.
3.18. IT (2k+l)/6, n (4k-l)/4. 3.19. rt (2k+l)/4. 3.20. nk,
rr sik
(-l)k 6" +-2-' 3.21. n (4k-l)/4. 3.22. nk, rr (4k+ 1)/4. 3.23. stk,
nk-arctan3. 3.24. n(4k-l)/4, n(2k+l)/2. 3.25. n(2k+l)/6,
k =I=- 31+1,
1
nk/5, k =I=- 51. 3.26. ± 2" arccos
V73-7
12 +nk,
rt 1
±3+nk, ±2"arccos(-1/3)+nk. 3.27. n(4k+3)/32. 3.28. xk,
n (2k+ 1)/6. 3.29. n (3k ± 1)/3. 3.30. rr (2k+ 1)/8, n (6k ± 1)/12.
3.31. nk/2. 3.32. ~ + Znk, 3.33. (-l)k arcsin ~ + nk. 3.34. stk,
l~n +4nk. 3.42, (2, ± 2~"T -2+2nk). 3.43. {(2, -1), (-2,
-1)}. 3.44. (rr (2k+l)/4, rt (61+1)/6). 3.45. (rt (4k+l)/4,
-n (12k+ 1)/12), (n (12k-l)/12, rt (1-4k)/4). 3.46. (n (2k+3)/2,
n (6k-l)/6). 3.47. (~ +n (k-I), ~ +n (k +1)), (- ~ -+-
n (k-l), 2 + rr (k+l»). 3.48. «6k-l)j6), (6k+l)/6).
3n
3.49. ( arctan f + sik, arctan ~ - nk). 3.50. (± ~ + stk,
CHAPTER 4
4.1. See Fig. 40. 4.2. See Fig. 41. 4.3. See Fig. 42. 4.4. See
Fig. 43. 4.5. See Fig. 44. 4.6. See Fig. 45. 4.7. See Fig. 46.
4.8. See Fig. 47. 4.9. See Fig. 48. Hint.
-n-2 arctan x, xE(-oo, -lJ,
y= 2 arctan x, xE[-l,lJ,
{
n-2 arctan x, xE[l, +(0).
4.10. See Fig. 49. Hint. y=3+cos 4x. 4.11. 4. 4.12. -0.5.
4.13. -2. 4.14. 1. 4.15. 2 (tan x+tan 3 z), 4.16. (sin 2 z -l-sin 2x+
1) eX. 4.17. 8/sin 24x. 4.18. 2x cos ~+sin ...!.. 4.19. 2 cos- x.
X x
4.20. (a) cos z/cosv sin z, (b) 3(tan 2x+tan 4x). 4.21. Critical points:
x=n(12k±1)/12 (y'=O points of maximum), x=nk/2 (y' is
!I
2
Fig. 40
!/
2
Jt .7l
4" 2
Fig. 41
Fig. 42
ng.43
Answers 167
-/T
I
->--71'
I
I
Fig. 44
Fig. 45
168 Answers
-(
Fig. 46
II
-,
-,
/ ""
"
~--------~~-----
-,
------r----------
I
/
:>- /.
Fig. 47
!I
Fig. 48
Answers 169
Fig. 49
CHAPTER 5
n
5.1. [ -g+2nn, rr
T+2nn ] .5.2. (5n n
- T + nn, 8+Jl:I~ ) .
5n . 35n ] (1 rt nn 1
5.3. [ - T + lOnn, -6-+ 10nn . 5.4. 3-6+3' 3+
:n: nn )
18+3 .5.5. (:n: :n:
-2+ nn, -3+:n: n] ' 3
[:n:+ nn, 2+
:n: nn ) .
5.6. n
(g+nn, 21t) .
T+nn 5.7. (n n) .
-6+nn, 6+nn