Introduction To

Oil and Gas Production Problems

TM-4030
 Natural Flow Choke
Production System PWH

Flowline

Vertical / tubing Flow

Performances

Tubing

Inflow Performance
Sand Casing
Face
Formation
Packer

re (Drainage Radius )
Production
System of
oil/gas well
Figure 2 : A typical Hydrocarbon Phase
Diagram
 Two Phase ∆P
∆T

Schematic Phase Diagram for an

Undersaturated Oil
Pressure and Temperature
Profile in Wellbore
 Gas Cap Drive
Solution Gas Drive

Water Drive

Reservoir Drive
Mechamisms
 Gas
Schematic view of possible PWH
phase changes in tubing Mist
Liquid
Flow
( Flow Pattern )
Annular
Flow

Churn
Flow
Changes in Pressure
pressures and Profile
Slug
temperatures

Performances
Flow

Tubing Flow
Bubble
Flow

PWF
Fluid Inflow Performance
Characteristics
 INFLOW PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS

1. Reservoir conditions
2. Types of fluid
3. Multiphase flow
4. Reservoir geometry (Thick, drainage)
5. Reservoir Configuration / shape
6. Fluid entry (Perforation)
7. Rock heterogeinety (porosity, Channeling)
8. Rock type (Carbonate, Clastics)
9. Layering
10. Reservoir size and patterns
11. Drive mechanism
12. Well orientation (Horizontal, Vertical, Incline)
13. Well spacing
14. Well completion
 RESERVOIR CONDITIONS

1. Reservoir pressure ( high or Low Pressure )

2. Reservoir Temperature ( high or low

Temperature)
 Types of Fluid
1. Heavy Oil : high viscosity, high density, high Molecular weight
density < 20 API,
2. Paraffinic oil : Viscosity increase as temperature decreases
3. Light Oil : low density and viscosity, High GOR, Properties
changes very quickly with pressure.
4. Resinic Oil : light color, low – medium viscosity, sticky oil, oil
wetting, not good for water flooding, Low RF
5. Black Oil : Constant composition, high molecular weight, dark
color.
 VERTICAL FLOW/ TUBING FLOW
PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS

1. Well geometry (D, L)

2. Well Orientation (Off Shore)
3. Multiphase flow (Flow Pattern)
4. Pressure (Low)
5. Fluid type
6. Fluid characteristics
7. Pump / artificial lift methods
8. Deep sea operation (Low Temp)
9. Well completion
10. Temperature (Low Temp)
 Gas
Schematic view of possible PWH
phase changes in tubing Mist
Liquid
Flow
( Flow Pattern )
Annular
Flow

Churn
Flow
Changes in Pressure
pressures and Profile
Slug
temperatures

Performances
Flow

Tubing Flow
Bubble
Flow

PWF
Fluid Inflow Performance
Characteristics
 Production Offshore
Problems

Why this is a
problem ?

Gas
 Liquid

Gas

Slug
Flow

Gas
 Flow Rate At the same
wellbore

Liquid

Gas Pressure
Loss

Slug
Flow

Gas

GAS
 Mist

Pada dasar sumur, tekanan

relatif masih tinggi sehingga
sebagian besar gas masih
larut dalam fasa minyak. Pada
posisi ini aliran masih satu fasa
cair (single phase). Semakin
keatas sumur, tekanan fluida
semakin berkurang dan gas
semakin banyak yang
terbebaskan dari fasa minyak.
Sehingga aliran Bubbly
terbentuk dengan
Depth bertambahnya gas, kemudian
semakin besar volume gas
terbebaskan berturut turut
terbentuk Aliran Slug, Aliran
Churn dan terakhir adalah
berupa aliran Annular.

Tubing
 PIPELINES FLOW PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS

1. Pipeline design ( diameter )

2. Multiphase flow ( gas – water – oil ), (solid-Water-Oil)
3. Pressure ( high or low)
4. Gas condensate (change phase, change properties)
5. Fluid characteristics ( viscosity, density, sticky, Molecular
Weight)
6. Transportation (multiphase flow, undulation, deposition)
7. Deep sea operation (low temp, high viscosity, multiphase)
8. Bottle necking (increase gradient pressure)
 PIPELINES FLOW PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS

1. Gas condensate

a. Liquid deposition, b. Phase changes,

c. Properties changes.

Droplets of Back Pressure,

Condensate Bottle Necking, Lower
Pipelines
Choking Pressure

OUTLET
INLET
Condensate Flow Efficiency is
deposition decreasing

MULTIPHASE FLOW PROBLEM

Alaska Oil
Pipeline
SCADA (kependekan dari Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition)
 PIPELINES FLOW PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS
1. Gas condensate
Gas Flow
Rate 0.5
Tb 1
0.5
 P1  P2 
2 2
q = 3.23     . D 2.5

Pb f   g .T .L.z 
Droplets of
Condensate
~f
Friction Factor Pipelines

OUTLET
INLET
Condensate Flow Efficiency is
deposition decreasing

MULTIPHASE FLOW PROBLEM

[f]
In This area, friction is
not function of NRe
Laminer

~f
 PIPELINES FLOW PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS
1. Gas condensate
Gas Flow
Rate
1.02  0.51
 Tb  P12  P2 2
q = 737 E     D 2.53
T L z  g
0.961
 Pb  
Flow Eff.
Droplets of Panhandle B
Condensate Pipelines

Choke

OUTLET
INLET
Condensate Flow Efficiency is decreasing,
deposition back pressure, Pressure drop
increase, need pigging to clean

MULTIPHASE FLOW PROBLEM

 Fungsi Pigging
• Membersihkan bagian dalam pipa dari:
– Liquid yang tidak mengalir (sistem produksi gas)
– Pasir/material kecil
– Wax/Gas hidrate

Pipelines

WAX
Pipeline leak
 Panhandle-B Equation
P1 Gas Pipelines P2

1.02  0.51
 Tb  P12  P2 
2
q = 737 E     D 2.53
T L z  g
0.961
 Pb  

No Date Gas Rate P1 P2

1 2-1-2016 300 MM 450 psi 320 psi

2 2-2-2016 280 MM 460 psi 300 psi
 PIPELINES FLOW PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS

1. Pipeline design ( diameter , thickness)

Large Medium Small

 MULTIPHASE FLOW PROBLEMS

2. Multiphase flow ( gas – water – oil )

a. Flow Pattern (vertical pipes, Horizontal pipes)

b. Lifting, Pump Selection, Liquid loading.
c. Phase Flow Prediction.
d. Modeling.
e. Emulsion
f. Mixing Properties
 MULTIPHASE FLOW PROBLEMS

a. Liquid Loading terjadi pada tekanan rendah di Bottom

hole ( pada sumur Gas)
b. Aliran laminer di pipa horizontal (pada Liquid Pipelines)
c. Terjadi solid settling di pipa horizontal dan vertikal.
d. Kehilangan panas lebih besar pada aliran yang
laminer,
e. Pump selection is important,
f. Bottle neck problem in pipeline network at low pressure
g. Fluid Surge and down / drop
 Oil - Water Laminer Flow Measurement
Problem

INLET Oil transmission Lines OUTLET

qo qo

t ( time ) t ( time )

NRE ≤ 2000
Aliran Laminer

Oil Phase
Dalam Oil Density < Water Density
Pipa Water Phase
Flow Pattern
 Oil Phase
Water Phase

Decline Horizontal Inclined pipe

Water velocity Water is

Water is faster slower than
than oil phase is equal to oil
oil phase
 RADIAL FLOW GEOMETRY IN
POROUS MEDIA
Single layer in single well

1 2

ln (re / rw )
k 
ln (r1/rw ) ln (r2 /r1 ) ln (r3 /r2 )
 
k1 k2 k3

3 k1h1  k 2 h 2  k 3h 3
k 
h1  h 2  h 3
 RADIAL FLOW GEOMETRY IN
POROUS MEDIA

3
2
1
SKIN

Value ln (re / rw )
Permeability k 
ln (r1/rw ) ln (r2 /r1 ) ln (r3 /r2 )
Average  
k1 k2 k3

When k1 = 0, then k 0
 Productivity Index (PI)
Well

P1 P2

FORMATION

0.001127 k A (p1 - p 2 ) q 0.001127 k A

q    PI
 L (p1 - p 2 )  L
P1

Adanga Gas
P2 yang keluar
dari fasa
minyak
qL
 Gas
Vertical Fluid Transition in
Oil-water-Gas Oil-Gas one Layer
Water
Gas Zone

GOC

Oil Zone

Oil – Water
Transition
h Zone

Producing WOC

Original WOC

Water

Water Pc (pressure) ~ h (height) 0 SWIR SOR

SW
Fluid Flow Characteristic In Porous
Media

• Type of Fluids in the reservoir,

• Flow regimes,
• Reservoir Geometry,
• Number of Flowing Fluids in the reservoir
 Type of Fluids

In general, reservoir fluids are classified

into three groups:
1. Incompressible Fluids ( (water )
2. Slightly Compressible ( Oil )
3. Compressible Fluids ( Gas )
The isothermal compressible
coefficient (c)
1 V 1 
c - 
V P  P

V = fluid volume
ρ = fluid density
P = pressure
c = isothermal compressible fluid, p-1
 Incompressible Fluids
An incompressible fluid is defined as the fluid whose volume or
density does not change with pressure. This is

V 
 0 and  0
P P
Incompressible fluids do not exist; however this behavior may
be assumed in some cases to simplify the derivation and the final
form of many flow equations.

V = fluid volume
ρ = fluid density
P = pressure
 V
 0
P Incompressible

Slightly
Compressible
Volume

1 V Compressible
c -
V P

Pressure

Pressure – Volume Relationship

 V
 0
P Incompressible

Slightly
Compressible
Volume

Compressible

Pressure

Pressure – Volume Relationship

 Steady State Flow

P
 0
t

The flow regime is said to be a steady state flow if the

pressure at every location in the reservoir remain
constant. It does not change with time.
PseudoSteady-state Flow
P
 constant
t

The flow regime is said to be a pseudo steady state

flow if the pressure at every location in the reservoir
remain constant. But, it slighly changes with time.
 Persamaan Aliran Radial Steady
State
7.08 k h ( Pe - Pw )
q 
 ln (re /rw )
P = tekanan, psia
k = permeability, darcy
re = jari jari luar ( drainage radius) Pe
rW re
re
µ = Viscosity of fluid, cp
h = Formation Thickness, ft PW PW

rW = jari jari sumur (Well radius)

 Q=0

Pi Pi

Radius / Distance
Q = constant

t1 t2 t3 t4 t4
Pi Pi

Pwf decreases as time increases

Radius /
Distance
 Q=0

Pi Pi

t1 t2 t3 t4
q
r1 r2 r3 r4
Pi Pi

re Pwf = constant re

Pressure Distribution as function of time

 Pressure Distribution as function of time

Pi Pi

Q (r)
q

0
re re

Pwf = constant
 Pressure Distribution as function of time

Pi

Pwf = constant
r

re

Pi

0
rW Ln r 0.47 re re
 Well
Damaged

FLOW

Undamaged
Reservoir

Damaged

Semakin besar Skin Factor,

maka Pwf nya semakin
kecil dan laju alir nya
semakin kecil juga.

PSKIN {
R (radius)