Foam Nesting Frog:

"Frogs that build foam nests floating on water face the problems of over-dispersion of the
secretions used and eggs being dangerously exposed at the foam : air interface. Nest
construction behaviour of túngara frogs, ​Engystomops pustulosus ​[formerly​ Physalaemus
pustulosus]​ , has features that may circumvent these problems. Pairs build nests in periodic
bursts of foam production and egg deposition, three discrete phases being discernible. The first
is characterized by a bubble raft without egg deposition and an approximately linear increase in
duration of mixing events with time. This phase may reduce initial over-dispersion of foam
precursor materials until a critical concentration is achieved. The main building phase is marked
by mixing events and start-to-start intervals being nearly constant in duration. During the final
phase, mixing events do not change in duration but intervals between them increase in an
exponential-like fashion. Pairs joining a colonial nesting abbreviate their initial phase,
presumably by exploiting a pioneer pair's bubble raft, thereby reducing energy and material
expenditure, and time exposed to predators. Finally, eggs are deposited only in the centre of
nests with a continuously produced, approximately 1 cm deep egg-free cortex that protectively
encloses hatched larvae in stranded nests." (Dalgetty & Kennedy 2010:293)

"Several tropical frogs, known as foam-nesters, also build a nest of bubbles. The mother exudes
a fluid and beats it into microscopic bubbles with her hind legs. She then lays her eggs inside,
and her mate, who has clung to her back throughout, fertilizes them. As the parents leave, the
outer bubbles harden to form a protective case that encloses a foamy core of several thousand
eggs. This foam nursery provides shelter from predators, bacteria, and sunlight, as well as
preventing dehydration. Because the foam is mostly air it supplies all the embryos' oxygen
needs until well after hatching. The nest then disintegrates, and the young emerge from the
crowded apartment and, all being well, drop into the water below." (Downer 2002:54)

"The foam nests of the túngara frog (​Engystomops pustulosus​) [formerly​ Physalaemus
pustulosus]​ form a biocompatible incubation medium for eggs and sperm while resisting
considerable environmental and microbiological assault. We have shown that much of this
behaviour can be attributed to a cocktail of six proteins, designated ranaspumins (Rsn-1 to
Rsn-6), which predominate in the foam. These fall into two discernable classes based on
sequence analysis and biophysical properties. Rsn-2, with an amphiphilic amino acid sequence
unlike any hitherto reported, exhibits substantial detergent-like surfactant activity necessary for
production of foam, yet is harmless to the membranes of eggs and spermatozoa. A further four
(Rsn-3 to Rsn-6) are lectins, three of which are similar to fucolectins found in teleosts but not
previously identified in a land vertebrate, though with a carbohydrate binding specificity different
from previously described fucolectins. The sixth, Rsn-1, is structurally similar to proteinase
inhibitors of the cystatin class, but does not itself appear to exhibit any such activity. The nest
foam itself, however, does exhibit potent cystatin activity. Rsn-encoding genes are transcribed
in many tissues of the adult frogs, but the full cocktail is present only in oviduct glands.
Combinations of lectins and cystatins have known roles in plants and animals for defence
against microbial colonization and insect attack. Túngara nest foam displays a novel synergy of
selected elements of innate defence plus a specialized surfactant protein, comprising a
previously unreported strategy for protection of unattended reproductive stages of animals."
(Fleming et al. 2009:1787)

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8481102.stm

Pneumocell
The pneumocell architecture is created by a series of shapes, all with the same edge length,
that can be joined together to form an unlimited number of shapes and sizes. These cells
enable a resilient design that is capable of rapid alteration.

Low cost, resilient architecture systems, temporary architecture.

Difference form existing products:

Pneumocell structures are composed of standardized building blocks that can be constructed
from several types of materials. Since they are inflatable they use minimal materials and take up
a very small amount of space prior to final assembly. The structures can be rapidly assembled
in varying shapes and sizes. Single damaged components can be easily replaced, imparting
substantial resilience on the structure. There are several sustainability advantages. One is that
by being lightweight, less fuel is needed to transport the structures to events and because they
are flexible, they don't require a heavy platform to sit on uneven ground, also reducing the
shipping costs. Pneumocell elements consist out of pure TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane),
instead of PVC. TPU is 100% recycable and unlike PVC, this material burns residue free and
without emitting any toxic exhaust fumes. TPU does not contain any plasticizers nor chlorine,
which are permanently emitted by other kinds of soft plastic materials accompanied by the
typical plastic odor.

The biomimicry History

Biological tissues are created out of many cells. These cells join together in a specific sequence
in order to produce a high performance tissue. The joining of these cell types allows for resilient
functioning, and often when one cell is damaged it can be easily replaced without loss of
function for the entire function. This idea inspired the pneumocell architecture.

Skin changes color: chameleons

The skin of the chameleon changes color rapidly due to contraction and distention of pigmented
granules in superimposed cell layers.

a good opportunity to iinovate could be to add some chemical product inside the pneumatic
structure, this way when there is a “punctuore” the air react the material and a color ink affects
the material this way is possible to locate the Puncture ..(snakebite)
-"Chameleon skin is now known to have three types of chromatophore cells. The deepest layer
of chromatophore cells, which are what was described by Milne-Edwards, are melanophores
which contain black pigment. These cells have an array of branches spreading toward the
surface of the skin called dendrites or dentritic processes. Located just above the melanophores
are guanophores, also known as iridophores, which are responsible for blue colors as light
reflects off the colorless guanine crystal platelets within them. The uppermost layer of
chromatophore cells are xanthophores which are responsible for the yellow and red
pigmentations. The granules of pigment within chromatophore cells selectively reflect and
absorb certain wavelengths of light. In melanophores, these pigment granules are capable of
differentially spreading within the dentritic processes altering their concentrations within the skin
and the interactions they have with light reflecting off other pigments. With exhibition of different
concentrations of each pigment, the external coloration we see changes." (Anderson 2004)

Pill Millipede: Rolling into a Ball for Protection (and easy mobility)
"The pill millipede has the same strategy: its hard outer skeleton is jointed so it can roll into an
impregnable ball, enclosing its head and numerous legs in armour plating. Not only is there no
easy way in for the predator, but it would also need a much larger mouth to swallow a rolled-up
millipede than a long thin stretched-out one." (Foy and Oxford Scientific Films 1982:21)

Bioinspired product
Application Ideas:​​ Renewable energy systems that can close up when storms or other threats
are present, deployable domes and tents.
Industrial Sector(s) interested in this strategy:​​ Renewable energy, deployable structures

Pill millipedes​​ make up two living​ ​orders​ (and one extinct order) of​ ​millipedes​, often grouped
together into a single​ ​superorder​, O​ niscomorpha​​. The name Oniscomorpha refers to the
resemblance of pill millipedes to certain​ ​woodlice​, namely the pillbugs of the family
Armadillidiidae​, also called "potato bugs", or "roly-polies". However, woodlice are for practical
purposes unrelated to millipedes of any type, not being in the sub​phylum​ Myriapoda, together
with millipedes, but in the subphylum​ ​Crustacea​.
Pill millipedes are short compared to other millipedes, with only eleven to thirteen​ ​body
segments​,[2]​
​ and are capable of rolling into a ball when disturbed. This ability​ ​evolved​ separately
in each of the two orders, making it a case of​ ​convergent evolution​, rather than​ ​homology​.[3]​ ​ Pill
[4]
millipedes are​ ​detritivorous​, feeding on decomposing plant matter, usually in​ ​woodlands​.​