Bernoulli

Practical
report
Water engineering II

A. Rauzela (214178811)
Table of Contents
a. Objective of the experiment ....................................................................................................... 2
b. Apparatus required ..................................................................................................................... 2
c. Theory ......................................................................................................................................... 2
d. Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 3
e. Result/ Data ................................................................................................................................ 4
f. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 6
g. Reference .................................................................................................................................... 6

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 a. Objective of the experiment

 To investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow
of water in a tapered duct.
 To measure the flow rates with venture meter and to demonstrate Bernoulli
 The objective is to validate Bernoulli’s assumptions and theorem by experimentally
proving that the sum of the terms in the Bernoulli equation along streamline always
remain constant

b. Apparatus required

 Apparatus for the verification of of Bernoulli’s theorem

 Measuring tank
 Stop watch setup for measuring the actual flow rate

c. Theory

figure 4.1

Figure 4.1: Apparatus is used to investigate the validity of Bernoulli Equation

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From Figure 4.1, show the apparatus is used to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli
equation when applied to the steady flow of water in tapered duct. The apparatus consists
of a clear acrylic duct of varying circular cross section, known as a venturi. The duct has a
series of wall tapings that allows measurement of the static pressure distribution along the
converging duct, while a total head tube is provided to traverse along the centre line of the
test section. The venture meter is connected to the manometer with pipes. Wall pressure
tapings are provided along the converging and diverging portions of the venturi to measure
the static pressure distribution. The reading of the manometer from manometer 1 to
manometer 5 shows the pressure head and manometer 6 shows the static head. Flow rate
and pressure in the apparatus may be varied independently by adjustment of the flow
control valve, and the bench supply control valve

Bernoulli’s equation states that “the sum of the kinetic energy (velocity head), the pressure
energy (static head) and potential energy( elevation head) per unit weight of the fluid at any
point remains constant” provided the flow is steady, irrotational, and frictionless and the
fluid used is incompressible. This is however, on the assumption that energy is neither
added to nor taken away by some external agency. The key approximation in the derivation
of Bernoulli’s equation is that viscous effects are negligibly small compared to inertial,
gravitational, and pressure. We can write the theorem as

Pressure head () +velocity head () +elevation (Z) = a constant

Where P=the Pressure (N/m2)
R= density of the fluid (Kg/m3)
v=velocity of flow (m/s)
g=acceleration due gravity(m/s2)
Z=elevation from datum line(m)

P1/w+V12/2g+Z1=P2/w+V22/2g+Z2=constant

Where: P/w : is the pressure head

V/2g : is the velocity head
Z : is the potential head
In this equipment the Z is a constant and is not taken for calculation

d. Procedure

 Keep the bypass valve open and start the pump and slowly start closing valve.
 The water shall start flowing through the flow channel. The level in the manometer
tubes shall start rising
 Open the valve on the bench measuring tank side and adjust the head in the
manometer tube to steady position
 Measure the time taken to fill the bench measuring tank from zero to 10 litres and
record.
 Increase the differential head between the inlet and outlet head tanks by 5O mm
increments, until the water level in the centre manometer tubes drops off the scale.
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  Varying the discharge and repeat the procedure

e. Result/ Data

Volume Time Flow rate Height Distance Area Static velocity Dynamic Total
int0 duct of duct head head head

(m3) (s) (m3/s) (m) (m) (m2) (m) (m/s) (m) (m)

1/150 47.46 1.405x10-4 H1 0.00 490x10-6 0.235 0.286 4.169x10-3 0.239

1/150 47.46 1.405x10-4 H2 0.0603 151.7x10-6 0.190 0.926 0.0437 0.234

1/150 47.46 1.405x10-4 H3 0.0687 109.4x10-6 0.144 1.284 0.0840 0.223

1/150 47.46 1.405x10-4 H4 0.0732 89.5x10-6 0.103 1.563 0.125 0.23

1/150 47.46 1.405x10-4 H5 0.0811 78.5x10-6 0.038 1.79 0.163 0.201

1/150 47.46 1.405x10-4 H6 0.1415 490x10-6 0.107 0286 0.169x10-3 0.108

Sample Calculations

1. Discharge Q= q/t = 2.960X10-6

2. Velocity V= Q/A= 0.286

Where A is a cross sectional area of a fluid flow

3. Velocity head V2/2g= 4.191X10-3
4. Pressure head( actual measurement or manometer tube reading)

P/w=0
5. Total head

H= Dynamic head + static head= 0.23

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 static head vs distance into duct
0.25

0.2
static head (m)

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
ditsance into duct (m)

dynamic head vs distance into duct

0.18

0.16

0.14
dynamic head (m)

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
distance into duct (m)

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 f. Conclusion

 In conclusion, the velocity of fluid will increase if the fluid is flowing from a wider to
narrower tube and the velocity will decrease in the opposite case regardless of the
type of flow and the pressure difference.
 As the velocity for all cases increases the dynamic head values are also seem to be
increased. The velocity is dependent on the diameter of the tube also the pressure
depends on the velocity of the flow.
 Looking at the graphs the static head values seem to decrease with an decrease in
distance of the duct and dynamic head values increase with increase in distance in
duct
 Increasing the flow rate leads to increasing the velocity at any point thus will cause
the pressure drop. But there are some errors occurred in the results. There might be
due to some errors occurred during the experiment.
 However, the results can be improved if some precautions are taken during the
experiment for example the eyes level must be placed parallel to the scale when
manometer readings are taken. Besides that, the valve is also need to be controlled
slowly to stabilize the water level in the manometer.
 Furthermore, before conducting the experiment, make sure all the bubble inside the
manometer tubes is remove completely .This is due to influence taking the reading
of manometer and it also effect the pressure inside the manometer include the
velocity flow.

g. Reference

 Fluid mechanics - Dr.R.K. Bansal

 Experiment in fluid mechanics - Sarabjit Singh
 Wikipedia

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