Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 8, No.
2, June 2018 31
Investigation of CO2 Capturing Capacity of Solid
Adsorbents (PEIs) Polyethylenimines from
Automotive Vehicle Exhausts System for 4-Stroke
SI Engine
Arvind Kaushal, Rekha Ahirwar and Ajay Vardhan
Abstract--- In present scenario , the environment pollution
has become very complex and complicated issue for the world
due to the increased level of green house gas emission like
carbon dioxide gas and other elements from men made
various automotive & industrial sources not only affected the
living being and non living things but also imbalanced the
ecological structure of environment. As world realize the
seriousness of the problem,researchers & scientists discovered
the various type of co2 capturing technique time to time, So
many methods were available regarding to the context of
CO2 capturing technology but amongst those method,
adsorption processes is in fashion in which solid adsorbents
used for extraction and collection of CO2 from the available
sources. In this work the solid adsorbents poly-ethylenimines
(PEIs) was supported on fumed silica then installed the
prepared substrate inside the automotive vehicle silencer for
investigating the co2 extraction capacity from the source at
different temperature range , it was found that the adsorbent
collect 36 % of co2 at the temperature of 750 oc .
Keywords--- Polyethylenimines (PEIs) Substrate, Gasoline
Emission, Automotive Exhaust Silencer, Co2 and PEI reaction,
Co2 Emission , Green-House Effect.
I. INTRODUCTION
I N present scenario, whole world facing the challenge
towards the environment protection from various elements
which is created by human being to his own comfort and
facility amongst all those elements, the emission of harmful
gases after fuel burning process from the automobile diesel/
petrol vehicle is a major responsible factor for air pollution.
An exhaust gas is a result of burning phenomenon of fuel
throughout the combustion process , it composed of N2 ,
CO2, co, so2 (sulfur dioxide), H2S(hydrogen sulfide) , HC or
CxHy(Hydrocarbons) , Nitrogen oxides (NOx) which is major
factor to Global climate change. One of the most dangerous of
these is CO, CO2 Carbon dioxide alone having a two-thirds
proportion for enhancing green-house effect. if the
concentration of these become high then it may be kills the
Arvind Kaushal, Ex-Lecturer, Indira Gandhi Govt. Engineering College,
Sagar, MP, India. E-mail:a_k78@rediffmail.com
Rekha Ahirwar, Lecturer, Computer Science & Engineering, S.R.G.P.C.
College, Sagar, MP, India. E-mail:rekhaitsagar@gmail.com
Ajay Vardhan, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, R.G.P.V.
College, Bhopal, MP, India. E-mail:a_v1986@gmail.com
DOI:10.9756/BIJIEMS.8400
ISSN 2277-5056 | © 2018 Bonfring
people , animals or other living creatures it is not limited to
living things but also it may be harmful to others historical
images. NOx(Nitrogen oxides), that is result of internal
combustion process creates acid rain and affecting the ozone
layer.
Another important elements is detected as Hydrocarbons,
CxHy(shown simply as “HC“ ) is also a products of unburned
fuel .all the basic element of combustion are described below
in short .
II. EXHAUST EMISSION
Hydrocarbon (HC) Emission
Throughout the combustion process so many harmful
emission are achieved, Hydrocarbons is one of them actually it
is due to incomplete combustion of fuel or misfire. The
excessive hydrocarbon generation is nothing but it is a parts of
combustion chamber depositions. Whenever hydrocarbons.
Carbon deposits, air fuel mixture are combined together and is
compressed then at end of the compression combustion of fuel
is started on this state of moments, fuel does not completely
burns and hence during the exhaust stroke these hydrocarbon
escapes into atmosphere and mixes with other contains of air.
Generally, it is considered that hydrocarbon emission is only
possible due to misfire, ignition delay, fuel to combustion
delivery, air induction problem and temperature of air fuel
mixture at the entering of combustion chambers.
Emitted Hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sunlight react
together forms ozone gas that’s available at ground level.
which is a major component of smoke. The ozone not only
irritates the eyes but also seriously affected nose, throat and
lungs. The toxic nature of exhausted hydrocarbons may also
be responsible for possible cause of cancer. Sunlight &
unburned hydrocarbons combines which forms the molecules
of aldehydes and ketones peroxyacyl radicals reacting with
NO2 we have got peroxyacylnitrates(PANs).
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) & Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission
Fuel burning process in automotive vehicle is always takes
place, in combustion chamber, if combustion of fuel is going
on in the presence of insufficient oxygen then carbon dioxide
gas is released which has non toxic nature. Insufficient oxygen
is a responsible factor for co2 generation but whenever higher
contents of CO2 is achieved then leak defect associated with
injectors, high pressure of fuel injection , faulty control system
Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2018
operation will be factor for consideration. The major
proportion of carbon dioxide is obtained at stoichiometric ratio
of fuel and air mixture give us about 14.7% of content of total
% value of emission exhausted. Carbon monoxide (CO) is
generated by partially burned fuel, means it is a result of
incomplete combustion, and composition of one oxygen atoms
with one carbon atom creates carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon
monoxide (CO) is toxic in nature but it is also a colorless,
odorless gas
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Emission
Emission of NOx is only possible when nitrogen gas
combines with oxygen throughout the combustion process
form Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) it is only possible due to the
higher temperature and pressure inside the cylinder. small
amount of NOx generation takes place at light loading
condition but if combustion takes place at higher temperature
and pressure and loading condition variation adopted between
moderate to heavy then NOx is also formed. Some other
condition of NOx emission may be light throttle operation,
EGR system not working properly, (air + fuel ) mixture is lean
,air temperature at intake is high enough , spark advances from
permissible limit. Nitrous oxide (N2O) gas has a specific
property , called laughing gas and generally used in medical
science but it is also harmful to our environment creating
nitrous oxides which damage ozone layer protection. The
combustion of fuel inside the combustion chamber generate
Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon
Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide and water .
The exhaust emission rate per mile by Gasoline has been
tabulated here under
Table 1: Emission Rate of Various Components from
Automotive Vehicle
Exhaust component / elements Emission rate / mile
In gram / mile In gram / km
Hydrocarbons 2.80grams/mile 1.75g/km
Nitrogen Oxides 1.39 grams/mile 0.87g/km
Carbon Dioxide 416 grams/mile 258 g/km
Carbon Monoxide 20.90grams/mile 13.05g/km
A well known method is aqueous solutions of amines that
has been widely used technology from since last few year for
CO2 extracting from the various sources but optimality of
such kind of method has decreased, The following two reasons
are concerns to reduced optimality, like high cost, corrosion
problems and amine degradation. These two factors are
responsible to lowering the performance & efficiency thus
encouraging to researchers & scientists in order to understand
the phenomenon of co2 extraction by solid surface that has
ISSN 2277-5056 | © 2018 Bonfring
32
been imposed on supporting material which is more effective
and suitable for collecting called solid chemical sorbents. In
present time inorganic oxide supported amines have a matter
of interest for such kind of adsorbents, adsorbents may be of
three type. In 1st type adsorbents, may be monomeric and
polymeric amines are supported on specific materials by wet
impregnation technique. In 2nd type adsorbents like amines are
inserted chemically on to the support material with the help of
covalent bonding. The third category of adsorbents is made by
situ polymerization method which has an inorganic supporting
to the adsorbents with polyamine. The amine is generally
monomer such as aziridine.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is nothing but it is very important part of
any kind of research object .It provided basic platform and
foundation for the proposed work also gives a basic
background related to the work that has been performed by the
research scholar regarding to the context. Following are some
important & precious notion of various research scholars in
respect of the context. Absorption and adsorption method are
widely used for extraction of CO2 from exhausted gases or
flue gases but adsorption by solid absorbents of CO2 becomes
popular due to the high adsorption & collecting capacities,
easiest handling process and lesser capacity of energy
regeneration. activated carbon, zeolite , mesoporous silica was
also investigated as a absorbents for CO2 capturing technique,
amongst those, mesoporous silica was most effective and
reliable for CO2 gas extraction, due to the controllable surface
area, pore volume and pore size. In order to improving the
CO2 extraction capacity , amino group are discovered which
has excellent capacity to fulfill the purpose further it can also
be enhanced by applying porous silica with PEI, the amino
group may be alkyltrialkoxysilane, tetraethylenepentamine
(TEPA), polyethylenimine(PEI) which can be used as solid
adsorbents as per the required purpose . It has been considered
as a great promising approach [16-19]. In 2008, India
developed the National Action Plan on Climate Change in
recognition of the need to address the threat of climate change,
as well as the need to sustain economic growth.
The plan is largely focused on encouraging energy
conservation by promoting, for example, more efficient urban
planning, use of energy efficient appliances, mandating limits
on large energy-using industries, and enforcement of
automotive fuel-economy standards (Balachandra,
Ravindranath, & Ravindranath, 2010). A recent report
explores the application of carbon capture to small distributed
power sources where carbon dioxide might be captured
directly from the exhaust stream of, for example, an
automobile (Damm & Fedorov, 2008b).Gasoline combustion
generates about 73 grams CO2 emissions per mega joule
(gCO2e/MJ), excluding emissions during production. By
comparison, combustion of propane gas produces 65 g
CO2e/MJ; compressed natural gas (CNG), 56g CO2e/MJ; and
ethanol 71g CO2e/MJ. Combustion of hydrogen produces no
carbon emissions. Various ideas have already been proposed
for the capture of CO2 from the atmosphere. Lackner has
proposed building large towers with areas of 50 to 60 m2 and
bringing air to pass through the towers [5].polyamine
Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2018
substance[1–4] based adsorbents on meso-porous solids or
nano scale particles, such as MCM-41,[5] MCM-48,[6] SBA-
15,[7] fumed silica,[8] etc., have attracted much attention on
CO2capture.[9–13] Support such as MCM-41, MCM-48,
SBA- 15 and fumed silica which has larger specific surface
area and pore volume can provide more active sites for amine
substance to react with more CO2 molecules [14–17]. It is
reported that the best result of CO2 absorption capacities for
MCM-41-PEI was achieved with MCM-41-PEIcontaining 75
wt% of poly-ethylenimine (PEI) with 133 mg CO2/g-sorbent
at 75°C in pure CO2 and fumed silicaPEI-33 has a CO2
absorption capacity of 52 mg/g at room temperature (rt.) from
the dry air .[18,19] So far, these kinds of adsorbents have the
greatest possibility of practical application in large-scale CO2
capture [20] because of their high adsorption capacities and
stable regenerative abilities. Chemical adsorption now a days
is very popular and common method by which we can
achieved higher efficiency of adsorption , the adsorbent may
be alkaline solutions with desired solvents , Solid adsorbents,
such as activated carbon, zeolites, polymers, and polyamines,
etc are employed in adsorption. CO2 capturing by using solid
adsorbents is recognized as newer invented technologies, these
solid amine adsorbents like polyethylenimine (PEI) loaded
with different support materials according to the application,
temperature and pressure range. The formation of PEI is
totally based up on the composition of amines with carbon
aliphatic CH2CH2, the variation of composition produced
variety of PEI like linear, branched, and dendrimer PEIs.
According to Satya pal et al., it has been used as
CO2 capturing technique in the space shuttle application , after
that so many invention has been performed by research
scholer in which PEI solid adsorbent are inserted on to the
different supporting material for extracting the co2 gas and
result were collected . Initially silica was utilized as
supporting for solid adsorbent which fixed with the help of
covalent bonding .then the investigation has been performed
to various other silica based material by Xu et al. like MCM-
41, SBA-15, SBA-16, and KIT 7 for solid sorbent that was
amines based and concluded that MCM‐41which impregnated
with PEI could be used for carbon capturing technique.
Previous methods for the extraction of CO2 gas from
combustion have been based on stationary green house
emission sources, like coal operated power generation thus
amines and amine-functionalized liquids and solutions to
absorb CO2 at temperatures ranging from ambient up to about
80°C. At temperatures above 100°C, and particularly in the
range of from about 130°C to 600°C that are encountered in
vehicles powered by an ICE, the amines exhibit low capacity
for CO2 absorption. Thus, the high temperature of the ICE
exhaust gas makes direct treatment to remove CO2 with liquid
amine solutions impractical Some prior art methods that
address the problem of reducing CO emissions from mobile
sources employ sorbent materials that can be subjected to
regeneration and reuse of the CO2 capture agent and make use
of waste heat recovered from the various on-board sources.
Oxy-combustion processes employed with stationary sources
using only oxygen require oxygen-nitrogen separation step
which is more energy-intensive than separating CO2 from the
exhaust gases.
ISSN 2277-5056 | © 2018 Bonfring
33
IV. WORK METHODOLOGY
In methodology portion we have following important point
in order to fulfill the desired purpose.
Preparation of Adsorbents Substrate Material
The adsorbent preparation may be possible of three types,
these Adsorbents substrate application depends upon the
different range of exhaust pressure & temperature. These
categories are given below.
• In this adsorbents technique, adsorbents may be
monomeric or poly meric amines which is bounded with
the supporting materials, by applying wet impregnation.
• In this amines are grafted chemically on the support
material, with the help of covalent bonding, thereby we
can eradicate the effects of leaching.
• The third category of adsorbents is made by situ
polymerization method which has inorganic supporting to
the adsorbents with polyamine. The amine is generally
monomer.
In this research work, we will consider the first categories,
in which polyethylenimines (PEIs), were infused with fumed
silicafor capturing CO2 gas. the presents adsorbents substrate
having following potential positive feedback higher CO2
adsorption capability, availability at lower cost , availability in
abundance, free from leaching problems, low volatility, easiest
to prepare .In the wet impregnation method PEI are properly
mixed with solvent alcohols and then this mixture is pasted on
silica solid surfaces in such a manner that amines coating has
been fully assimilated to support material. Sometimes it is also
necessary to evaporated the substrate for achieving desired
composition of the adsorbent, the basic purpose of evaporation
process is to removing the excess amount of the solvent from
the substrate .Polyethylenimines (PEIs) is generally used for
wet impregnation method. For the above work following steps
are involved.
• Adsorbents polyethylenimines coating is made onto
the fumed silica with the help of wet impregnation
method and mixing it with desired appropriate
amount of methanol by which we can manufacturing
the plate of length 10 cm, breath of 5 cm and
thickness of 3 mm .
• The maximum amount of PEI load is taken about
18 wt.-% of PEI onto fumed silica.
• This mixture is left for two days at room temperature
for proper absorption and drying.
• Then evaporation method is applied for removing
excess methanol which is used as binding
• After evaporation process, the substrate has been left
in vaccum for one day on moderate temperature in
order to fulfill the drying purpose.
Figure 1: Polyethyleneimine (PEI) Coating on to the Fumed
Silica as in the Form of Plate
Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2018 34

Table 2: Represent Substrate and CO2 Capturing Value

Substrate Substrate position Substrate Co2 value when substrate is
Loading
Linear In front Installed Automotive vehicle
position of linear Operated
1 3.8 – 13.8 18 wt-% of 00 83 mg / g / fiber
PEI
2 16.3 – 26.3 18 wt-% of 00 82 mg / g / fiber
PEI
3 28.8 – 38.8 18 wt-% of 00 81 mg / g / fiber
PEI
4 6.9 – 18 wt-% of 00 83.7 mg / g / fiber
16.9 PEI
5 19.4 – 18 wt-% of 00 83.7 mg / g / fiber
29.4 PEI

Figure 2: Automotive Exhaust Silencer
Substrate Position
• In linear position of same side inside the silencer
• In front side of linear position of the silencer
Whenever the exhaust gases of automotive vehicle comes
in contact with Solid amine adsorbents (PEI) it has captured
co2 gas, chemical reaction takes place and carbamate is
formed. A complete reaction is given below

(1)

(2)

(3)
When water is included then equation becomes
Figure 3: Sectional View of Installed Substrate (4)
Section 1,2,3,4, 5 are representing the internal area at which
substrate are beinginstalled.
Installation of Substrate
The internal part of the exhaust system of length 576 mm
is being utilized in which for the experimental analyses
Reaction of CO2 with PEI
purpose we will select only the length of 400 mm. A thin
metallic frame, thick grooves and thin metallic wire for The composition of exhaust gas consists of N2,CO2 , co ,
covering the substrat is manufacturing for protecting purpose so2, H2S, HC or CxHy, (NOx). Since all these elements are
then we will fixed it inside the groove. In order to very harmful to living as well as non-living beings including
manufacturing the frame and groove and thin wire we will environmental aspects . amongst all the green house emission
utilized the material having a composition contents, Carbon dioxide gas having a proportion between
75% to 76 % of total value of green house emission gases on
( 0.08%C + 9.0% Cr + 1.0% Mn + 0.5% Ni + 0.75% Ti ) the other hand nitrous oxide contributing about 6% , 18%
The4 grooves are manufactured inside the siliencer wall in consisting other elements , means only Carbon dioxide gas has
a series and 2 grooves are made in front of cylindrical wall of a major proportion which is a responsible factor for enhancing
4 grooves according to the table after that we will fixed the the greenhouse effect. In this work, the automotive silencer
substrat . capturing CO2 gas about 425 mg/g/fiber. Betweena
temperature range of 400oc to 900oc. The total amount of CO2
can be released or recollected by reheating the substrate
between temperature range of 50oc to 800oc. the collected
carbon may also reuses for other purpose.
Table 3: Shows the % Value of Capturing Carbon Dioxide by
the PEI
Temperature (o c) Co2 emission Co2 % value
In gram/ km adsorb of co2
Per gram adsorb
150 258 g/km 83 mg 32
300 258 g/km 82 mg 31
450 258 g/km 81 mg 33
Figure 4: Polyethyleneimine (PEI) Coating on to the Fumed 600 258 g/km 83.7 mg 34
Silica as in the Form of Plate 750 258 g/km 84.7 mg 36

ISSN 2277-5056 | © 2018 Bonfring

Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2018
Graph 5: Shows % Value of CO2 Adsorb with Respect to
various Temperature Range
V. DISCUSSION
The substrate were analyze for the temperature range of
150, 300, 450, 600, 750. All the readings are in (oc). that has
an adsorbents of poly-ethylenimines coated onto the fumed
silica , at very initial level discharge of co2 is 258 gram / km
and adsorbing capacity is 83 mg , 82 mg , 81 mg , 83.7 mg ,
84.7 mg .
VI. RESULT & CONCLUSION
From the Graph -5 and Table-3. It was concluded that
poly-ethylenimines had been adsorbs a maximum percentage
of carbon dioxide between temperature range of 600oc and 750
o [21]
c about 36 % that was exhausted from automotive vehicle ,
the adsorbed % value of carbon dioxide reduced the green
house effects and also protected our environment from co2
emission
REFERENCES
[1] A.B. Rao and E.S. Rubin, “A Technical, Economic, and Environmental
Assessment of Amine-Based CO2Capture Technology for Power Plant
Greenhouse Gas Control”, EnViron. Sci. Technol., Vol.36, Pp.4467–
4475, 2002.
[2] Y. Zou, G.M. Vera and E.R. Al´Irio, “Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide on
Chemically Modified High Surface Area Carbon-Based Adsorbents at
High Temperature”, Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Robertos Frias s/n,
2000.
[3] R.J. Allam, R. Bredesen and E. Drioli, “Carbon dioxide separation
technologies”, M.Aresta(ed.), Carbon Dioxide Recovery and Utilization,
Chapter 2, Pp.53-120, 2003.
[4] DOE/NETL Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage RD&D Roadmap,
National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2010
[5] H. Zhang, A. Goeppert, G.K. Surya Prakash and G. Olah, “Applicability
of linear polyethylenimine supported on nano-silica for the adsorption of
CO2 from various sources including dry air”, RSC Advances, 2015
[6] B. Metz, O. Davidson, H. de Coninck, M. Loos and L. Meyer eds.,
“IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage”,
Cambridge, UK/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005.
[7] F.L. Horn and M. Steinberg, “Control of carbon dioxide emissions from
a power plant (and use in enhanced oil recovery)”, Fuel, Vol.61,
Pp.415–22, 1982.
[8] K.M.K. Yu, I. Curcic, J. Gabriel and S.C.E. Tsang, “Recent advances in
CO2 capture and utilization”, Chem Sus Chem, Vol.1, No.11, Pp.893–
899, 2008.
ISSN 2277-5056 | © 2018 Bonfring
35
[9] J.D. Figueroa, T. Fout, S. Plasynski, H. McIlvried and R.D. Srivastava,
“Advances in CO2 capturetechnology—the US Department of Energy’s
Carbon Sequestration Program”, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control, Vol.2,
No.1, Pp.9–20, 2008.
[10] D.M. D’Alessandro, B. Smit and J.R. Long, “Carbon dioxide capture:
prospects for new materials”, Angew.Chem. Int. Ed., Vol.49, No.35,
Pp.6058–82, 2010.
[11] T.C. Drage, J.M. Blackman, C. Pevida and C.E. Snape, “Evaluation of
activated carbon adsorbents for CO2 capture in gasification”, Energy
Fuels, Vol.23, No.5, Pp.2790–96, 2009.
[12] H. Yang, Z. Xu, M. Fan, R. Gupta, R.B. Slimane, A.E. Bland and
I. Wright, “Progress in carbon dioxide separation and capture: A
review”, Journal of environmental sciences, Vol. 20, No.1, Pp.14-27,
2008.
[13] Y.F. Fan, R.P. Lively, Y. Labreche, F. Rezaei, W.J. Koros and C.W.
Jones, “Evaluation of CO2 Adsorption Dynamics of Polymer/Silica
Supported Poly(ethylenimine) Hollow Fiber Sorbents in Rapid
Temperature Swing Adsorption”, International Journal of Greenhouse
Gas Control, Pp. 61-71, 2014.
[14] A.A. Mustafa, K. Ratayakorn and W.J. Christopher, “Guanidinylated
Poly(allylamine) Supported on Mesoporous silica for CO2 Capture from
Flue Gas”, Fuel, Pp. 79-85, 2014.
[15] Y.G. Ko, H.J. Leea, H.C. Oh and U.S.Choi, “Amines Immobilized
Double-Walled Silica Nanotubes for CO2 Capture”, Journal of
Hazardous Materials, 2013.
[16] B. Dutcher, M. Fan, S. Cui, X.D. Shen, Y. Kong, A.G. Russell,
P. McCurdy and M. Giotto, “Characterization and Stability of a New,
High-Capacity Amine-Functionalized CO2 Sorbent”, International
Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Pp.51-56, 2013.
[17] R. Sanz, G. Calleja, A. Arencibia and E.S. Sanz-Pèrez, “CO2
Adsorption on Branched Polyethyleneimine-Impregnated Mesoporous
silica SBA-15”, Applied Surface Science, Vol.256, 2010.
[18] J. Wang, H. Chen, H. Zhou, X. Liu, W. Qiao, D. Long and L. Ling,
“Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Polyethylenimine-Loaded Mesoporous
Carbons”, Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol.25, Pp.124-132,
2013.
[19] W.J. Son, J.S. Choi and W.S. Ahn, “Adsorptive Removal of Carbon
Dioxide Using Polyethyleneimine-Loaded Mesoporous silica Materials”
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol.113, Pp.31-40, 2008.
[20] T.Y. Ralph, Adsorbents, Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley-
Interscience, 2003.
T. Tsuda and T. Fujiwara, “Polyethyleneimine and Macrocyclic
Polyamine Silica Gels Acting as Carbon Dioxide Absorbents”, J. Chem.
Soc., Chem. Commun, 1992.
[22] C. Lu, H. Bai, B. Wu, F. Su and J.F. Hwang, “Comparative study of
CO2 capture by carbon nanotubes, activated carbons, and zeolites”,
Energy & Fuels, Vol.22, No.5, Pp.3050-3056, 2008.
[23] R. Shao and A. Stangeland , “Amines Used in CO2 Capture - Health and
Environmental Impacts”, The Bellona Foundation. Bellona Report Oslo,
Norway, 2009.
[24] E.P. Dillon, C.A. Crouse, A.R. Barron and R.E. Smalley, “Synthesis,
Characterization, and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption of Covalently
Attached Polyethyleneimine-Functionalized Single-Wall Carbon
Nanotubes”, Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Vol.2,
No.1, Pp. 156–164, 2008.
[25] A. Goeppert, S. Meth, G.K.S. Prakash and G.A. Olah, “Nanostructured
silica as a support for regenerable high-capacity organoamine-based CO2
sorbents”, Energy Environ Sci., Vol.3, Pp.1949–1960, 2010.