Technical Qualities of NR as a

Base Material for Rubber Seismic

Bearings

Shamsul Kamaruddin, PhD

Technology & Engineering Division
Malaysian Rubber Board
International Earthquake Engineering Seminar 29 April 2017, Medan, Indonesia
 Outline

Introduction
Structural Design
Rubber Compound Requirement
Development
Material Testing

Seismic Bearing
Design and Fabrication Mechanical Testing

Summary
 Introduction
Attractive rubber properties

•Energy storage / release

•Impact resistance
•Abrasion resistance
•Corrosion resistance
•Shock absorption
•Flexibility
•Manufactured shapes & cost
•Fatigue life
 Structural Design Requirement
Base Isolation/ Seismic base isolation
/ Base isolation system

Isolated Super-
Structure structure

Isolation
System
Foundation

Soil
Isolator Unit
Isolation
Vertical Reaction Gap(Moat)

Dead Load (kN) - Structure - Compression Stiffness

Live Load (kN) - Human, Aset - Shear Compression Stiffness
 Consideration Factor
• Architectural Design (Configuration)
• High Load Rigid Structure ( Location of Rigid Body )
• Soil Feasibility (Transmissibility versus Frequency)
• Safety Factor – (Civil Engineering Consultant)
Ground transmitted vibration Value of the mass ratio = b
Frequency Factor = pd/c2
p = excitation frequency (rad/s)
d = half width of one side
c2 = velocity of shear waves in the soil
 Rubber Compound Development
Formulation of the 119-year-old pad Current rubber
` formulation
(pphr) (pphr)
Natural Rubber 100 Natural Rubber 100
Calcium Carbonate 70 Carbon Black ??
Ferric Oxide 10 Aromatic Oil ??
Sulphur 11 Zinc Oxide ?
Stearic Acid ?
6PPD ?
Antilux 654 (anti-ozonant) ?
Sulphur ?
CBS 0.1-1

Closed-up view of the rubber pad

being squeezed out at the edge
 Material Testing
Qualities of Rubber:
Rubber Properties in the Design of Seismic Bearing as follow:
Dynamic Properties

Creep

Low Temperature Crystallization Evaluation of

Rubber Compound
Fatigue

Atmospheric Ageing
 Dynamic Properties
Shear Modulus
Damping
Dynamic Stiffness
Shear to failure

50% 150% 200%

320% 354%
 Material Testing
G - (Shear Modulus) is the coefficient
of elasticity for a shearing force.

Dependence of shear modulus on strain

Shear Modulus – Temperature relations for NR amplitude of oscillation. The figures on the
Vulcanised with various amounts of sulphur. curves are the volume concentrations of
A,0; B,1.5; C, 5; D, 10; E, 20; F, 30pphr sulphur HAF carbon black
Master curve for tan 
versus frequency.
HAF carbon black
content
A,0; B,1.5; C, 5; D, 10;
E, 20; F, 30pphr sulphur
Creep - percentage of deformation after the part is loaded.
Determination of creep - after some arbitrary short time interval
such as 1 minute, 5 minutes or even on day after applying the load.

Characteristic Creep Curves Creep in Compression

Low Temperature Crystallization Fatigue Life

Dependence of fatigue life on

Dependence of hardness on time of NR maximum strain for a conventional
and polychloroprene at -80C and -280C accelerated sulphur vulcanizate of NR
 Atmospheric Ageing
Stretched 20% strain; 100pphm
ozone concentration at 40oC
( BS ISO 1431-1:2004).

Crack formation after stretched in bixial

direction for 72 hours in the ozone cabinet
with ozone concentration of 100pphm.
Seismic Bearing Design and Fabrication

Elastomeric isolators consist of multi-layered rubber

sheets (inner rubber) and reinforcing steel plates.
ABQUS SOFTWARE

Downscale Model of
Seismic Bearing

Actual Scale of Seismic Bearing

Mechanical Testing
 F= Shear force,
d =Displacement

Technical Performance
Vertical Bearing Capacity
Design Horizontal Displacement of Bearing
(%)
Design Horizontal Stiffness
Allowable turning angle
Damping Ratio of 175% horizontal
Seismic bearing for Turkey
deformation
Project
1,000kN -15,500kN
±50, ±75, ±100, ±125, ±150, ±175, ±200
subject to standard regulation
Subject to standard regulations
0.02rad
14% - 22% damping ratio
Seismic bearing for Turkey
Project
 Doshin Factory

Min Industries Factory

 Summary
 The consideration of the overall design of building is
necessary to design and evaluate the properties of rubber
use for the development of seismic bearing.
 A rubber for use in seismic bearings must possess good
mechanical properties.
 Rubber compound using natural rubber is recognised as
having best combination of mechanical properties for the
development of seismic bearing.
 Damping ratio is the most important parameter to develop
seismic bearing.
 Different amount of carbon black loading indicates
different damping performance.
Acknowledgement