- Page 1

- Page 2
 - - - -

" (Man is by nature a social and political animal and a man who is
not a member of a society is either a God or a beast.)

- -

- -
I I

(Key
— Words)
, , , ,
(City State),
(Nation State), ,
, (Good
Governance), ,
, , ,
(Accountability),
, , ,
, ।

- Page 3
১.১
Concept and Definition of Civics
ivi s
ivis ivit s
ity t t

-
-
-

ity st t N tion st t
-

(F. I. Gloud)-

" ("Civics is the study of institutions, habits, activities and

spirit by means of which a man or woman may fulfil the duties and receive benefits of
m mb rship in politi l ommunity”.
(E. M. white)-
, " ("Civics is the subject that deals with everything appertaining
to itiz nship.”
h philosophy o itiz nship”

" ("Civics is that branch of human knowledge which

deals with everything relating to a citizen—past, present and future; local, national and
human.")

- Page 4
 Webster’s International Dictionary- ,

” ivi s is th t department of political science dealing with rights and duties of

citizen.)
Encyclopaedia Britanica-

. . W bst r s Int rn tion l Di tion ry ond Edition July P g .

. s. En y lop di Brit ni ol P g
Fr dri k J m s Gould -

(Civis is the study of institutions, habits and spirits by means of

which a man or woman may fulfil the duties and receive the benefits of memberships in
political community.)

- Page 5
 .
Scope and Subject-matter of Civics

- Page 6
 -

১১

১
Necessity of Study of Civics

- Page 7
 —

১
-

১১

১ - -

- Page 8
 ১

১
Significance of the Study of Civics and Good Governance in Bangladesh

- Page 9
 -

১১

১
Concept and Definition of Good Governance

(The State exists to

Promote good life) |
-

W l r st t oll o o
(Friend, Philosopher and Guid

Good Gov rn n
Gov rn n

L nd ll Mills nd s r g dino

h Ox ord English Di tion ry-Go to o FI

H l ni

- Page 10
 . D. K u m nn oth rs

Good Gov rn n
-

- .

Good Gov rn n - .
(G. Bilney)- Good Gov rn n is th tiv m n g m nt o ountry s o i l nd
economic resources in a manner that is open, transparent, accountable and equitable) |

"
h o i l En y lop di
-
” It is bro d r on pt th n Gov rnm nt which is
specially concerned with the role of Political authorities in maintaining social order within a defined
territory and the exercise of executive power)
M orn y

" (Good governance is the relationship between civil society and the state, between
government and governed, the ruler and ruled)
ount bility L gitim y ool
r nsp r n y

১
Elements & Characteristics of Good Governance
. (G. Bilney), O ED NDP
J –
- Page 11
১ articipatory rocess

thics or moral values

ransparency

(Legitimacy

esponsibility
-

ule of aw
-

ccountibility

fficiency

(Service oriented attitude of Public administration)

- Page 12
 —

১ Independent udiciary

১১ onesty

১ bsence of ender disparity

-
১ (Decentralisation

১ ivil society

১ ublic cceptability
-

১૧ (Professionalism

১ -

১ ree edia

ree and lural society

- Page 13
১.

- -
- -

N tion t t

w l r st t

১
Relation of Civics and Good Governance with other branches of knowledge
-

- Page 14
১
Civics, Good Governance and Political Science

১
ivis ivit s ivi s ivis
ivit s Politi s Polit s Polis
Polit s - Polis -

ivi s- ivis
ivit s Politi l i n Politi s
Politi s polis

- Page 15
১.১
Civics, Good Governance and History

১ -

-
-

- Page 16
১.১১
Civics, Good Governance and Sociology

—
”
-
-

- Page 17
১.১
Civics, Good Governance and Economics

- Page 18
১১
Civics, Good Governance and Ethics

- -

” Wh t is mor lly wrong n n v r b

politically right.)

১
- Ext rn l tions -
Int rn l tions or -

- Page 19
১-১ -
Civics, Good Governance and Geography

-
G opoliti s

- -

- Page 20
১১
Civics. Good Governance and Population, Development Studies

১
- -

- Page 21
১১
Civics, Good Governance and Human Rights, Gender Studies
-

-
-

G nd r s x
—

- Page 22
 ১

- - - - -

- -

১১
Civics, Good Governance & Information and Communication Technology

- Page 23
১

- Page 24
 . (MCQ)
(√

.
.
. √

. Civics √
. ivis
, Civies
. Civitas
ivi s
.
.
√
.
8 I Civis Civitas ?
√
.

.
–
.
.
√

- Page 25
.
.
√

.
.
√

?
√

”–
.
. .
.
. . . √

.
√

.
.
.
. . . √

.
.
-

- Page 26
 √

.
.
.
√
–
.
√
.
.

. . .
. . .
. √

.
.
. √
.
Polit s Polis
.

.
√
Polit s & Polis' -

- Page 27
. √
.
.
.
- ?
.
. √
.

—
-
. √
.
.
.

–
.
. √
. . .
. . .

—
.
√

.
.
√

- Page 28
 —

.
√

.
.
.
√
–

. √

.
√

.
.
. √

- Page 29
.
.
.
√

.
.
.
√

.
√
–
.

. √
.

.
.
.
√

- Page 30
 √
.
.

.
√
.

.
√

√
.
.
.

- Page 31
.
.
.
√

—
.
.
. √

-
.
.
.
√
–
.

√
–
.
.
√

- Page 32
 √
.
.
.
-
.
.
. √
. . .
-
. √
.

.
.
√
.
– -
√
.
.
.
—

. √
.
.

- Page 33
 .
√
.
.

.
.
. √

-
.
.
. √
.

— - -
.
.
√

i.
ii
iii.
iv.

- Page 34
 . i √
.. ii
. iii
. iv

i
ii.
iii.

. I ii √
. Iii
. ii iii
.
–
i.
ii
iii.

. i
. ii √
. iii
. i. i iii
ivi s —
i. ivis
ii. Civitas
iii. CivicS

. iii ,
, i ii √
. i iii
. i. i iii

- Page 35
i
ii.
iii.

. i ii
. Ii
. i iii √
. i ii iii
—
i
ii.
iii.

. i ii
. ii iii
. i iii
. i ii iii √

i
ii.
iii.

. i iii
. ii iii
. I ii √
. i, ii iii

i.
ii.
iii.

- Page 36
 . ii iii
. ii
. Iii √
. i ii

i.
ii.
iii.

. I √
. ii
. ii iii
. i ii iii

i.
ii.
iii

. i ii
. ii iii
. Iii √
. i ii iii

i.
ii.
iii.

- Page 37
 . i
. ii
. Iii √
. I iii

i.
ii.
iii.

. i
.ii √
. iii
. i iii
—
i.
ii
iii.

. i
.. I iii
. ii iii
. iii √
—
i.
ii
iii.

. i ii
. i iii
. ii √
. ii iii

- Page 38
 — i
ii.
ii.i
?
. i
. i iii
.i ii
.i, ii iii √

i.
ii.
iii.
?
. i
. i iii
. i ii √
.i ii iii

—
.
.
√
.
—
.
.

- Page 39
 .
√

—
.
.
√
.
—
. √
.
.

-
.
. . .
√
.

- Page 40
. .
. .
.
. ”—

—
. ૨
.
.

.
. ivi s
.

- Page 41
.
.
.

. . . -

. . . -
.
.

-
-

.
.
.
-

- Page 42
. —
.

ivi s
ivis ivit s

. . -
. . -
webster's International Dictionary
Encyclopaedia Britanica

- Page 43
 –

. .

G. Biln y

M orn y

- . .

- Page 44
 ?

- -

–
—

- Page 45
 — . .

—
-

— -

—
—

”— -

– -

- Page 46
 Gov rn n

Good Gov rn n

(concept)
(Good Governance)

M orn y

ount bility L gilim y r nsp r n y

(rule o l w
(Good Governance)

-
(Key words):
, ,
, , ,
, , - ,
(Rule of Law), offs corruption),
, ,
(military intervention)
, ,
,

১
Problems of Good Governance
w l r st t

- Page 47
–
১

Lack of Political tability and violence

(Lack of ccountability of the ovt

bsence or ule of aw
. .

(Mismanagement of Govt

- Page 48
 ailure to ontrol orruption

N -

Lack of olitical ommitment

১ ack of Democratic
culture in the olitical arty
-
-

১১ (Military intervention in olitics

-

১ apotism
- - -

১ (Absence of Independence of judiciary) :

১ (Lack of People's articipation

১ Disrunctional arliament

- Page 49
 -

–
- - -
-

১ (Poverty

১ (weakness of local overnment

১ bsence of eoples awareness

১ (Absence of Balance of Power

(Absence of Free eutral lection

commission

১ bsence of reedom or ress

ack of ommunal armony

- Page 50
Measures to remove the problems of good governance

-
-

- -

- Page 51
 -

১
- -

১১

১
-

১
-

১
- —
১

১
-

- Page 52
 .

-
১

১১

-
১

- Page 53
১

১
- -

১ -

১ -

- Page 54
 Role of Citigens in order to establish good Governance

১
-

(Unconditional allegiance to the tate

bedience to aw

selection of honest and qualified leadership

egular ayment of axes

ublic service

o ducate the children

articipation in Development ctivities

- Page 55
 rotect ublic roperty Publi
Prop rty

১ (to help law and order and Dicipline

- -
১১ ecome conscious and lert

১ o abide by constitution

১ agerness of ood governance

-

১ selection of iberal rogressive olitical arty

Importance of Good Governance in Social, Political and Economic Sphere

১
-

- Page 56
 -
-

- Page 57
 (McQ)
(√

–
.
.
.
. √
—
. √
.
.
.
-
.
.
√
.
—
.
. √
.
.

.
. √

- Page 58
.
.
. √

.
√
.
.

.
.
. .
-

- Page 59
 Values, Law, Liberty and Equality

on pt

- - -
-

(key words)
(values), (social
values), (Democratic
values), , ,
, (Rule of Law),
, (Good
Governance) , ,
(Criminal Law), ,
(Liberty), ,

- Page 60
 -১
Values
on ption nd D inition
-
-

.
tu rt . Dodd

H.D. st in -

M . . willi m -
- - -

lyd Kluokhon -

Ni hol s s h r -

”
-

(Social value embraces arrange of qualities for a place such as spiritual, traditional, economic,
political or national qualities which are valued by the majority or minority group of the place.)
F.E. M ri
(A social value may be
defined as a pattern of belief whose maintenance is considered important to group welfare.)
-

Characteristics of Values

. -
- - -

- Page 61
 -

Bases or Elements of Values

- - -

-
-

- Page 62
 . . . . Di y
-

-
Classification of Values
-

১ social values
- . .

-
- -

- Page 63
 olitical values
-

kk
kBBB BB B
Democratic values
-

-
-

(Religious values) -

-
-
(Cultural values) :
-
- -

-
oral values -

conomic values
- - -
-

- Page 64
 spiritual values

spiritu l Pow r
odern values

-
Values and good Government

১ -
-

- Page 65
Democratic Values
concept -
-

-
-
-

- -
-

--

-
-
-

- -

-
- Page 66
 -

- -
Importance of Democratic Values

১
--

- Page 67
Good Governance and Democratic value

-
l

Conception and Definition of Law

- -
L w w L g
L w
- -

-
- - -

” (Law is the passionl ss r son

- Page 68
 ” ”

hom s Hobb s -
”
Pro . Hol nd -
" (A Law is a general rule of
external action orced by the sovereign political authority.)
John ustin
(Law - the command of the political superior i.e. sovereign to the political inferior.)
vigny
” Histori l hool

Pro . lmond -

Pro . G tt -
" (Only those rules which the state creates or which as
recognises, enforces become law.)

(Woodrow Wilson) -
”
(Law is that portion of the established thought and habit which has gained distinct and formal
recognition in the shape of uniform rules backed by the authority and power of the government.)

১
Sources of Law

- Page 69
 ১ ustom -
-
-

eligion
-
-

favors udicial Dicision or djudication

Judg -M d l w

cientific Discussion

- -

quity

egislature

ublic opinion

dministrative declaration

- Page 70
 onstitution

১১
Classification of Law

Muni ip l L w Int rn tion l L w

Publi L w Priv t L w
onstitution l L w
dministr tiv L w ) (Criminal Law) |

unicipal aw

International aw

- Page 71
 onstitutional aw

-
dministrative aw

riminal aw -

.
Reasons for Obeying Law
-
”
”

. .

Lord
Bry –

-১
Morality
Mor lity” Mor lity Mor lit s

virtu is knowl dg -
knowl dg
ignor n m s
m s Mor ls Mor lity
(Jonathan Haidt) –

- Page 72
 Cambridge International Dictionary of English- -

Collins English Dictionary- Mor lity is concerned

with on negating to human behaviour, esp. the distinction between good and bad and right and
wrong b h viour.”
-

- -
-

L w do s not nd n not ov r ll grounds o mor lity

- - -

-১
Law and Morality

- -

- Page 73
 - - -
-

- Page 74
 ১
Definition of Liberty
Lib rty Lib rty Lib r
r

John tu rt Mill Ess y on Lib rty

” ”
H rb rt p n r
" (Every man is free to do whatever he
wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man.)
H. Gr n
” Fr dom onsistsin positive power or capacity of doing or
enjoying something worth-doing or worth enjoying)
h lly (Liberty is the
opposite of over government.)
Pro . H. J. L ski -
-
" (By liberty I mean the absence of restraints upon the existence of
those social conditions which in modern civilization are the necessary guarantees of individual
happiness.)
-
” By lib rty I m n th
g r m int n n o th t tmosph r in whi h m n h v opportunity to b th ir b st s lv s.

-১
Forms of Liberty

- Page 75
 ১ Individual or ivil iberty -

- -

(Natural iberty

-
oo M n is born r but v rywh r h is in
h in.

(Legal liberty

social iberty -
-

olitical iberty .
so o o oo o tos o Politi l lib rty m ns th pow r to b bl in th irs o st t .

conomic iberty

”
”
-

ational liberty

- Page 76
 ১
Safeguards of Liberty

১ aw

(Fundamental rights in the Constitution) ;

esponsible overnment

(Direct Democratic method) -

ule of aw
- -

. .

separation of ower

- Page 77
 Independence of udiciary

(Decentralisation of ower

”
(social ustice

১ quality

১১ (Organised party System) :

১ onstitutional overnment

১ roper understanding between the ovt and the eople

১ (Exploitation free Social structure)

১ vigilant ublic opinion

-
” Et rn l
vigilance is the price of liberty and the secret of liberty is courage.)

- Page 78
 ”

-১
Relation between Law and Liberty

(Liberty and law do not quarrel.)

. .
” h mor th r is o th on th l ss th r is o th oth r.
”

- ”

- Page 79
 -১
Definition and Meaning of Equality

-
qu lity o opportuniti s - - - -

Pro . L ski -
- ” Equ lity ...... m ns irst o ll
the absence of special privilege ...... Equality means, an the second place, that adequate
opportuniti s r l id op n to ll
- -
- - -
B rk r - -
”
- - -
-

Different Forms or Classification of Equality

১ (Natural Equality)

- Page 80
 social quality - -

-
olitical quality
- - - -

conomic quality
- - - -

”
egal quality
—

Individual quality

- ১
Importance of Equality in Liberty

ol
” Politi l lib rty in th bs n o onomi qu lity is held to be a
mere myth.)
. H. wn y -
Pro . Poll rd

- Page 81
 ” h r is only on
solution of problem of liberty. It lies in equality.)

- Page 82
 . (MCQ)
(√
L w. —
.
.
.
. √
L w
. Low
. Lego
. Lag √
. Log
— ?
.
√
.

-
.
.
. √
.

.
. √
-
-
.
√

√
.
.
.
-

- Page 83
.
. √

-
.
.
.
√

-
.
. . .
√
.

- -
. . .
.

√
-

√
.

—
√
.
.
. . .
—
√

.
.
—
.
.
. √
.

- Page 84
 -
.
. √
.
.
–
√
.
.

Lib rty
√
.

—
. √
.
.
.

.
√

.
.
√

- –

√
.

- Page 85
 —
. √
.
.
.
-
-
.
.

.
.
. √
.

. √

. √

.
√
.

.
.
√
.

- Page 86
.
√
.
.
?
.

.
√

.
.
.
√

.
.
.
. √

.
√

.
?
.

?
.
.
.
√
—
.

√
.

- Page 87
 —
i
ii.
iii

. i iii
. ii iii
. i ii √
. Iii
—
i.
ii.
iii.

. i
. i ii
. ii iii
. i ii iii √
—
i
ii.
iii.
?
. i
. ii
. iii √
. ii iii
- —
i
ii.
iii.

. i
. i ii
. ii iii
. i ii iii √
—
i
ii.
iii.

- Page 88
 . iii
. i iii
. ii iii
*I. iii
. i, ii √

i
ii.
iii,

. i
. ii √
. iii
. i, ii iii

i
ii.
iii.

. i √
. ii
. iii
. i, ii iii
–
i
ii.
iii.

. i ii √
. i iii
. ii iii
. i, ii iii

- Page 89
 —
i
ii.
iii.

. i
. ii √
. iii
. Ii iii
—
i.
ii.
iii, -
-
. i
. ii
. i ii √
. iii

i.
ii.
iii.
?
. i
. iii
. Iii
. I iii

- Page 90
.
”—

.
. ?
.
?

- -

?
. ?
. –

- - - -

.
.
.
–

- Page 91
 -

. ?
.

- -
. ?
. .

-
?
-

?
L g -

. .

.
.
Lib rty

Lib rty

- Page 92
.

- Page 93
 —
—
—
—
”—

—
—

–
-
—

-
–

- Page 94
 -
E-Governance & Good Governance

-
- -
-
-

- > (Key Words)

- , - , , - ,
- , . . . ,
- ,
- (transparency),
- ।

১ - -
Concept of E-Governance
- - El troni
Gov rn n -

- -
-
-

int r tion - -

- - - -
-

- -

- Page 95
 world B nk -

" (e-Governance refers to the use by Governmentagencies of

information technologies (such as networking internet, mobile etc.) that have the ability to transform
relations with citizens, businesses and other arms of government.)
N
- ” (e-Governance is
defined as the employment of the internet and the worldwide web for delivering government
information and service to the citizens.)
- - ’- -
- " (The use by the government of web-based internet
application and other information technologies.)

" (Governance refers to the exercise

of political, economic and administrative authority in the management of a country's affairs, including
citizens articulation of their interests and energies of their legal rights and obligations. e-Governnace
may be understood as the performance of this governance via the electronic medium in order to
facititate an efficient, speedy and transparent process of disseminating information to the public and
other agencies and for performing government administration activities.)
. . .

- ” tr nsp r nt sm rt -Governance with

seamless access, secure and authentic flow of information crossing the interdepeartmental barrier and
providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen)

- -

- -

- Page 96
 - -
- - -

- -
Aims & Objectives of E. Governance
- -
. - -
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
. - -
.

- Page 97
 - -
Characteristics of E-Governance
-
১ - El troni Gov rnm nt

- -
- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

১১ - -

- -
Advantage of Good Governance and E-Governance
- - -

১ - -

: -

- Page 98
 -
- -

- -

: - -

- -

- -

-
১ -
-

১১ - - - -
-

- Page 99
 ১ - -

১ -

১ -
-
-
১ -

- -
- - :
. - -

.
.
. - -

. -
.
. -
. -
. - -
.
. -

. -

. -

- Page 100
 .

. -

. -

- -
-
. - -

.
.
.

- -

. - —

. - -

. - -

. - -
.

. -
-

.
. -
.
.
.
- Page 101
.
. I -
. -

- Page 102
 (MCO)
(√

. Governor
. Government
. Governance √
. Governing

. Good Government
. Good Governor
. Good Gang
. Good Governance √
- —
.

.
√
-
√
.

. -

.
. -
. √
.
?
. √

- —
i.
ii.
iii

. i
. ii √
- Page 103
 . I ii
. iii
- –
i
ii.
iii.

. i
. Ii
. Iii
. I ii iii √

. -

.
. -

. .M. -

. —
. - - —

- -
-

- Page 104
. - - ?
.
. -
. - - -

- -

- -
. - ?
.

-
. .-

. . . . ?
. ?
.

- -
- -

-
M -
oM -

- Page 105
-
-
?

- - –

- —

- - —
- —

- - –
—

- Page 106
 RIGHTS AND DUTIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS

M n r born nd lw ys ontinu r nd qu l in r sp t to th ir
rights
–

ey Words
ight
(Legal rights
ivil rights
(Political rights),

Duti s
(Allegiance to the state)
(Human Rights)
(Fundamental rights)

১
Definition and Meaning of Right
-

- Page 107
 -

”
L . Hobhous -
”(Genuine rights are conditions of social welfare)
Pro . Holl nd -
ights r on m n s p ity o
influencing the acts of another by means of the opinion and force of the society).
Pro . E rn st B rk r -
- " (Rights are
those necessaryconditions of the greatest possible development of the capacities of all individuals,
which are secured and guaranteed by the State) |
Pro . L ski
" (Rights are those conditions of social life
without which no man can seek, in general, to be himself at his best.)
(TH. Green)
" (Rights are the outer conditions essential for man's inner development.)
Bos nqu t -
I" (A right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by the state.)
-

I” Ev ry st t is known by th rightsit
maintains) l

Characteristics of Right

univ rs l
-

- Page 108
Classification of Rights
-
১ oral ights

- -

Di tion ry o so i l s i n
" (Moral rights which are dependent
on the ethical feelings of man and they are not guaranteed by any legal authority.)

egal ights

- (Civil
Rights), E onomi ights ) (Political Rights)
(Cultural Rights), (Religions Rights) (Personal
Rights).

ivil ights

১ ight to life

ight to liberty

ight to thought and speech

- (Right to association and Meeting):

- -

- (Right to movement):

- Page 109
 reedom to ress

(Right to contract

(Right to equality before the eye of law) ; - - -

-
ight to roperty

১ ight to eligion

১১ ight to organise family

১ . ight to economic and social justice

১ ight to education

১ (Right to fame)

conomic ights

১ ight to work

(Right to reasonable wages

ight to est
-

(Right to form trade union):

(Right to economic security in old and incapable

condition) :

- Page 110
 olitical ights

১ ight to residence

(Right to election) ; - - - - -

(Right to Petition -

ight to hold ublic office - - -

(Right to Protection in abroad)

ight to criticise owerment

cultural ights

(Religious ights
-

ersonal ights
-

- Page 111
Safeguard of Rights

১ aw

Democracy

(Declaration of Fundamental Rights):

ule of aw

(Independence of fudiciary):

(Eternal vigitance of the People)

Rights to Information of Citizen

ight to in orm tin or itiz n

”
- -
-

Ordinance on Freedom of writing and of the Press'

- Page 112
 -
-

-
-

- Page 113
 -
.

.
–
-
-
-

-
.

.
.

- Page 114
 IW Int ll tu l
Prop rty ight

- Page 115
 -
-
-

- Page 116
 -

- -
-

- Page 117
 Glob liz tion

-
Glob l vill g

ul o L w
H b us orpus

- Page 118
 -

Duties of Citizens : Conception and its Importance

" (Duty is one kind of special work which we

should observe.) . . rw l -
” duty is n oblig tion to m mb r o o i ty or
State.)
Pro . H rold J. L ski -
”

” Pro . Hobhous

- Page 119
 (If I
have the right to walk also the street without being Pashed off the Pavement, yeur duty is to give
me reasonable room.)

-১
Classification of Duties
- . .

১ social Duties
-

(Political Duties
—

conomic Duties

oral Duty
- -

egal Duty

- Page 120
 -১১
Duties of Citizens

১ (Allegiance to the state

bedience to aw

ight to onest ranchise

foston (Selection of honest and qualified leadership):

egular ayment of axes

ublic service

o ducate the hildren

other Duties

- Page 121
 Duty towards amily
- - - -

(Duty towards Society)

(Duty towards International Affairs) ;

১
Relation Between Rights and Duties

”
–
১

(Rights imply
duti s

- Page 122
 -১
Human Rights
(Rousseau)
M n is born r

- - -
-

oot t
NO - -
Pro . pp dori -

. . .P. Huntington -
” h human right are inherent, producing equal opportunity
makes the humanity a perfect one that never feels dissatisfied at their achievement.)
- - - -

" (Men are born and always continue free and

equal in respect to their rights.)

১
Relation between Fundamental Rights and Human Rights

- - - -

.
.

- Page 123
 .

.
.

.
.

-১
Human Rights

. -
-
- -
. -
.
-
.
-
. -
. -
.
-
. -
.
-

- Page 124
.
-
.
-
.
- -
.
-
. -

.
- -
.
-
.
-
. -
.
-
.

.
-
. -
.

-
.
-
.
-
-
.
-
.
-

- Page 125
 .
-
.

-
.
-

-১

- -

- Page 126
 (MCQ)
(√

. √
. . .
.
—
. . . √
.
.
.
-

. √
. . .
.

√
.
.
.

.
.

- Page 127
 √
.
.
.

.
√
.

√
.
.
.
—
.
.
.
. √
—
√
.
.
.

.
√
.
.

.
.

- Page 128
 √
.
–

.
.
. . .
√

√
.
.
.

√
.

.
. √

-
.
.
√

.
.
. √

- Page 129
.

.
.
√
—
. -
. - -

.
.
. √
.

. √
.
.
.

√
-
. √
.

- Page 130
 .

.
.
. √

—
√
-
.

√
.

—
i.
ii.
iii

. i
. ii
. i ii √
. iii

i
ii.
iii.

- Page 131
 . i
. ii
. i ji √
. i iii
-
i
ii.
iii.

. i
. Ii
. i, ii iii
. iii √
— i
ii.
iii.

. i
. ii
. iii
. i, ii iii √

i
ii.
iii.

. i
. Ii √
. i ii
. iii

- Page 132
i
ii
iii

. i
. i iii
. i ii √
. i, ii iii

i
ii.
iii.

i ji √
. ii iii
. i iii
. iii

–
i
ii.
iii.
-
. i
. ii √
. iii
. i, iii

- Page 133
 —
i
ii
iii.

. i
. ii
. iii
. i, ii iii √

√
.
.

?
.

. √

১
-

- Page 134
. —

.
.
.

.
.
.

. ”—

- Page 135
.
?

.
.
.
. —

.
.
. -

. -
—

. .

- Page 136
 ?

–
—

- Page 137
 —

–
—

–
–
–

- Page 138
 POLITICAL PARTY, LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE

– (Key Words):
, ,
, ,
- (BiParty system),
(Multi-Party system),
, (Good
Governance), (Leadership),
,
(Charismatic leadership), . . .।

১
Political Party : Conception and Definition

- Page 139
 Jos ph . hump t r -

” p rty is group whos m mb rs propos to t in on rt in th omp titiv struggl

or politi l pow r”.
Edmund Burk
(Party is a body of
men, united for the purpose of promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest upon some
particular principle on which they are all agreed.)
E rn st B rk r

” p rty is p rti ul r body o opinion

which is nonetheless concerned with the general national interest and which forms and presents to
the choice of the electorate, a programme of general national scope and width.)
(Gette)-

”
(Disraeli)-
(A party is a group o m n b nd d tog th r to pursu rt in prin ipl s. - -
” p rty is ommunity
with a particular structure.)
-
" (Political Party is an association organisad in
support of some Principle of Policy which by constitutional means it endeavous to make the
determinant of government.)

Characteristics of Political Parties

–
১ -

- -
-

- Page 140
 -
-

Political Party and Faction

F tion (Clique)

Role and Importance of Political Parties in Democracy

১
-

- Page 141
 ”
-
-

Int r st group
ssioso
(Interest articulation)

Functions of Political Parties in Democracy.

- -

- Page 142
 -

-
-

১১

১ - -

- Page 143
Different Forms of Political Party
-
On -P rty yst m so oso Bi-P rty yst m or o osot Multi-P rty syst m

১ (one-Party system

- (Merits & Demerits of One Party)

erits
১

- Page 144
 - - -

(Demerits):
১

- (Bi-Party System or Two-Party System):

(Conservative Party) L bour P rty

- - (Merits and Demerits of Bi-Party System)

erits - –
১ - -

- -
- -

- Page 145
 -

Pro . H. J. L ski -

১ -

১১

Demerits - –
১

bin t di t torship

- Page 146
 ulti- arty system

o lition Gov rnm nt

- (Merits & Demerits of Multi-party System)

erits
১
- - -

১ -
-

Demerits
১

- Page 147
 - -

lr d Gr zi r -

” ll n B li
" (A Pressure group can be defined as a group
whose members hold share attitude.)

Features or Characteristics of Pressure Group

- Page 148
 ১

ivil o i ty

- Page 149
 ১

-১১
Leadership & Conception and Definition
l d rship l d r. L d rship
l d L d
l d r

H. O. Dun -
”
. W. Gouldn r -
”

- Page 150
 Kimb l oung -
” L d rship is but on orm o
dominance, in which the followers more or less willingly accept direction and control by another.)
. I B rn rd -
- ”
(Leadership refers to the quality of the behaviour of the individuals whereby they guide people or
their activities in organized effort.)

-১
Classification of Leadership

১ -

. .

- -

- Page 151
 ot lit ri n

- -
-

-১
Essential Qualities of Leadership
- -
”
”
- -
১

- Page 152
 –

- - - -

১১

১
-
১

- Page 153
 ১

—
- -

১ -
. . (N.G.O) Non-Gov rnm nt l Org nis tion
. . . .
. . .-
. . .
. . .

. . .-
. . .-

. . .-
-
. . .-

G.O. N.G.O.

- Page 154
 (MCQ)
(√ -

–
. .

. √

. √
.
.

√
.

.
. √

.
. √
.

- Page 155
.
.
√
.
–
.
- √

√
.
.
.

.
.

.
. √
.
.

.
. √
.
.

.
.

- Page 156
 √
.

.
. √
.

√
-

√
.
.
.

.
.
.
√

.
.
√

- Page 157
.
√
.
.

.
.
. √

.
.
√
.
—

.
. √
.

.
√

- Page 158
.
.
. √
. . .
–
.
√
.

.
√
.
.

√
.
.
.

.
.
.
√

.
.
. √
.

. √

- Page 159
.
.
”
. √
.
.

—
.
√
.
.

.
.
. √
.

.
.
. √
.
-
.
. √
.
.

.
. √
.
.

- Page 160
 √

.
.
-
.
√
.

-
.
√
.

—
.

√
-

√
.
.
.
- . . . . —
√

- Page 161
 .

–
√

—
√

.
. √

.
.
√
.

.
.
.
. √

- Page 162
 .
.
√
.

—
i.
ii.
iii.

i √
. ii
. i ii
. i. ii iii

i
ii
iii.

. i
. Ii
. i ii √
. i, ii iii
–
i.
ii.
iii.

. i iii
. і іі √
. ii iii

- Page 163
 . i, ii iii
—
i
ii.
iii.

. i, ii iii √
. ii
. iii
. i
-
i
ii.
iii.
?
. i
. ii
, ii iii √
. 1, ii iii
—
i
ii,
iii

. i
. ii
. i іі
. i, ii iii

i
ii.
iii. -

- Page 164
 . i
. ii
. i, ii iii
. i ii √
-
i
ii.
iii.
?
. i
. ii
. iii
. i, ii iii √
—
i
ii.
iii.
. i
. ii
. ii iii
. i, ii iii √

.
√

—
i

- Page 165
ii.
iii.

. i
. ii
. i ii
. i iii √

.
.
.

.
. ?

- -

- Page 166
.
. -
.
. —

.
-
. –

.
.
-

- Page 167
.

-
-

.
.
.

. -

. .
-

.
. .
.

.
.

- Page 168
 .
. --
১

.
.

. .

- Page 169
-

- Page 170
 -
-

–
–

—
–
—
–
—
–

–
—

- Page 171
 —

—
—

- Page 172
 STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT

— (Key Words):
Gov rnm nt
D mo r y publi
onstitution l
Mon r hy
P rli m nt ry Govt.
(Presid nti l Govt.
(Faderation), (Unitary
Govt.) (Legislature)
(Executive),
(Judiciary),
(Theory of
Separation of Povers and checks and
Balances) |

১
Government
- -
. Gov rnm nt
is a spokesman to the st t o o rgo ssioso

Classification of Government

- Page 173
 –
—

onstitution l Mon r hy publi

-
P rli m nt ry or bin t Gov rnm nt
Pr sid nti l Gov rnm nt

(Federal Gov rnm nt nit ry Gov rnm nt o

- Page 174
Democracy
Definition and eaning
D mo r y oil Demos Kr tos
Kr ti D mos Kr tos Kr ti

H rodotus

”
ir John ly
" (Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.)
- " (Democracy is a system of
government by discussion.)
Pro . Di y
" (Democracy is a form of government in which the
governing body is a comparatively large fraction of the entire population.)
. F. trong
" (Democracy implies that government which shall reston active consent of the
governed.)

- Page 175
 br h m Lin oln
”
(Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.)
Pro . M lv r -

” D mo r y is not w y o gov rning wh th r by w y o m jority or

otherwise, but primarily a way of determining who shall govern and broadly, to what ends.)

- -

Characteristics of Democracy

- - -

Types of Democracy
- Dir t D mo r y
(Indirector Representative Democracy)

- Page 176
 -

Methods of Direct Democracy in Indirect Democracy

১ eferendum

Initiative

ecali

lebiscite

Merits of Democracy
–
১

- Page 177
 - - -

১ -

১১

১
—

১ -

১ -
” -

- Page 178
 ১

Demerits of Democracy

১ - -
-

-
-
-

h ult o
In omp t n
”

- Page 179
 -

১
-

১১

Conditions for the Success of Democracy

১
, "universal education must precede universal suffrage"
”

- - -
-

- -

- Page 180
 -

১ -

১১

১ :

১ -
-

- Page 181
 ১

১
-

John tu rt Mill
.
.
.

১
The Republic

১১
Dictatorship

- Page 182
 N wm n

(By dictatorship we understand the rule of a person or group of persons who arrogate to
themselves and monopolise power in the state, exercising it without restraint). A Dictionary of
Politi l hought og r s ruton

' (Dictatorship is a system of government in

which one person, office, faction or party is mpow r d to di t t ll politi l tion nd omp l
ob di n rom ll oth r itiz ns-

”–
১
Characteristics of Dictatorship
–
১
-

" (All within th st t non

outsid th st t non g inst th st t .

- Page 183
 ” W r is to m n wh t m t rnity is to wom n.

” Et rn l nd immut bl l w o li .

১১
–

১
”

১
Merits of Dictatorship

১ - -

১
Demerits of Dictatorship

- Page 184
১

-
” Pow r orrupts m n nd bsolut
pow r orrupts bsolut ly. Pow r
h s th h bit o orrupting v n th nobl st o thos who x r is it. F F
”

১
Comparative Study between Democracy and Dictatorship

- Page 185
 ”

১১
- -

”
১

- Page 186
 ১
Parliamentary or Cabinet Form of Government and Presidential Form of Government

১
Parliamentary or Cabinet Form of Government

. . v. Di y -

Pro . Gr v s -
”(In
Parliamentary system, the government is the master of country and Prime Minister is the master of
the gov rnm nt.

sponsibl Gov rnm nt

- Page 187
 ১
Characteristics of Parliamentary Form of Government

.১
Merits of Cabinet Form of Government
১

- Page 188
 "

Demerits of Cabinet Form of Government

১ -

১
Presidential Form of Government

– . Pro . J.W.
G rn r
" (Presidential form of
government is a government in which the executive is independent of the legislature as regards its
tenure and to a large extent as regards its policy and acts)

- Page 189
 Pro . F. . l y -
” h Pr sid nti l
form of government is basically based on the will of the President elected by the people directly or
indirectly in ademocracy.) |
.N. Gil hrist
”

Characteristics of Presidential Form of Government

.
Merits of Presidential Form of Government

- Page 190
 -

Demerits of Presidential Form of Government

–
১

- Page 191
Comparative Discussion of the Cabinet and Presidential Form of Government

- Page 192
১

১১

Unitary Form of Government

Pro . Di y -
" (Unitarism is the habitual exercise of supreme legislative
authority by one central power.)
Pro . G tt -
” nit ry gov rnm nt is
system in which the constitution of the state delegates all government powers to the national
government.)

- Page 193
Characteristics of Unitary Form of Government
.
১

Merits of Unitary Form of Government

- Page 194
 -

Demerits of Unitary Form of Government

Federal Form of Government

F d r tion
Fo dus

- Page 195
 Pro . H. Fin r

”
Pro . Di y
” (A federal state is a political contrivance intended to
reconcile national unity and power with the maintenance of states rights.)
Pro . K. . Wh r

” By th deral principle, I mean the method of dividing powers so that the general
(central) and regional governments are each within a sphere, coordinate and independent.)

- ১
Methods of Formation of Federal Government

.
-

Characteristics of Federal Form of Government

- Page 196
 -

(They must desire union but must not unity)

- -
১

১১

Conditions for the Success of Federal Government

- Page 197
১
- ntrip t l t nd n y
(Centrifugal tendency)

১১ -
-
১

- Page 198
১

.
Merits of Federal Government

১
-

ঝ ঝ

- Page 199
১১

Demerits of Federal Government

১

Comparative study between Unitary and Federal Government

–
১

- Page 200
 -

১১

Monarchy

- Page 201
 bsolut or unlimit d Mon r hy

or o o ssi Limit d or onstitution l Mon r hy

Characteristics of Monarchy

- Page 202
Merits of Monarchy

-
Demerits of Monarchy

Socialist Government

- Page 203
Origin and Development of Socialism

Do trin o L iss z- ir

Features of Socialist Government

১
-

Merits of Socialist Government

- Page 204
 -
-

- -

Demerits of Socialist Government

- Page 205
 -

Military Government

hi M rti l L w dministr tor ML

(Totalitarian Military Government)

Merits of Military Government

- Page 206
 - -

Demerits of Military Government

Theocracy
- -

- Page 207
 -

Characteristics of Theological Government

১ - -
-

- -
-

১
-

- -
-
-
-

- -

- Page 208
 -

১
Characteristics of a Best Government

-
১

- Page 209
১
১১

Hindrances to the Best Government in Bangladesh

-
-

Measures to Remove Hindrances for the Best Government in Bangladesh

- Page 210
 -

.
Different Organs of Government : Legislature, Executive and Judiciary

ul m king un tions
ul
ppli tion Fun tions (Rul
djudi tion . .
.

- Page 211
The Legislature

Organisation of the Legislature

- Page 212
Unicameral Legislature

Arguments in Favour of Unicameral Legislaturee

” If the second chamber agrees with the first, it is

superfluous, if it disagrees, it is pernicious.)

” h singl hamber and magnificient legislative

assembly seems best to answer the needs of the modern state.)

Arguments Against Unicameral Legislature

- Page 213
 -

. - -

Bi-cameral Legislature

-
” Bi-cameral
legislature is , that which has two house. The first one is known as the lower house and the
second one as the upper house.)

-
.
.
.
.

Arguments in Favour of Bi-cameralism

- Page 214
১

”
- -

.
। ,―
|"
. ।
।
.
- ,
।
. , ,
।
১ . ।

Arguments Against Bi-cameral Legislature

, , , ,

১.
,― ,
‖ (If the second chamber agrees with the first, it is superfluous; if
disagrees, it is pernicious.)
.
, ― ,
‖

- Page 215
 . :

. :

.
,―
‖
. :

।
-
Organisation of Legislature in Unitary and Federal System

। । ,
। ,
।
।
। ,
।
।
.
Organisation of Legislature in Parliamentary and Presidential of Govt. System

, ,
,

- Page 216
 ,
, ।
. ১
Organisation of Legislature in Socialist System
,
, , ,

,
, ।

Nature of Legislature in Dictatorship and Military Government

, ,
|
।
।
।
।
।
।
। ।
.
Powers and Functions of the Legislature

- Page 217
১. ।
,

‘
, ।
. ।
।
।
, , ।
. ।
।
, ।
.
। ।
, ,
।
. ।
।

।
.
।
১ . ,
। । ।
১১.
।

- Page 218
 .
The Executive

।
; ( ) (Political
Executive)
( ) - (Non-Political Executive)।

, - ।

।
. ,
,
(reigns but does not govern)।
।
.

, , ,

- Page 219
 .
-

,
।
.

।
,
।
।
.
, ।
,
‘ (Plural executive) ,

. ,

,
― ”

।
, ।
.
Powers and Functions of the Executive

- Page 220
১. -
, , , , ;
, ।
.
। ,
।
। (Department
of External Affairs)
.
।
(Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces)
, - ।
।
.
। ,
।

. ।
।
। ,
।
(ordinace) ।
।

. ।
, ।
. , , , ,
, , ।
.
The Judiciary
।
(Sidgwick) , "
।

- Page 221
 ,
―
‖
, , ,
। ।

।
। ,―
।‖
-
। , "
" (In
determining a nation's rank in political civilisation, no test is more decisive than the degree in
which justice, as defined by law, is actually realised in its judicial administration.)
.
Organisation of the Judiciary

,
-
১. ; ( ) ( )

‘
― - ‖ , ―
― "
।
.
― ‖-

- Page 222
 " ‖

”
” ।
।
।
।
.
Methods of Appointment of Judges
; ( )
,( ) ( )

১.

, ―
" (of all methods of appointment, that of election by the people at large,
is without exception the worst.)
.

।
.
,

।
.
Functions of the Judiciary

১.

- Page 223
 . ।
-
।
. ,
,
।
। '
(Judge-made laws) |
.

,
― , " (we are under a
constitution, but the constitution is what the judges say it is.)
.

।
.
।
. ,
,
।
. ১
Separation of Judiciary from the Executive

।
, , ,
,

- Page 224
 . ।
.
।

. ।

. ।

. ।
। ।
।
.
Independence of the Judiciary

(Kent) ,―
।‖
(A. Hamilton) , ―
‖
(Sidgwick) , ―
‖

, ,
,―
!" (There is no better test of the
excellence of a government than the efficiency of its judicial system.)
,
- ,
; ,
-

- Page 225
 .
Safeguards of the Independence of Judiciary
১. ,

,― ,
‖ (If the judge, lack wisdom, Probity and
freedom of decision, the high purposes for which the judiciary is established can not be
secured.)
. ।
। .

।
।

. ।
(Impeachment motion)
।
. ,
- । ।
। ।

. ।
। ।
. ,
। , ―
।‖
.
।
। ।
. ,
।
।

- Page 226
 , ,
,

. . - ,
- ( ) , ( ) , ( )
,( ) ,( )
( ) ।

।
।
। । , ,
, , ।
,

,
‖
. ,
, ,
,

- ,

- , , ,
, ,
, ,

- Page 227
 '
(Cheaks and Balance)

।
.
Separation of Power : Theoritical Explanation
, ,

,
।

।
।
.
Exponents of Separation of Power Theory and Their Views

,
,

।
, ( )
(Deliberative), ( (Magisterial), ( ) (Judicial)–
, ,―
‖
,―
‖
,
,
,
―The Spirit of Laws‖
,
,
- Page 228
 , ―
" (The three powers
then must be separated, exercised by different individuals in such a way as to act as checks
and balances againstone another.) ,―

" (When legislative and

executive power are united in the same person or the governing body there can be no
freedom; nor is there freedom where the power to adjudicate is not separated from the
legislative and executive power.)
,―
, - ‖ (Whenever the
right of making and enforcing the law is vested in the same man or the somebody of men,
there can be no public liberty.)
(Madison) ,―
,
।‖

;
. , ।
. ।
।
. । .
।
.
Criticism of Separation of Power Theory
১. ,

- Page 229
 ,―
‖
.

.
,
।
. ,
,

। , ।
।
,
।
.

,―
, ,
" ।

Evaluation of the Theory of Separation of Powers

,

।
.
Theory of Separation of Powers and Theory of Checks and Balances

- Page 230
 ,

।
,
‗
' (Checks & Balance theory)। ( ), (
) ( )

।
.

, - , ।
,
। ।
।
।

,
,
।
। ' ।

।
।
,
।
।
।

। ‘

- Page 231
। ,
।
।

।
' (Checks & Balance theory) । ,
।
,
। (Act) ।

- Page 232
 . (MCQ)
(√ )

?
.
.
.
, , √
?
.
.
,
. √
—
.
,
, √
.
, —
, √
.
.
.
;
, √
.
.
,

- Page 233
 ;
.
. √
.
,
?
.
.
,
, √
?
, √
.
.
,
?
.
,
.
, √
১ —
.
.
.
, √

. √
.
.
,

- Page 234
 ?
.
,
.
. √
?
.
.
, √
.

.
.
, √
.
‗ , , ‖— ?
.
.
.
. √
?
.
,
, √
,
?
.
, √
.
,

- Page 235
 (Demos)- ?
.
.
. √
.
‘ ?-
.
.
. √
.
?
.
√
.
,
?
.
. √
.
,
?
.
, √
,
.
?
.
.
, √
.

- Page 236
 ?
.
, √
.
,
?
. -
.
, / √
,
?
, √
.
.
.
?
.
.
, √
.
?
. √
.
.
.
?
, √
,
.
.

- Page 237
 ?
.
,
, √
.
?
.
, √
,
,
?
. ,
. ,
, , √
. ,
?
,
, √
.
,
—
, √
.
.
.
?
, √
.
.
.

- Page 238
 / ?
.
.
.
, √
?
.
.
. √
,
?
.
.
, √
.
–
?
.
.
, √
.
?
:
,
,
,
– ?
,
.
, √

- Page 239
,
?
.
, √
.
.
?
.
, √
.
.
?
, √
.
.
.
?
.
, √
.
,
?
,
. √
.
.
?
, √
.
.

- Page 240
.
?
, √
.
.
.
?
.
.
,
. √

— ?
.
, √
,
.
The Spirit of Laws
.
.
, √
.
?
.
.
. √
.
?
.

- Page 241
.

. ।
, √
?
, √
.
.
,
?
.
.
.
, √
?
,
, √
,
.
, ?
.
,
. √
,
-
.
.
.
, √
-
. , ,
- Page 242
, , ,
. , ,
, , , √
-
.
.
√
.
?
.
,
, / √
,

. ,
, ,
, ,
, , √
?
.
.
.
, √
?
.
.
. √
,
—
.

- Page 243
,
. √
,
?
.
.
.
. √
?
.
, √
,
.
, ?
.
, √

.
?
, √
,
:
,
?
.
, √
.
.
/ ?
.

- Page 244
. √
,
.
?
.
.
, √
,
?
.
.
,
, √
?
, √
.
,
.
?
.
- √
.
.
?
, √
.
.
.
?
.

- Page 245
, √
.
,
?
.
.
, √
.
—
.
. √
.
.
—
, √
,
.
,
–
.
.
, √
,
, —
, √
,
,
.
‘ ?
:

- Page 246
 , √
.
,
?
.
. √
.
.
?
.
,
.
, √
?
.
.
, √
.
?
.
,
,
, √

। –
i.
ii.
iii.

- Page 247
 ?
.i
. ii iii √
.i ii
.i iii
—
i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i iii
.i ii √
. iii ii
. i, ii iii

। —
i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i iii
. ii iii
.i ii √
. i, ii iii
' —
i.
ii,
iii.
?
.i ii
.i
- Page 248
 . iii √
. ii
—
i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i ii √
.i iii
. ii iii
. i, ii iii

। ।
।
।
-
।
—
i,
ii
iii.
?
.i
. ii
.i ii √
. i, ii, iii

। —
i,

- Page 249
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. i ji
. i, ii iii √
.
.

. ।
, — ?
. ।
.― ।‖— ।
. ।

,
,
-
‘।

. ?
, ?
.
. ‘

- Page 250
. ।

. ?
, ।
. ?
, — -
. ।

. ?
, ?
. ‗ ‘ ‗ ‘
. ?
. ।

. ?
, ?
. ‗ ‘ ‗ ‘ ।

- Page 251
, ' ‗ ‘ ? ?
.

,
,
।

. ‘ ?
, ? ?
. ,

. ,

.
,
,
- ,
। -

. ।
. ?
. ,

. ? ।
.
, , ,

. ?
. ?

- Page 252
 . ,
?
.

.
,
,
, ,

. ?
খ, উদাহরণসহ নামমাত্র শাসক এবং প্রকৃ ত শাসক সম্পর্কে ধারণা দাও।
, ?
,―
‖—

১ . ।

.
. ?
,
,― ‖—

১১. ।

- Page 253
 ? ,

.
, ?
. ‘

. ‘–

[ - ]

?
?
?
?–

। ।

। ।
?

। ?

। ।

।
?
?
, ?
?
?
?
- Page 254
 ।

. .
?
। ?
?
?
?
— ?
—
?
। , , ?
। ?
। ?
। - ?
। - ?
। ?
। ?
। ?
। ?
। ।
। - ।
।
। , ,
?
।
।
?
। ?
। ?
। ?

। ?

- Page 255
 ?
?
?
‘ ?
?
/ ?
?
। ।
।
। ?
। ?
। ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
।
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?

?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?

- Page 256
 ?
‘ ?
। ' ?
। ?
। ?
। ?
। ?
। ?
। ?
। ?
। ?
। , ?
। ?
। ?
। ।
। ।
। ?
। ?
। ।
। ?
। ?
। ।
। ।
। ?
। ?
। ?
। ।
।

? ।
। - ?

- Page 257
। । ।
। – ।
। ।
। ?— ।
। / ।
। / ।
। ।
। ।
‘—
।
। - ?

– ?
?
।

?
?
।
?

, — ।
।
– ।
– ।
— ।
। ? ।
। – ।
। – ।
। ?
। , ? ?
- Page 258
। — ।
। , —
।
। ,
'— ।
।
– ।
।― , ‖— ।
। -
।

- Page 259
 PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL CULTURE

,
।

।
–

। (Key Words):
(Public opinion),
(Good
।
Governance),
(Political culture),
। । (Political idea),
(Political attitude),
। (Inherent expression),
(Cognitive
Orientations)।
।
.১
Coception and Definition of Public Opinion
'

, , '
।
. .
(L, W. Doob)- ,―
" (Public opinion refers to peoples attitudes onan issue when
they are members of the same social groups.)

- Page 260
 (Kimbal Young) , ― ,
" (Public opinion consists of the opinions held by a public at a certain time.)
(Lord Bryce)- , ― -
।‖ (The aggregate of the views men hold regarding matters that affect the interest of the
Community.)
. . (E.M. Sait)- , ― , ,
‖
,― ,
" (In order that an opinion may be public a majority is not
enough and unanimity is not required.)
- , ―
‖ - ,― - ‖ (Public
opinion is a social product due to the interaction of many minds.)
- , ―
‖
, ,
, ।
.
Features of Public Opinion
,

১. -

. -

- Page 261
 .

. ,

. ,
,
,
।
.
Methods or Media of Forming Public Opinion
। ।
।

১. । -
, - - ।
।
। , ‗ , ।
। ।
। , ―
।‖
. - - ।
- ,
।
. । ,
- ।
।
. , ,
। - ,
।

- Page 262
 । - , , , , -
- ।
. , , , -
।
। -
। ।
।
. । - ,
। -
। -
, - ।
. ।
, -
। ,
। -
।
. ।
। , , ,
।
.
।
১ . - , -
।
.
Public Opinion and Democracy

‗ , , ।

, ।

- Page 263
 ।

.
, ,

, ,

, ,
,
।
.
Political Culture : Conception and Definition

। ।

।
. . (G.A. Almond) , ―

- Page 264
 ।‖ (Political culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientations toward
polities among the members of a political system.)
. (Allan R. Bal)- ,― , ,
, ।‖ (Apolitical
culture is composed of the attitudes, beliefs, emotions and values of society that relate to the
political system and to political issues.)
(Sidney verba) , ― ,
,
।"
(Lw. Pye)- ,― ,

।
।"
(Dennis Kavangh)- ,―
।" , ,
।
.
Characteristics of Political Culture

১. (Political idea and attitude)

— ।
. (Political Mirror)

।
. (Inherent and Psychological expression)

8. (Affective Orientations or Collection of Political Thinking)

।
।-

- Page 265
 . (Cognitive Orientations) :
, , - ,

।
. ,
Public Opinion & Political Culture : Comparison, Relation and Distinction

, ,

, ,

, ,
,

, ,
—

,
,
, -
,

- Page 266
 . (MCQ)
(√ )

—
.
. -
.
, √
?
, √
.
.
,
― ‖— ?
. . .
. . .
. .
, √
?
, √
,
,
,
?
.
,
. √
,
?
,
,
, √
.
?
.
. √

- Page 267
.
.
?
.
,
.
, √
?
, -
, √
.
,
‘– ?
,
. √
,
.
?
.
.
, √
.
?
.
,
.
, - √
–
. √
.
,
,
—
, √
.
.
,
?

- Page 268
 .
.
, √
,
?

,
.
. √
। —
, √
.
.
.
,
—
.
, √
,
,
?
.
.
.
, √
?
.
, √
.
,

—
i.
ii,
iii.
?
.i
. ii

- Page 269
 . iii
. i, ii iii √
—
i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. Iii
. i, ii iii √
” -
i.
ii.
iii.
?
. i iii
. ii iii
. iii
. i ii √
—
i,
ii.
iii. ?
.i√
. ii.
. Iii
. i, ii iii √

, ,

।
- ।
?
i,
ii.
iii.

- Page 270
 ?
.i
. ii √
. iii
. I iii
?
i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. Iii √
. I ii
.
১.
,

, ?
, ।

. ?
, ?
,

,― ‖— ।
.
- ,

,
‘

.
.
, ?
- Page 271
, – ।
. ।
, ,
-
,
,
।

. ।
, ?
, ।
, ।
. ।
।
।
, ।
।
। ।

. ?
, ?
, ?
, ?
.
, ,

.
. ?
. ?
. ,

- Page 272
.

. ?
, ।
, ? ।
, ‘-

[ - ]

। ।
. .
?
. .
।
.

।
?
?
। ?

?
?
?
?
, ?
- Page 273
 ?
?
?
।
। ।
?
?

। ? ।
— ।
?
— ।
।' '_ -
—
।
– ।
।
, — ।
- ।

‘-
—
—
–
?
, —
।
, ,

‖— ।

- Page 274
 PUBLIC SERVICE AND BUREAUCRACY

(Key words):
-
(Bureaucrat), (Bureaucracy),
। । (Hierarchy),
(Appointment and Promotion),
। ।
(Training), (Formality),
। । (Skill), (Neutrality),
(Legal & rational model),
। (Red Tapism), (Public Isolation),
(Public Service),
(Accountability), (Responsibility)
-১ ,
Bureaucracy : Conception, Definition and Nature

।
‘ -
।
Bureaucracy. ' (Bureau) '
(Kratein) (Bureaucracy) ' (Desk)
‘ ―Desk Government‖
” ”
, ,

(Legal and
rational model) (Ideal Bureaucracy) ।
(Prof. Priffner and Presthus)- ,―

- Page 275
 R3 I‖ (Bureaucracy is the systematic organization of tasks and individuals into a pattern
which can effectively attain the end of group effort.)
. (Poul. H. Apperby) ,―
” (Bureaucracy is inseparable from the
phenomenon of systematic interaction of many persons associated in common and complex
terms.)
(Prof Finer) , ― ,
।‖ (The civil service is a body of officials—permanent, paid and skilled.)
(ogg) ,― , , ,
।‖ (The body of the civil servants is an expert, professional, non-
political, permanent and subordinate staff.)
, , ।
।
.
Characteristics or Features of Bureaucracy
–
১.
,

. (Hierarchical)।

. ,

.
।

- Page 276
 . ,
। । ।
.

।
. ,
Appointment, Training and Conditions of service of the Bureaucrats
,

(Appointment)

(Public Service Commission)

(Training)

- ,
-
(Conditions of service)
(Parliament)

,
,
।
.
Functions of Bureaucracy

১.

.
, - -

।
. , ,
। ,

- Page 277
 ।
।-
. , -
।
.

. -
- ।
.
।
.
।

।
.
Public Isolation and Red Tapism in Bureaucracy

, , ,

"।

Red Tapism'
, , -

(Formal)। -
- -
(Through Proper channel)
,

- Page 278
 , ,
, — ‘
।
.
Public Service
। ,
। । ,
।

। । ,
- । ,
। , ।
। - , ।

। , - ,
।

। ,
, ।
, , ,
। ,
। ,
―
”
.
Accountability of Bureaucracy and good governance
( )

,
।

- Page 279
 , ,
‘
। ।
। , , ।
(Red Tapism) । ।
।
। (Bad governance)

, , ,
,
।

,
-
।

-
, " The
Civil Service in Britain and France ,

- ,
, ,
,

(formal) ,

- Page 280
 ,
। - ‘ (a heaven born service)
।
।

।
।
-
।

,
।
। ।
-
। , , ।
, ,
।
।
, । , - ।
। , - - - -
। ,
, ,
, ।

- Page 281
 . (MCQ)
(√ )

। ?
. Mobocracy
. Bureaucracy √
. Bureaucraty
. Bureaucrat
Bureau ?
.
.
, √
,
?
. Desk Government √
. Table Government
. Chair Government
. Permanent Government
?
.
,
. ,
. √
?
, √
,
,
,
- ?
,
, √
.
.
?
.

- Page 282
, √
.
.
?
.
-
.
, √
?
, √
,
.
.
?
,
,
. √
,
?
, √
,
.
.
?
.
, √
,
.
?
.
, √
.
.
?
, √
.
.
,

- Page 283
 ?
, √
,
.
.
?
.
, √
,
.

.
.
, √
,
। ?
, √
,
,
.
?
, √
. -
.
,
; –
. √
.
,
.
–
.
.
, √
,
—
. √
.

- Page 284
 ,
.
?
, √
,
,
,
?
.
.
, √
,
?
.
. √
.
.
?
. .
, √
.

, —
i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
.i ii √
. ii iii
। ?
i,
ii,
iii,
?
.i iii

- Page 285
 . ii iii
. i ii √
. i, ii iii
। ?
i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
,i ii
. i, ii iii √

?
i
ii,
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. iii √
. i ii
—
i,
ii.
iii. . . .
?
. i, ii
. iii
.I√
. i, ii iii
.
১. ।

- Page 286
 -

, ,
, ।

, ?
. ?
, – ?
,
।
.
,

. ?
, ?
, ?
. – ।
.

, ?
,

. ?
. ?
.
. ‘ ।
. ।
। ।
- , - । ,
, ।

- Page 287
 , ।
।

. ?
. ?
, ? ।
, , ? ।
. ।
,

. ?
. ?
. ? ।
, ‘– ।

[ - ]

। ?
( ) ?
।
। . ।
।
।
?
?
। ?
। ?

- Page 288
। ?
?
?
। ?
?
?
?
?
?
। ?
?

–
?
–
। ?

?
‘–

–
,
— ।
, –
।

- Page 289
 PATRIOTISM & NATIONALITY

।
' (People) ‘
(Nationality)
' (Nation) , ,
(Nation State) ‘
,

,
।
‘
,

–।
(Key Words):
।
(Nation), (Nationality),
(Nation State),
(Racial unity), (Spritual
unity), (Patriotism),
(Language movement) ।
। ।
।
।

Nation and Nationality

‗ ' ' "Nation‘ ‗Nationality'. Nation'
Nationality‘ Natio‘ "Natus , born"
।

- Page 290
 ,

‗ ‘ ।
।
। - (one
nation-one state)
। ।
১ .
Conception and Definition of Nation
Nation
, , , , ,

।
(zimmern) , ― ,

‖ (A nation is a body of people united by a corporate sentiment of peculiar intimacy,

intensity and dignity, related to a difinite home country.)
(Lord Bryce) ,―
।‖ (A nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body
either independent or desiring to be independent.)
,―
, ,
"
(Anation is a body of people who feel themselves to be naturally linked together by certain
affinities which are so strong and real for them that they can live happily together, are
dissatisfied when disunited and can not tolerate subjection to peoples who do not share these
ties.)
(Melver)- , ― ,
, ,
, ‖
. . (J. H. Hayes)- , ―
" (A Nationality by acquiring unity and
sovereign independence becomes a nation‖.)
(Gilchrist)- , ―
" (Nation is a state plus something else; the

- Page 291
state looked at from a certain point of view, viz., that of the unity of the people organised in
one state.)
(Stalin)- ,―
, ,
" (A nation is a historically evolved, stable
community of language, territory, economic life and psychological make-up manifested in a
community of culture.")

।
১ .
Conception and Definition of Nationality
,
,― ‖ (Apolitically conscious people)।
(John Stuart Mill)- , ―
,
" (A portion of mankind may be said to constitute a nationality if
they are united among themselves by common sympathis which do not exist between them
and any others which make them cooperate with each other more willingly than with other
pepole desire to be under the same government and desire that it should be government by
themselves, or a portion of themselves exclusively.)
(Renan) , ―
‖
. (H. J. Laski)- ," ‖
(The idea of nationality is spiritual in character.)
(Hans Kohn)- , ―
‖ (Nationalism is first and foremost a state of mind, an act of consciousness.)
(Prof. Zimmern) ,―
" (If a people feels itself to be nationality, it is a nationality.)
, , , ,
, ,

।
১ .
Relation between Nation & Nationality

‘ Natio' Natus
।

- Page 292
 ।
, (People) ।
।
. . (J. H. Hayes) ,―
‖ , ।

= + ।
= + ।

। । ।
।
।
, -
।
-

।
। ।
, , ,
, ,
, ,
।
১ .
Growth of Nationalism
,
, ,

- Page 293
 ,
।
।

। , ।

১ .
Nation State

'। , -
(ethnic minorities)
, ,
-
,
।
১ .
Elements of Nationality

১. (Common Race or Racial Unity)

।
. , (Common Language, Literature and Culture):

(Fichte) ,

- Page 294
, ,
, ,
, , , ,

.
।
। ।
।
।
।
. (Common Religion)
। ," ,
।"
। । ,
। ,
, ।
. ।

।
(Nomadic Group) ।
।
।
. (History, Heritage and Culture)
- , - , - -
। , - , , -
। (Burns)
," , ।"
।

- Page 295
 . (Unity of Common Political and
Economic Aspirations)
।
-
।
।
।
. (Spiritual or Psychological Unity) :
। , , ,
, ।
। - , -
- ।
- , ,
। -
। (Renan) ,― ।"
, ,
।‖ (The elment of nationalism is neither biological nor linguistic unity, but a spiritual unity.)
(Prof Zimmern) , ―
" (If a people feels itself to be nationality, it is a
nationality) (Prof. Laski) , ―
" (The idea of nationality is spiritual in character)
, ।
১ .
Determining Policy of Nationality : Cultural and Geographical

,
, ,
- , - , - -
, , - , ,
- ,
-

- Page 296
 ,―
-
‖

- ,
-
,
।
১ .
Patriotism
(Conception) ‗

।
।
। , , , । ,

,
,
, ,

১ .১
Relation between Patriotism and Nationality
, , -

, , , , , ,

- Page 297
 (Nation State)
,
-
-

, ,
- ‘ -
, ‘ -
, - -

, , , , . .
, , , ,
,
, , ,
,
,

- Page 298
 . (MCQ)
(√ )

‘– ?
.
,
. . .
, √
, ,
–
?
,
.
. √
,
— ?
,
.
. √
.
‖— ?
.
.
. √
,
?
.
.
, √
,
?
.
,
.
, √
‘ ?

- Page 299
. Nationalism
. National
. Nationality √
. Nation
?
, √
.
.
,
?
.
.
.
, √
?
, √
.
,
.
?
.
. √
.
.
?
.
.
.
. √
?
, √
.
.
,
?
, √
.
. ( .) . . .
- Page 300
.
Natio Natus ?
.
, √
.
.
?
,
,
, , √
,
?
.
. √
.
.
?
.
, √
.
.
?
.
, √
,
,
?
.
,
√
.
?
√
,
.
.
?
.

- Page 301
 ,
, √
,
, , ,
—
,
.
. √
.
?
.
, √
.
.
?
. √
.
.
,
?
. √
.
,
,

—
i. ,
ii. ,
iii. ,
?
. ii
. i iii √
. ii iii
. i, ii iii
–
i, ,
ii,
iii. , , ,
- Page 302
 ?
. iii √
. iii ii
. I ii
. i. ii iii
, ,
—
i.
ii,
iii, ‘
?-
.i
. ii
. ii iii
. i, ii iii √
—
i,
ii,
iii.
?
.i
. ii
.i ii
. i, ii iii √

।
।
। ।
।
। ?
i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i√
. ii
- Page 303
 . iii
.I ii

.
১. ।

? ,

।
. ?
. - ?
. , ? ?
. ।
.

. ?
, ?
, ?
, ?
. ।
।
।
।

. Natio Natus ?
. ।
।
. — ।
. ।

- Page 304
 ,
‘|

. ?
.‗ ?
, ।
. , ?

. ।
‘

. ‘– ?
. ?
.
. — ।
[ - ]

। ?
- ?
?
। ?
। ?
। Natio Natus ?
?
?
?
?
?
?

- Page 305
 ?

।
?
?
। - ?
?
?

?
?
?
?

। , -
।
। —
।
। — ।
। "–
।
। — ।
। -
? ।
। ‖– ।
। ? ?
। ‖—
।
। ।

- Page 306
 , ?
।
?
?

?
— ।
—
, —

—
।‗ – ।

- Page 307
- Page 308