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Sapporo, Japan, June 10-15, 2018
Copyright © 2018 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)
ISBN 978-1-880653-87-6; ISSN 1098-6189
the cost of single-well is 150~300 million yuan for the former. Thus,
ABSTRACT we often apply wide well space in order to obtain the substantial
For deep-water oilfield development, there is no formed set of mature production of single-well and the considerable degree of reserve control
development mode yet. The optimization of injection-production well at the least drilling number. “Sparse well with high productivity” is one
pattern is the important content because the deep-water well pattern is major feature of offshore oilfield.
usually irregular. This paper comprehensively considered limiting (3) For offshore oil field, the “priority of economic benefit” should be
factors of deep-water well pattern, optimized well type and number especially considered (Zhang, 2014). Therefore, we should first deploy
with mathematical optimization method. We built the goal function of and implement the major reservoir or the most advantageous position of
evaluation model based on net present value (NPV) and established small reserve reservoir. Select the optimal production layer, start the
mixed particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm coupled with ant first drill at major oilfield or at the position where the reserve is the
colony optimization(ACO) and genetic algorithm(GA). Application mostly assured, and suspend or give up the development of non-active
instances show that the model can effectively maximize the NPV, so it layers.
has a strong engineering practical significance. (4) In the development of deep-water oilfield, we should fully consider
the recycle of exploratory well. After fully demonstrate the feasibility
KEY WORDS: Deep-water reservoir; Injection-production well of transforming test well, we can transform test well into production
patter; Particle swarm optimization algorithm; Genetic algorithm well or transform by sidetrack drilling, therefore, we can further
decrease the investment on the construction of oilfield.
INTRODUCTION (5) The number of exploratory well is small in deep-water oilfield, and
the principle of development is: “integral deployment, by-step
The reasonable development of well-net pattern is one of the main
implement, scrolling development, in-track adjustment”. We should
research topics in reservoir development. Different from the regular
obey the “implement with track, adjust with study” implementation
well patterns on land and in shallow-water, for deep-water oil and gas
process (Qin et al., 2009).
reservoirs, which are located 400m under water, the well pattern is
Deploy the irregular well-net by following the principle in deep-water
more special due to the high cost and great construction difficulty
reservoir, we can try to avoid risks and maintain development
(Zhang and Feng, 2011). First of all, due to the limited space, service-
efficiency, but the optimal well pattern cannot be guaranteed. Different
life and well slots in off-shore platform, we always follow the principle
well patterns lead to different development results, and the so called
of one-time well spacing since there is no availability for multi-
optimal well-net is the maximum of economic benefits. However, for
adjustment. However, for deep-water oil reservoir that is insufficient in
one particular oil reservoir, there are many choices of well pattern
natural energy, the injection wells must be applied to supply zone
formed under different well numbers, well positions and well types,
energy. However, the drilling cost will be consequently increased,
thus the most direct way is to conduct simulation on all potential well-
making the demands for flooding well network much more strict (Ma,
nets, calculate the economic effects and determine the optimal well-net.
2011). Therefore, aiming to a real reservoir, it is vitally important to
It is a huge workload, which is apparently impracticable. Currently, to
adopt the corresponding irregular flooding network according to the
obtain the optimal well pattern, the representative optimization method
geologic feature, operation difficulties and economic benefit.
in the world is based on all mathematical methods, such as genetic
There are five principles for the design of irregular well-net in deep-
algorithm, polyhedral techniques, artificial neural network, ACO
water oilfield:
algorithm and simulated annealing method, to get the relatively overall
(1) In the development of offshore oilfield, the scale of well drilling is
optimal solution in the fastest speed (Fan, 2016).
limited by small area of drilling platform, thus the cluster well group
PSO method is the optimization algorithm that simulates the birds
type is often used. For deep-water oilfield, the platform can be more
flock's looking for food behavior based on iterative, which is simpler
flexible, yet to maintain high operation efficiency, the cluster well
and has better convergence compared to the above, but its adaptability
group is still often used (Choi, 2006);
and convergence is still not perfect when dealing with different
(2) Deep-water drilling is far more expensive than the on-land one, and
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problems (Nwankwor, 2013; Ding, 2014; Ni, 2014). The existed R t p o Q to (4)
methods cannot cooperatively optimize well number, well type and
well position, and cannot obtain the global optimal result. Based on the Et p Q p
w t
w, p
p Q i
w t
w ,i
E fac T (5)
above researches and the development features of deep-water reservoir, N well
water reservoir by the improved PSO method, and examined the model C wtop H z p d (7)
in a real application case. Here: T is the total production time, annual; r is the discount rate, float;
Rt and Et are the income and operation cost at the tth year, yuan;
OPTIMIZATION MODEL FLOODING WELL NETWORK
C capex is the infrastructure cost, represents for the total drilling cost
1.1 Model Establishment and completion cost, yuan; po is crude oil price, yuan/m3, Qto is the total
For the optimization of well position and well type, we only need to
determine the coordinates of wellhead and bottom of the target well. In production volume of oil at the tth year, m3; p wp is the treatment cost of
this paper, we simplify the optimization of well position into solving produced water, yuan/m3; Qtw, p is the accumulated volume of produced
out the optimal coordinates of two points (root and toe end). The water at the tth year, m3; pwi is the cost of water injection, yuan/m3; Qtw,i
established optimization model of well trajectory is shown in Figure 1. is the accumulated volume of injected water at the tth year, m3; E fac is
the annual fee for using platform and equipment, yuan/a; N well is the
total number of well; C wtop is the drilling cost from ground to the top of
reservoir, yuan; C junc is the cost of every node in directional well or
horizontal well (no cost in straight well), yuan; Lmain
w is the length of well
section in target stratum, m; C drill is the drilling cost per meter in target
layer, yuan/m; H z is the depth of straight well section, m; pd is the
drilling cost per meter in straight well section, yuan/m.
The established optimization model can simultaneously optimize the Here R is the effective radium of well leakage.
number, position and well trajectory of three well types, which are (2)Well position Constraints
straight well, horizontal well and directional well. When the Under the constraints of reservoir development mode and engineering
coordinates of root and toe satisfy: technique, there are different requirements for well position in different
reservoir. To qualify the real features of reservoir and meet engineering
hx t x , hy t y , hz t z (1)
requirements, some constraints on well position should be added:
The well is the straight well.
For the directional well, if we can know the coordinates of two points, x1 hx x2 , y1 h y y 2 , z1 hz z 2 (9)
the root-end ( hx , hy , hz ) and the toe-end ( t x , t y ,tz ), we can x1 t x x2 , y1 t y y 2 , z1 t z z 2 (10)
decide on the well position ( hx , hy ) and the well section I w in target For example, for bottom water reservoir, the method is to inject water
at bottom, which always limits well position into the area of bottom
formation. Here:
water. At this time,( x1 , y1 , z1) and(x2 , y2 , z 2) stand for the area of
Iw ( hx t x ) 2 ( h y t y ) 2 ( hz t z ) 2 (2) bottom water. But for gas cap reservoir, to avoid gas invasion, the
For the horizontal well, it is actually a special case of directional well, position of production well needs to be away from gas cap and the
perforation can only be conducted at oil zone. At this time,( x1 , y1 , z1)
which turns into horizontal well when hz t z 0 . In PSO algorithm,
and( x2 , y 2 , z 2) are the area of oil zone.
we only need two particles in 3D space to represent the coordinates of (3)Length Constraints of Horizontal Section
the root and toe in target well. Then we can find the optimal solution by
In general, the longer crossing distance of oil well in target layer, the
automatically iterative of target function in 3D space.
higher production volume. For the horizontal well, the drilling
difficulty will yet increase with longer horizontal section, which also
1.2 Build Objective Evaluation Function increase the unnecessary risks (Zhang, 215; Feng, 2012). In addition,
In the development of deep-water reservoir, the aim is generally to get under the borehole effect, the longer well section, the slower
the maximum benefit during time horizon, which is the terminal improvement of production volume. Therefore, in reality, there are
condition for searching the maximum Net Present Value (NPV) to certain constraints on the length of horizontal section in horizontal well,
optimize well position and well type (Ding, 2016) that is to set NPV as and in this model, the constraint on well length in target layer is:
objective evaluation function. The evaluation function model is:
R Et
T I w (hx t x ) 2 (hy t y ) 2 (hz t z ) 2 I max (11)
NPV t C capex (3)
t 1 (1 r )
t By following the above constraints, the calculation time in numerical
In which: simulation model can be effectively diminished, and the plan of well
pattern can be more realistic to real reservoir.
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method to give initial values for GA method, making these two
ACO-GA- PSO MIXED ALGORITHM methods combine with each other, and play both their strengths, so that
2.1 PSO the calculation efficiency will be greatly improved.
Particle swarm optimization(PSO) was first proposed by doctor
Eberhart and Kennedy in year 1995 (Zhang, 2015; Bergstad, 1987; 2.3 ACO
Martinho, 2009; Chen, 2013). The practice of this method is simple and Ant colony optimization (ACO) is a type of probability algorithm to
the convergence speed is relatively fast (see Figure 2). Therefore, this find the optimal route in the map, which is widely applied to solve out
method has drawn great attention from researchers and scholars. the shortest path. Its applicability and accuracy are proved to be
For the production optimization problem, each particle corresponds to reliable. In calculating the shortest path TSP problem, ACO algorithm
one control vector. In PSO method, first, a random group of particles uses a taboo table to store the already explored city. That is to say, in
are initialized (that is to initialize a group of random solutions), then every searching process, the explored and non-explored places are
iterate them. In each time of iteration, there are two extreme values: separated to avoid overlap, thus the efficiency is improved.
individual extremum (the optimal solution for the particle), and global In this paper, the taboo list of ACO algorithm is adopted. We set the
extremum (the currently optimal solution for the whole group). Based number range of selectable wells as the taboo list of the mixed
on these two extremums, each particle will adjust its speed and position algorithm. After each time of calculation, the already calculated well
by equation 14 and equation 15: number will be added to taboo list to avoid repeated calculation, thus
the whole calculation speed can be accelerated.
vin 1 vin c1r1 ( pbest in ) c2 r2 ( gbest in xin ) (12)
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Start
number of production well is determined to be 6~8. Based on the water
injection ability and the pressure maintenance ability of reservoir, the
Accordi ng to exper ience, the range
number of water injection well is determined to be 1~3. By studying in
of well number is determined, and reservoir engineering method, and considering reservoir structure and
the number of initial well s i s given
by ACO drilling requirements, the well section length of horizontal well should
range from 600m to 1000m.
Init ial population
Transform each
Update the velocity and posit ion
par ticle parameter into
of the parti cle
Eclipse format
Read the resul ts, bring into the
target eval uation function, and Can each particl e be judged to
Add the number of the be locally optimal?
cal cul ate the NPV
well to tabu t able
Is the termi nating
condition of the parti cle
swarm satisfied?
N
Fig. 4 Oil and gas distribution in DM reservoir
Y
End
Fig. 3 Calculation flowchart of the algorithm
Fig. 5 Permeability distribution in DM reservoir
APPLICATION EXAMPLES
3.1 Basic Data According to the design, the plan is to inject water at bottom, and only
DM oilfield is a gas cap and bottom water oil reservoir in a fault block develop the middle part of oil. Well is located between oil-water
in deep sea (see Figure 4 and Figure 5). The water is 1350~1525m deep interface and oil-gas interface, thus to ensure the productivity in
and the work area is about 5.5km2. The middle part of reservoir is developing process, the main principle is to avoid the overriding of
2200m deep and the original stratum pressure is 28.4Mpa. The average injection water and the gas cut. Therefore, the distribution area of
permeability is 382.3mD; the average reservoir porosity is 22.5%; the injection well and production well should be limited. Besides, we
density of crude oil in oil zone is 0.845g/cm3, and the viscosity is should also consider the characters of drilling cluster well in deepwater
1.25mPaꞏs, making it a medium porosity, medium permeability, light oilfield, that constrain positions of well section and well head for
weight and low viscosity sandstone reservoir. The water in reservoir is horizontal well, in order to lower the difficulty in building angle from
CaCl2 type; the bottom water is inactive; the distribution range of gas straight well section to horizontal section.
cap is small; thus it is evaluated as reservoir with weak natural energy.
If apply the depletion-drive development mode to recover the deep- 600m (h x t x ) 2 (h y t y ) 2 (h z t z ) 2 1000m (14)
water reserve with weak natural energy, there may be large potential of
production risks, and the further adjustment of well net and pipelines 200m (h x t x)2 (h y t y)2 400m (15)
will be difficult. To enhance development efficiency and improve
economic benefit, we must establish a set of irregular flooding well
3.2 Algorithm Parameters
network for deepwater reservoir (Siavashi, 2016). Build reservoir
Based on the actual condition in this oil field, we build the well-net
geologic model according to well test data and seismic data, and the
optimization model through PSO method. The following parameters are
calculated crude oil in place is 1886×104t. The reservoir model for
mainly set:
calculation has the number of 18×30×5 corase grid blocks with the step
(1) Particle number: it mainly describes the number of randomly
length of 100m×100m×10m. Based on the design of reservoir
generated particles in each group. For most cases, 10 particles can
exploitation and according to the single well controlled reserves, the
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achieve good results (Dossary, 2016; Santoso, 2010). In this paper, the Fig. 6 Convergence of some calculated results
model has many combinations of heel end and toe end. As a special Chose three groups which correspondingly has the best convergence
case, the number of swarm particles can be set among 20 to 40. effect(ACO-GA-PSO1), the medium effect(ACO-GA-PSO2) and the
(2) Particle length: for each well, we need to determine the six- worst effect(ACO-GA-PSO3) to analyze, their well-net distribution is
dimensional variables, that is the heel end coordinates ( hx , hy , hz ) shown in following figures. For each group, the optimal well number is
10, including three injection wells and seven production wells. Since
and the toe end coordinates ( t x , t y , t z ). The designed largest well the evaluation function of objective model is most sensible to oil
productivity and development time, there are economic different among
number is 11, thus particle length is 66 dimensions.
these three well-net patterns. In all the three patterns, the production
(3) Particle range: it is determined by optimization targets. Each
well is away from bottom water and gas cap, meeting with the
dimension can set different ranges. In this paper, particle coordinate
specification in well deployment, therefore they can avoid the decrease
range is set by well type.
in oil productivity by bottom water coning and gas cap cut. The
(4) Maximum speed: it determines the maximum displacement distance
correspondences of calculated results with common recognitions in
of particle moving in a circle. Normally, it is set as the width of particle
regular well greatly represent the adaptability of optimization algorithm
range. In this model, the maximum speed is among 0.5 to 1.5.
in reservoir simulation (see Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9). The plan
(5) Maximum calculation times: it represents the group number of
ACO-GA-PSO2 and plan ACO-GA-PSO3 have similar results in
randomly simulated particles in particle swarm. Generally speaking, the
accumulated oil production (Figure 10), but the NPV of ACO-GA-
longer maximum calculation time corresponds to the most optimal
PSO2 is better than ACO-GA-PSO3 (Figure 11). It mainly because of
solution, but the calculation speed will be slower.
the shorter development time, which significantly lowers the
Some parameters in the objective evaluation model are shown in the
production and operation fees, and realizes faster cost recovery,
following table. Other parameters may change with reservoir
showing the actual features of “fast production” in deepwater reservoir.
characteristics. The specific economic parameters are shown in Table 1.
The well-net plan ACO-GA-PSO1, which has the best development
effect, can not only realize higher productivity, but also shorten
Table.1 NPV parameters
reservoir development time, realizing the highest economic benefit.
Therefore, ACO-GA-PSO1 can be set as the optimal well-pattern for
Parameters this oil reservoir.
Value
35
NPV/108CNY
15
0 10 20 30 40 50
Iteration times
21
28
27
26
Recovery/%
25
24
PSO
23
GA
22 S‐PSO
ACO‐GA‐PSO
21
RS
20
Fig. 9 Well pattern optimization results of ACO-GA-PSO3 0 10 20 30 40 50
Calculation time
400
350
ACO‐GA‐PSO3
To examine the stability of hybrid algorithm, we let the optimization
300 algorithm continuously run for 30 times. The optimization results are
(×104m3)
250 shown in Figure 13. The results basically spread near the optimum
200 value, and the deviation distribution of 30 plans is lower than 4%, in
150 which 23 plans have bias lower than 2%. The minor error shows that
100 the proposed ACO-GA-PSO algorithm has good stability and can find
50 the global optimum in fast speed and high efficiency.
0 45
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Developing time (Year)
40
Fig. 10 Accumulated oil production results of three programs
35
NPV/108CNY
50
ACO‐GA‐PSO1
30 Calculation results
40 ACO‐GA‐PSO2
ACO‐GA‐PSO3 Average value
30 25
NPV(×108 CNY)
20
20
10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 calculation times
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fig. 13 Algorithm stability results of ACO-GA-PSO
‐10
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