ANALISIS HUBUNG SINGKAT

FILOSOFI

“Studi hubung singkat dilakukan untuk mengetahui besar arus yang mengalir dalam interval
waktu tertentu ketika gangguan hubung singkat terjadi. Besar arus tersebut akan berubah
terhadap waktu sampai dengan kondisi mantapnya.”
TUJUAN

“Dengan besar arus hubung singkat tersebut kita dapat menentukan kapasitas ketahanan
(withstand) hubung singkat tiap komponen (bus bar, CB, kabel dll) dan pada interval waktu
inilah sistem proteksi harus dirancang untuk dapat mendeteksi, memutus dan mengisolasi
gangguan-gangguan tersebut. ”
KONTRIBUSI ARUS HUBUNG SINGKAT

Komponen yang memberikan arus Komponen yang tidak memberikan arus

hubung singkat: hubung singkat:
1. Generator 1. Beban Statis
2. Power Grid 2. Motor Operated Valves
3. Motor Sinkron
4. Motor Induksi
5. Beban Lumped
(dengan beberapa % beban motor)
6. Inverter
JENIS GANGGUAN

1. Gangguan Hubung Singkat 2. Gangguan Hubung Singkat Tak

Simetris Simetris

 Line-Line-Line  Line-Ground
 Line-Line-Line-Ground  Line-Line-Ground
 Line-Line
PERSENTASE GANGGUAN

 Line – Ground (65 – 70%)

 Line – Line – Ground (10 – 20%)
 Line – Line (10 – 15%)
 Line – Line – Line (5%)
GANGGUAN HUBUNG SINGKAT SIMETRIS
(1)

 FILOSOFI:
“Apabila saat gangguan hubung singkat yang terjadi melibatkan keseluruhan 3 phasa yang
ada pada sistem.”

 PENYEBAB:
 Terhubung singkatnya 3 fasa akibat faktor eksternal (pohon jatuh, dsb.).

 Energisasi Sistem dengan Maintenance Earthing Clamp masih dikoneksikan.

 Gangguan 1 fasa yang berkembang menjadi gangguan 3 fasa.

GANGGUAN HUBUNG SINGKAT SIMETRIS
(2)
ARUS HUBUNG SINGKAT GENERATOR

 Komponen simetrikal AC dari arus hubung singkat bervariasi terhadap waktu karena efek
dari reaksi jangkar (armature).

 Besaran (RMS) dari arus pada waktu t

setelah hubung singkat seketika:

dimana:
 I”= Inisial Arus Hubung Singkat Simetrikal atau Arus Subtransien = E/Xd” ≈ 50ms
 I’ = Arus Simetrikal beberapa siklus kemudian ≈ 0.5s atau arus transien = E/Xd’
 I = Arus Kondisi Mantap Simetrikal = E/Xd
PEMODELAN SEDERHANA GENERATOR

 Nilai X akan bervariasi terhadap waktu.

 X”d = Reaktansi subtransien

 X’d = Reaktansi transien

 Xd = Reaktansi kondisi mantap.

MOTOR INDUKSI – IEEE
RECOMMENDATIONS

 Motor Kecil
 Beban motor <35kW dianggap tidak signifikan

 Beban motor >35kW, SCM = 4 x FLCM

 Motor Besar
 SCM ≈ FLCM / X”d

SCM = Locked rotor amps

≈ 5 x FLCM , jika diasumsikan X”d = 20%

GANGGUAN HUBUNG SINGKAT
TAK SIMETRIS

 FILOSOFI:

“Apabila gangguan hubung singkat yang terjadi tidak melibatkan keseluruhan 3 fasa pada suatu sistem.”

 PENYEBAB:
 Breakdown isolasi
 Peluahan Petir Gangguan Eksternal
 Kerusakan Mekanikal
 Kerusakan konduktor
 Operasi Fuse
 Maloperasi CB
GANGGUAN HUBUNG SINGKAT
TAK SIMETRIS

 Perhitungan gangguan hubung singkat menggunakan beberapa cara, yaitu:

1. Komponen Simetrikal
2. Sequence Network
KOMPONEN SIMETRIKAL (1)
KOMPONEN SIMETRIKAL (2)
KONVERSI DARI KOMPONEN
URUTAN KE NILAI FASA
KONVERSI DARI NILAI FASA
KE KOMPONEN URUTAN
KONVERSI (KESIMPULAN)
SEQUENCE NETWORK
RANGKAIAN EKUIVALEN TRAFO
URUTAN NOL
GANGGUAN LINE – GROUND
GANGGUAN LINE – LINE
GANGGUAN 3ø vs 1ø (1)
GANGGUAN 3ø vs 1ø (2)
FAULT CURRENT LIMITER (FCL)

 Beberapa FCL adalah sebagai berikut:

 Penggunaan transformer hubungan delta-delta dengan perbandingan 1:1 yang berfungsi sebagai
impedansi untuk mengurangi kontribusi arus hubung singkat.

 Penggunaan reaktor yang berfungsi sebagai impedansi untuk mengurangi kontribusi arus hubung
singkat.

 Penggunaan high speed fuses untuk memotong kenaikan arus hubung singkat secara cepat.
PERBEDAAN PERHITUNGAN
METODA ANSI & IEC (BREAKER)
ANSI

 Applied voltage in kV
 Short-circuit interrupting current in kA
 Non-Instantaneous trip in kA
 Close and Latch (C&L) current in kA
 Short-time withstand current in kA
 Withstand time Tkr in seconds
 Test power factor in % or select from list box
PERBEDAAN PERHITUNGAN
METODA ANSI & IEC (BREAKER)

IEC

 Applied voltage in kV
 Ultimate breaking capacity in kA (Icu)
 Service breaking capacity in kA (Ics)
 Making capacity in kA (Icm)
 Short time withstand in kA (Icw)
 Withstand time Tkr in seconds
 Tripping time or delay in seconds
ANSI & IEC (KOMPARASI)

 Komparasi perbedaan parameter yang digunakan dalam standar ANSI dan IEC

IEC
ANSI Monitored
Device Type Monitored
Parameter
Parameter
Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical, rms
LVCB Breaking
kA
Momentary C&L Making
Momentary C&L Crest kA N/A
HVCB
Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical, rms
Breaking
kA
Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical, rms
Fuse Breaking
kA
SPDT Momentary Asymmetrical, rms kA Making
SPST Switches Momentary Asymmetrical, rms kA Making
PERBEDAAN PERHITUNGAN ARUS
HUBUNG SINGKAT SAAT 1/2 SIKLUS
ANSI IEC
Arus Momentary (Imom, rms) Arus Making Peak (IP)

IP = Peak Short Circuit Current

I”K = Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Current

 MFm dihitung berdasarkan:  Faktor k adalah fungsi dari rasio R/X pada lokasi
gangguan. Terdapat 3 metoda untuk menentukan
 X/R gangguan nilai dari k yaitu:
 Lokasi Gangguan  Metoda A
 Metoda B
 Metoda C
PERHITUNGAN FAKTOR K
PADA METODA IEC
 Metoda A
Nilai faktor k ditentukan dari mengambil rasio terkecil R/X dari semua cabang jaringan. Hanya cabang
yang mengandung total 80 persen dari arus pada tegangan nominal sesuai dengan lokasi hubung singkat
yang dimasukan

 Metoda B
Nilai faktor k ditentukan oleh faktor keamanan 1.15

 Metoda C
Nilai faktor k dihitung menggunakan frequency-altered R/X
PERBEDAAN PERHITUNGAN ARUS
HUBUNG SINGKAT SAAT 3/2~4 SIKLUS
ANSI IEC
Arus Interrupting (Iint, rms) Arus Breaking (Ib)

 Gangguan Jauh dari Generator:

 MFi dihitung berdasarkan:
 X/R gangguan  Gangguan Dekat dari Generator:
 Lokasi Gangguan
 Tipe dan Rating CB

Ib = Symmetrical Short Circuit Breaking Current

IK = Steady State Short Circuit Current
PENGERTIAN FAKTOR μ DAN q

 µ and q adalah faktor yang memperhitungkan penurunan AC. Mereka merupakan fungsi dari
rasio delay waktu minimum dan rasio arus hubung singkat inisial mesin terhadap arus
“rated”, dan juga daya aktif per sepasang kutub mesin asinkron.
SHORT CIRCUIT
CALCULATION
ACCORDING TO IEC STANDARDS
CONCEPTUAL AND
ANALYTICAL DIFFERENCES

BETWEEN IEC AND ANSI STANDARDS

1. Breaking Capability

The rated breaking capability of a circuit breaker corresponds to the rated voltage and to a
reference restriking voltage, equal to the rated value, expressed as (1) rated symmetrical
breaking current that each pole of the circuit breaker can break, and (2) rated asymmetrical
breaking capability that any pole of the circuit breaker can break. The breaking capacity is
expressed in MVA for convenience, which is equal to the product of the rated breaking current in
kA and rated voltage multiplied by an appropriate factor, depending on the type of circuit: One
(1) for a single-phase circuit, two (2) for a two-phase circuit, and 3 for a three-phase circuit.
2. Rated Restriking Voltage

The rated restriking voltage is the reference restriking voltage to which the breaking capacity of
the circuit breaker is related. It is recommended that the nameplate of the circuit breaker be
marked with the amplitude factor and either the rate of rise of the restriking voltage in volts/μs
or natural frequency in kHz/s be stated.
3. Rated Making Capacity

The rated making capacity corresponds to rated voltages and is given by 1.8 × √2 (= 2.55) times
the rated symmetrical breaking capacity. The making capacity in amperes is inversely
proportional to the voltage, when the circuit breaker is dual-voltage rated. For voltages below
the lower rated voltage, the making capacity has a constant value corresponding to the lower
rated voltage and for voltages higher than the rated voltage no making capacity is guaranteed.
This is equivalent to the close and latch capability of ANSI standards.
4. Rated Opening Time And Break Time

 The rated opening time up to separation of contacts is the opening time which corresponds to
rated breaking capacity. The rated total breaking time is the total break time which
corresponds to the rated breaking capacity. It may be different, depending on whether it
refers to symmetrical or asymmetrical breaking capacity.
 The minimum time delay tm is the shortest possible operating time of an instantaneous relay
and the shortest opening time of the circuit breaker. It does not take into account adjustable
time delays of trapping devices.
5. Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current

IEC defines Ik” , the initial symmetrical short-circuit current as the alternating current (AC)
symmetrical component of a prospective (available) short-circuit current applicable at the instant
of short circuit if the impedance remains at zero-time value. This is approximately equal to ANSI
first-cycle current in rms symmetrical, obtained in the first cycle at the maximum asymmetry in
one of the phases. Note the difference in the specifications. The prospective (available) short-
circuit current is defined as the current which will flow if the short-circuit was replaced with an
ideal connection of negligible impedance. This is the “bolted” fault current. IEEE adopts the
definition of prospective current.
6. Peak Making Current

The peak making current, ip, is the first major loop of the current in a pole of a circuit breaker
during the transient period following the initiation of current during a making operation. This
includes the direct current (DC) component. This is the highest value reached in a phase in a
polyphase circuit. It is the maximum value of the prospective (available) short-circuit current.
The rated peak withstand current is equal to the rated short-circuit making current. This can be
reasonably compared with ANSI close and latch capability, though there are differences in the
rating structure. Revision of factor 2.7 to 2.6 for 60 Hz circuit breakers and 2.5 for 50 Hz circuit
breakers in ANSI standards brings these two standards closer, though there are differences. Also,
IEC does not have any requirement, similar to that of ANSI, for latching and carrying a current
before interrupting.
7. Breaking Current

The rated short-circuit breaking current, Ib, asym, is the highest short-circuit current that the circuit breaker shall be
capable of breaking (this term is equivalent to ANSI, “ asymmetrical interrupting”) under the conditions of use
and behavior prescribed in IEC, in a circuit asymmetrical having a power frequency recovery voltage
corresponding to the rated voltage of the circuit breaker and having a transient recovery voltage equal to the rated
value specified in the standards. The breaking current is characterized by (1) the AC component and (2) the DC
component. The rms value of the AC component is termed the rated short-circuit current. The symmetrical short-
circuit breaking current is defined as the rms value of an integral cycle of symmetrical AC component of the
prospective short-circuit current at the instant of contact separation of the fist pole to open of a switching device.
The standard values in IEC are 6.3, 8, 10, 12.5, 16, 25, 31.5, 40, 50, 63, 80, and 100 kA. The DC component is
calculated at minimum time delay tm. This is entirely different from ANSI symmetrical ratings and calculations.
8. Steady-State Current

The calculations of steady-state fault currents from generators and synchronous motors
according to IEC take into consideration the generator excitation, the type of synchronous
machine, salient or cylindrical generators, and the excitation settings. The fault current
contributed by the generator becomes a function of its rated current using multiplying factors
from curves parameterized against saturated synchronous reactance of the generator, excitation
settings, and the machine type. This calculation is more elaborate and departs considerably from
ANSI-based procedures for calculation of 30 cycle currents. For the purpose of short-circuit
calculations, Table 1 shows the equivalence between IEC and ANSI duties, though qualifications
apply.
8. Steady-State Current

Table 1. Equivalence between ANSI and lEC Short-Circuit Calculation Types

PREFAULT VOLTAGE
Prefault Voltage

 IEC defines an equivalent voltage source given in Table 2 and states that the operational data on
the static loads of consumers, position of tap changers on transformers, excitation of generators,
etc. are dispensable; additional calculations about all the different possible load flows at the
moment of short circuit are superfluous. The equivalent voltage source is the only active voltage
in the system, and all network feeders and synchronous and asynchronous machines are replaced
by their internal impedances. This equivalent voltage source is derived by multiplying the nominal
system voltage by a factor c given in Table 2.

 ANSI uses a prefault voltage equal to the system rated voltage, though a higher or lower voltage is
permissible, depending on the operating conditions. IEC requires that in every case the system
voltage be multiplied by factor c from Table 2. We will again revert to this c factor.
Prefault Voltage

Table 2. IEC Voltage Factor c

FAR-FROM GENERATOR
FAULTS
Far-From Generator Faults

 A “far-from-generator” short-circuit is defined as a short circuit during which the magnitude

of the symmetrical AC component of the prospective (available) current remains essentially
constant.
 These systems have no AC component decay. For the duration of a short circuit, there is
neither any change in the voltage or voltages that caused the short circuit to develop nor any
significant change in the impedance of the circuit, i.e., impedances are considered constant
and linear. Far-from-generator is equivalent to ANSI remote sources, i.e., no AC decay.
Far-From Generator Faults

Figure 1. Calculation of initial short-circuit current, with equivalent voltage source.

Far-From Generator Faults

 The following equation is supported:

(1)
 where Ib is the symmetrical breaking current, and Ik is the initial symmetrical short-circuit
current. The subscripts k1, k2, k2E are line-to-earth short-circuit, line-to-line short-circuit,
and line-to-line short-circuit with earth connection. For a single-fed short-circuit current, as
shown in Figure 1, Ik” is given by

(2)
Far-From Generator Faults

 where Un is the normal system phase-to-phase voltage in volts and I k is in amperes; Rk and
Xk are in ohms and are the sum of the source, transformer, and line impedances, as shown in
Figure 1.
 The peak short-circuit current is given by
(3)

 where χ can be ascertained from the X/R ratio from the curves in Figure 2 or calculated from
the expression:
(4)
Far-From Generator Faults

Figure 2. Factor χ for calculation of peak current

NONMESHED
SOURCES
1. Nonmeshed Sources

 IEC distinguishes between the types of networks.

For nonmeshed sources (Figure 3), the initial
short-circuit current, the symmetrical breaking
current, and the steady-state shortcircuit current
at fault location F are composed of various
separate branch short-circuit currents which are
independent of each other. The branch currents
are calculated and summed to obtain the total
fault current:
(5) Figure 3. Short-circuit fed from various sources
that are independent of each other
1. Nonmeshed Sources

 For calculating the short-circuit currents in Figure 4, in

case of a power station unit with on-load tap changer, the
equations for partial initial currents are as follows:

(6)
 with

(7)
 and

Figure 4. Short-circuit currents and parallel short-circuit currents for

(8) three-phase short circuits between generator and unit transformer with
or without load tap changer, or at connection of the auxiliary
transformer of the power station unit and at auxiliary bus bar A.
1. Nonmeshed Sources

 For the short-circuit current I”kF2 feeding into short-circuit location F2 at the high voltage
side of the auxiliary transformer AT (Figure 4):

(9)

 With where:
Zg = subtransient impedance of the generator = RG + jX”d
(10) x”d = subtransient reactance referred to the rated impedance
ZTLV = short-circuit impedance of the transformer referred to low-voltage side
tT = rated transformation ratio
ZQ min = minimum value of the impedance of the network feeder
1. Nonmeshed Sources

 For power stations without on-load tap changers, the equations are similar except that the
modified factors are

(11)

and

(12)

where pG is the range of generator voltage regulation.

MESHED
NETWORKS
2. Meshed Networks

 For calculation of ip in meshed networks (Figure 5), three methods (A, B, and C) are
described.

Figure 5. Calculation of initial short-circuit current in a meshed network.

(a) The system diagram; (b) equivalent circuit diagram with equivalent voltage source.
Method A: Uniform Ratio R/X or X/R Ratio Method

 The factor χ in Equation (4) is determined from the smallest ratio of R/X of all branches of
the network.
 Only the branches which carry the partial short-circuit currents at the nominal voltage
corresponding to the short-circuit location and branches with transformers adjacent to the
short-circuit locations are considered.
 Any branch may be a series combination of several elements.
Method B: Ratio R/X or X/R at the Short-
Circuit Location

 The factor χ = 1.15χb, where factor 1.15 is a safety factor to cover inaccuracies caused by
using X/R from a meshed network reduction with complex impedances, and χb is calculated
from curves in Figure 2 or mathematically from Equation (4).
 In the low-voltage networks the product of 1.15χb is limited to 1.8 and in the high-voltage
networks to 2.0. As long as R/X remains smaller than 0.3 in all branches, it is not necessary to
use factor 1.15.
Method C: Equivalent Frequency Method

 This method provides the equivalent frequency approach. A source of 20 Hz for 50-Hz
systems and 24 Hz for 60-Hz systems is considered to excite the network at the fault point.
 The X/R at the fault point is then given by

(13)

 where f is the system frequency, fc is the excitation frequency, and Zc = Rc + jXc at the
excitation frequency. The factor χ = χc is used in the calculations for the peak current.
NEAR-TO-GENERATOR FAULTS
Near-to-Generator Faults

 A “near-to-generator” fault is a short circuit to which at least one synchronous machine

contributes a prospective initial symmetrical short-circuit current that is more than twice the
generator’s rated current, or a short-circuit to which synchronous and asynchronous motors
contribute more than 5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current I”k, calculated
without motors. These fault types have AC decay. This is equivalent to ANSI local faults.
 The factor c is applicable to prefault voltages as in the case of far-from-generator faults. The
impedances of the generators and power station transformers are modified by additional
factors, depending on their connection in the system.
1. Generators Directly Connected To Systems

 When generators are directly connected to the systems, their positive sequence impedance is modified by a factor
KG:

(14)

 KG is given by

(15) Figure 6. Phasor diagram of a synchronous generator at

rated load and PF.
 where UrG is the rated voltage of the generator, Un is the nominal system voltage, ϕrG is the phase angle between the
generator current IrG and generator voltage UrG, and X”d is the subtransient reactance of the generator, at a
generator-rated voltage on a generator MVA base. Figure 6 shows the applicable phasor diagram.
1. Generators Directly Connected To Systems

 If the generator voltage is different from UrG, use

(16)

 The generator resistance RG with sufficient accuracy is given by the following expressions:

(17)
2. Generators and Unit Transformers of Power
Station Units

 For generators and unit transformers of power stations, the generator and the transformer are
considered as a single unit. The following equation is used for the impedance of the whole
power station unit for the short circuit on the high side of the unit transformer, with on-load
tap changer (Figure 4):

with (18)

 Here, Unq is the nominal system voltage at the feeder connection point Q of the power unit.
2. Generators and Unit Transformers of Power
Station Units

 For calculations without on-load tap changers, the following equation can be used for the
short circuit on the high side of the transformer unit:

(19)

 (1± pT) is introduced if the unit transformer has off-load taps and if one of the taps is
permanently used. The highest short-circuit current will be given by 1 − pT.
3. Motors

 For calculations of I”k synchronous motors and synchronous compensators are treated as
synchronous generators. The impedance ZM of asynchronous motors is determined from their
locked rotor currents.
 The following ratios of resistance to reactance of the motors apply with sufficient accuracy:

(20)
4. Short-Circuit Currents Fed from One
Generator

 The initial short-circuit current is given by Equation (2). The peak short-circuit current is
calculated as for far-from-generator faults, considering the type of network. For generator
corrected resistance KGRG and corrected reactance KGX”d are used.
4.1 Breaking Current

 The symmetrical short-circuit breaking current, for single fed or nonmeshed systems is given
by
(21)

 where factor μ accounts for AC decay. The following values of μ are applicable for medium
voltage turbine generators, salient pole generators, and synchronous compensators excited by
rotating exciters or by static exciters, provided that for the static exciters the minimum time
delay is less than 0.25 s and the maximum excitation voltage is less than 1.6 times the rated
excitation voltage. For all other cases μ is taken to be 1, if the exact value is not known.
4.1 Breaking Current

 When there is a unit transformer between the generator and short-circuit location, the partial
short-circuit current at the high side of the transformer is calculated.

(22)
4.1 Breaking Current

 If the ratio of the initial short-circuit current and the machine rated current is equal to or less
than 2, then the following relation holds:

(23)

 In the case of asynchronous motors, replace

(24)

 The equations can also be used for compound excited low-voltage generators with a
minimum time delay not >0.1 s. The calculations of low-voltage breaking currents for a time
duration >0.1 s is not included in the IEC standard.
4.2 Steady-State Current

 The maximum and minimum short-circuit currents are calculated as follows:

(25)

(26)

 where λmax and λmin for turbine generators are calculated from the graphs in Figure 7 shows
these values for cylindrical rotor generators. In this figure, Xdsat is the reciprocal of the short-
circuit ratio. We have not yet defined the short circuit ratio of a generator. It is given as

(27)
 4.2 Steady-State Current

Figure 8. Open-circuit magnetization and short-circuit

Figure 7. (a, b) Factors λmax and λmin for cylindrical curves of a synchronous generator to illustrate short-
rotor generators circuit ratio.
4.3 Short-Circuit Currents in Nonmeshed
Networks

 The procedure is the same as that described for far-from-generator faults. The modified
impedances are used. The branch currents are superimposed, as shown in Figure 9.

(28)

Figure 9. Calculation of I”k, ip, Ib, and Ik for a three-phase short-circuit fed from nonmeshed sources.
4.4 Short-Circuit Currents in Meshed Networks

 Figure 10 shows that the initial short-circuit currents in meshed networks can be calculated
by using modified impedances and the prefault voltage at the fault point. The peak current ip
is calculated as far-from-generator faults. Methods A, B, and C for meshed networks are
applicable. The symmetrical short-circuit breaking current for meshed networks is
conservatively given as
(29)
4.4 Short-Circuit Currents in Meshed Networks

 A more accurate expression is provided as follows:

(30)

(31)

 where U”Gi and U”Mj are the initial voltage differences at the connection points of the
synchronous machine i and the asynchronous motor j, and I”kGi and I”kMj are the parts of the
initial symmetrical short-circuit currents of the synchronous machine i and the asynchronous
motor j; μ is defined in Equation (22), and q is defined in Equation (36).
4.4 Short-Circuit Currents in Meshed Networks

 For the steady-state current, the effect of motors is neglected. It is given as (32)

Figure 10. Calculation of initial short-circuit current in a meshed network fed from several sources.
(a) The system diagram; (b) equivalent circuit diagram with equivalent voltage source.
INFLUENCE OF MOTORS
Influence of Motors

 Synchronous motors and synchronous compensators contribute to Ik, ip, Ib, and Ik.
Asynchronous motors contribute to Ik, ip, and Ib and for unbalanced faults to Ik. Low-
voltage motors in public power supply systems can be neglected. High- and low-voltage
motors which are connected through a two-winding transformer can be neglected if

(33)

 where ∑PrM is the sum of rated active power of the motors, ∑SrT is the sum of rated apparent
power of the transformers, and ∑SkQ is the symmetrical short-circuit power at the connection
point without the effect of motors. This expression is not valid for threewinding transformers.
1. Low-Voltage Motor Groups

 For simplifications of the calculations, groups of low-voltage motors including their

connecting cables can be combined into an equivalent motor:

(34)

 The partial short-circuit current of low-voltage motors is neglected if the rated current of the
equivalent motor (sum of the ratings of group of motors) is <0.01% of the initial symmetrical
short-circuit current at the low-voltage bus to which these motors are directly connected,
without the contributions from the motors:
(35)
2. Calculations of Breaking Currents of
Asynchronous Motors

 For calculation of breaking short-circuit current from asynchronous motors another factor q
(in addition to μ) is introduced; q = 1 for synchronous machines. The factor q is given by

(36)

 where m is the rated active power of motors per pair of poles.

 Therefore, the breaking current of asynchronous machines is given as

(37)
3. Static Converter Fed Drives

 Static converters for drives as in rolling mills contribute to Ik and ip only if the rotational
masses of the motors and the static equipment provide reverse transfer of energy for
deceleration (a transient inverter operation) at the time of short circuit. These do not
contribute to Ib. Nonrotating loads and capacitors (parallel or series) do not contribute to the
shortcircuit currents. Static power converter devices are treated in a similar manner as
asynchronous motors with the following parameters:

(38)
EXAMPLE
Example 1: Radial Network

Given a 400-V network:

 1) Calculate the resistances and reactances.
 2) Calculate the single-pole and three-pole short-circuit currents for the circuit with residual
current device (RCD)-operated circuit breaker.
Example 1: Radial Network
Example 1: Radial Network
Example 2: Proof of Protective Measures

Given a 230/400-V network, with a source impedance of 0.3Ω, the protective measures must be
proven.

 1) Calculate the resistances and reactances of the network at the fault locations.

 2) Calculate the single-pole short-circuit current.

 3) Are the cut-off conditions fulfilled?

Example 2: Proof of Protective Measures
Example 2: Proof of Protective Measures
Example 3: Connection Box to Service Panel

A power plant network supplies an on-site connection box. The single-pole short-circuit current is 575A.
 1) Calculate the resistances and reactances.
 2) Calculate the single-pole short-circuit current at the outlet and at the light.
 3) Is protection by cut off guaranteed?
Example 3: Connection Box to Service Panel
Example 4: Transformers in Parallel

Two transformers are connected in parallel.

 1) Draw the equivalent circuit.

 2) Calculate the resistances and reactances.

 3) Calculate the three-pole short-circuit current.

Example 4: Transformers in Parallel
Example 5: Connection of a Motor

A transformer supplies a motor through an overhead line, cables, and conductors.

 1) Calculate the resistances and reactances.

 2) Calculate the single-pole short-circuit current.
Example 5: Connection of a Motor
Example 6: Calculation for a Load Circuit

A grounding cable is connected to a transformer. The data for the cable are as follows:
r′ = 0.482Ω∕km, x′ = 0.083Ω∕km, R0L/RL = 4, and X0L/XL = 3.76.
 1) Calculate the resistances and reactances.
 2) Calculate the three-pole and single-pole short-circuit currents.
Example 6: Calculation for a Load Circuit
Example 6: Calculation for a Load Circuit

′′
Example 7: Calculation for an Industrial System

A transformer supplies the main distributor of an industrial system.

 1) Calculate the resistances and reactances.
 2) Calculate the three-pole short-circuit current at the main distributor.
 3) Calculate the single-pole short-circuit current at the outlet and at the light switch.
Example 7: Calculation for an Industrial System
 Example 8: Calculation of Three-Pole Short-
Circuit Current and Peak Short-Circuit Current

Given the network.

 1) Calculate the resistances and reactances.
 2) Calculate the three-pole short-circuit currents and the peak short-circuit currents at the
fault locations.
Example 8: Calculation of Three-Pole Short-
Circuit Current and Peak Short-Circuit Current
Example 8: Calculation of Three-Pole Short-
Circuit Current and Peak Short-Circuit Current
Example 9: Meshed Network

Given a meshed network.

 1) Calculate the impedances.
 2) Carry out the network transformations.
 3) Calculate the three-pole short-circuit currents
and the peak short-circuit currents at the fault location F.

The following data are given:

 With SrT = 160MVA, ukr = 12%, Un = 50kV, and Z = 0.5Ω∕km for all lines.
Example 9: Meshed Network

(b)
Example 9: Meshed Network

(d) (e)
(c)
Example 9: Meshed Network

(f)

(g)
Example 10: Supply to a Factory

A factory is supplied from an overhead line and cables with two transformers.
 1) Calculate the impedances at the fault locations.
 2) Calculate I′′k3 at the fault locations.
Example 10: Supply to a Factory
THANK YOU