MAP PROJECTION IN SOLDNER’S RIGHT-ANGLED COORDINATES .

Dr. W.Jordan, Professor in Hannover

C. Steppes, Tax assessor in München

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, Heft 11., Band XX, 01.Juni, 1891, 289 – 294

Although Soldner's right-angled spherical coordinates have been used in mapping for decades
by plotting only the right-angled spherical coordinates as right-angled plane coordinates, the
relationships of the various angles of direction, which here are forthcomming, are worth another
closer look, to which we are proceeding.
It is first the difference between the spherical direction angle of an arc and the plane directional
angle of the corresponding straight line in the projection. In Soldner's original treatise, dated 1810,
(reprinted in the work "The Bavarian State Survey in its Scientific Basis", Munich 1873, 8, 271-274),
the difference in directional angle in question is not immediately apparent, but it is not difficult to
present it in an explicit form, as we have done before and more recently in the Handb. d. Verm.
III. Bd. 1890, pp. 278-281.
However, at this point, an error (confusion of the angles α1 and α, α'and α2 in the following
figure 2) underwent, to which I have recently been made aware Ch. M. Schols, Member of the
Academy of Sciences and Professor at the Polytechnic School in Delft. *).*)
*) September 1890. So far this notification has been deferred against other submission. Zeitschrift für
Vermessungswessen. 1891, Heft 11.

Since no work is known to me in which the circumstances of the directional angle are presented, let us
demonstrate the development of them, but not repeating the whole of Soldner’s theory, but citing some of
the formulas in our Textbook (Handbuch d. Verm. III, 1890, s. 261, 274 und s. 278—285).
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 As in the above Fig. 1 the point A is given by ist coordinates x and y; we also have x’ and y’ .
So we find the distance s and the two directional angles, α and α’ by the equations (J. H. d. Verm.
10, s. 273, 274 und 19 s. 274):

With them is:

So und αo refer to the straight connecting line of points A and B in the plane right-angled
representation of the coordinates x, y, x', y', to which we are now considering in Fig. 2

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 Here, the points A and B are plotted on the plane by right-angled coordinates x, y and x ', y',
and the straight line AB has the length So giving the directional angle αo corresponding to the
formulas (5) and (4).
The spherical direction angles α and α’ and can be transmitted from FIG. 1 to FIG. 2; they
should give directions AA ' and BB' according to equations (2) and (3).
Now, we want not only to transfer the points A and B of FIG. 1 to FIG. 2, but the whole arc AB
of FIG. 1 through a line ACB in FIG 2. Anyway, a certain curve ACB will exist as a certain
Mapping line, and so also the certain directional angle α und α’ in A and B.

To determine the Curve A C B and its Tangent angle α and α’ in A and B, we need the known
Soldner’s coordinate formulas:

With this the shortcut to this law is:

By dividing (6) and (7) one finds:

Here is:

Therefore

Since one may also put x'- x = m into higher terms, one has::

This ist the equation for the curve AC B from Fig. 2 in plane righth-angled coordinates which
can be reffered from point A as a shortcut of Abscissa x’-x and of Ordinate y’-y. The direction
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angle of the curve A C B is first generally designated by α, then one has:

The 5 Correction factors of this are the differentials of tang α, and so

This general value α – (α) gets over into α – (α) where m=0, and gets into α – (α) when
the general when the determined value m accepts m=x’-x. So we get from (10) with m =0 the
first special case:

for this we take from (2):

found also from here:

The formulas (11), (12), (13) apply to the point A in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2; and by swaping the symbols,
one can derive from them the corresponding formulas for the othersided point B, namely:

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However, it must also be possible to derive these particular formulas from the general case of
equation (10). We have already noticed in (10) that α – (α) passes into α – α2 if the initially
indefinitive imaginary becomes the law of m= x '- x, or if we now consider m to be definite
without a formal change. If one does this, then there(10):

But since y + m tang α =y’, this gives:

And also to get α’ – α2, we add the entire Ordinate Convergence to (4) namely:

This gives with the preceding (18):

So in another way we have once more developed the previously recognized formula (14).

As concerning the curve length A C B, it is the same within the accuracy of , not being
different as the straight line A B = so This is so because a shallower arch differentiate itself from its
tendon so so well known only to

where R is the radius of curvature here of the order:

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for which reason R2 of the order r4 is:

next to the difference s — s0, which according (1) to he order no longer comes into
consideration.

We want to apply the developed principal formulas (11), (12), (13) (or for the othersided endpoint
(14), (15), (16)) to the case where α = 45° (with addition of ρ = 206 265 )::

given:

For a numerical example:

therefore

this gives:

with this is

and y, y’ as before:

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Although the angle α1 – αo (αo- α2 at the other point) just falls into the order like the angle
α - αo bzw. αo- α’ one can in a certain sense say that the small angles compared here are not of
the same order, because α– α1 has the faktor y2 and α1– αo has only the faktor m y, which is in
general smaller as y2, because m has only the rank of an ordinate difference y' — y and not the
rank of the ordinate y itself. This is also evident in the two numerical examples (23) and (24),
because in this case y was itself very large; if one takes y also small, the counter proposition
vanishes away.

Transition to Gaussian conformal koordinates

At the conformal coordinates the angle α– α1 ( α’– α2) disappears. The straight lines A A’ and
B B’ are here the tangents of the curve A C B in the endpoints A at B.
This to show, we want to repeat the development which we have made in the before stated (6)
— (10), now only repeated for Gaussian koordinates. We still stand at this (J. Handb. d. Verm. III.
s. 284—285):

The division gives:

To bring all together from η, m and α, we set:

that is:

If one sets here m = 0 then getting (α) into α1 and one sees that:

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on the other hand, if the general m is applied to the othersided end point B, then getting (α) into
α2 and one has:

This however is the total ordinate convergence α - α’, as in (18 a), and it from that follows also:

The relations in (27) and (29) found here by calculations say according to FIG. 2, that the curve A
C B with its end tangents in A and B is mapped in an angle-true manner, and this is a geometrical
relation, which can also be viewed without calculation, once the Conformity property of the
mapping is recognized.

Jordan

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