SOIL PROFILE AT RE WALL LOCATION BEHIND ABUTMENT-02

9 0
SOIL PROFILE BOREHOLE LOCATION PLAN
10.0
8 0

N-VALUES N-VALUES
7 0
6 0
N-VALUES 7
8.0 5
5 0
4 0 4 27
3 0 15 10
3 21 20
6.0
2 0
25
1 0 12
9 22 2 19
0 0
5
3
-1 0
4.0-2 0 18 1
0 4 3
2
-3 0
-4 0 1 03 2
6
ELEVATION (m)

2.0
-5 0
12
-6
-7
0
0
11 6 3
17 12 16
0.0
-8 0
-9 0
-10 0
13 BH-05
-2.0 16
12 HIGHLY COMPRESSIBLE
19 LEGEND:
-4.0 16 STRATA
26 SILTY SAND/FINE SAND
-6.0 34
BH-01 BH-03 LOW PLASTIC CLAY/SILTY CLAY
-8.0
SECTION: X-X HIGH PLASTIC CLAY
-10.0

CHARACTERISTIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE & FINE GRAINED SOIL FOR EVALUATION OF SETTLEMENT DUE TO CONSOLIDATION
TABLE-01: VOID RATIO, e & DRY UNIT WEIGHT,ϒd TABLE-02: CONSOLIDATION PROP. OF NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED SANDY SOIL TABLE-04: TYPICAL VALUES OF COMPRESSION INDEX
PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING-B.M DAS. REF: ADAPTED FROM BERMISTER, 1962; [GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES- DONALD REF.: PROF. JUAN M. PESTANA- NASCIMENTO [UNIVERSITY OF
REF: [PAGE NO:59, TABLE 3.2, CHAPTER: VARIOUS UNIT WEIGHT P. CODUTO (2ND EDITION)] CALIFORNIA, BERKLEY]
RELATIONSHIPS, 7TH EDITION] Cc/(1+e0)

SYMBOL
SOIL TYPE COMP. INDEX, Cc

USCS
SOIL TYPE
DRY UNIT WEIGHT,ϒd Dr=0% Dr=20% Dr=40% Dr=60% Dr=80% Dr=100% NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAYS 0.20 - 0.50
SOIL TYPE VOID RATIO, e
lb/ft3 kN/m3 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND, SOME GRAVEL SW 0.005 CHICAGO CLAY WITH SILT (CL) 0.15-0.30
Loose uniform sand 0.8 92 14.5 MEDIUM TO COARSE SAND SW/SP 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.003 0.002 SWEDISH CLAY (CL-CH) 1-3
Dense uniform sand 0.45 115 18 FINE TO COARSE SAND SW 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.002 CANADA CLAY (CL-CH) 1-4

Loose angular-grained silty FINE TO MEDIUMSAND SW/SP 0.013 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003 ORGANIC CLAYS 4 AND MORE
0.65 102 16
sand FINE SAND SP 0.015 0.013 0.01 0.008 0.005 0.003 PEATS (Pt) 10-15

Dense angular-grained Silty FINE SAND WITH TRACE FINE TO COARSE SILT SP-SM - - 0.011 - - - ORGANIC SILTS and CLAYEY SILTS (ML-MH) 1.5-4.0
0.4 121 19
Sand FINE SAND WITH LITTLE FINE TO COARSE SILT SM 0.017 0.014 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.003 MEXICO CITY CLAY (MH) 7-10
Stiff clay 0.6 108 17 FINE SAND WITH SOME FINE TO COARSE SILT SM 0.014 TABLE-05: OTHER CORRELATIONS FOR DETERMINATION OF Cc
Soft clay 0.9–1.4 73–93 11.5–14.5 TABLE-03: CONSISTENCY CLASSIFICATION OF COARSE GRAINED SOILS. Cc= 0.007 (LL-7.0) SKEMPTON [1944]

Loess 0.9 86 13.5 REF: US NAVY 1982 & LAMBE & WHITMAN, 1969. Cc= PI / 74 (*PI: PLASTICITY INDEX) Kulhawy and Mayne, 1990

Soft organic clay 2.5–3.2 38–51 6–8 [GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES- DONALD P. CODUTO (2ND EDITION)] Cc= 0.5 X Gs X [ PI/100 ] Wroth and Wood [1978]

Glacial till 0.3 134 21 SPT- N1 60 CLASSIFICATION RELATIVE DENSITY {%) Cc= 1.15 [ e0-0.27] Nishida [1956]

<4 VERY LOOSE 0-15 PRIODEEP CHOWDHURY

ANALYZED BY:
4 TO 10 LOOSE 15-35 (GEOTECHNICAL & FOUNDATION DESIGN ENGINEER.)

10 TO 17 MEDIUM 35-65 C.K MANDAL

CHECKED BY:
DENSE
DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTIONS LTD. 17-32 65-85 (DIRECTOR-PLANNING & OPERATIONS)

>32 VERY DENSE 85-100 PROJECT TITLE: JURAIN RAILWAY OVERPASS. [PACKAGE: 10]
 SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS

Settlement Analysis of High Embankment

[*Single way Drainage System Considered)]

Carriageway Width
B = 20.210
4.50

0.00
4.50 10.11
0.00 h1

Fill
0.00

4.0 OGL OGL

Layers 1 to 20 (compressible)

HARD STRATA
* DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
1.Input data-1 (General)
Location km ABUTMENT-II

Road Width m 20.21 2.Input data-2 (Geotechnical findings and assumptions)

Fill Height ( h1) 4.50
m

Fill Slope (V:H) - 0.445 1.Incompressible strata (Stiff Clay) at : 8.00 m, below original ground level.
Slope of the berm % 0 2.Water table is considered to be at original ground level(for worst condition of settlement).

RL at the top of embankment m 7.5 3.Thickness of compressible strata (h 2)= 5.50 m

3-Input data-3 (Characterstics of fill soil)

Max. Dry Density of fill soil kN/m3 -
Optimum moisture content % -
Design density(bulk density-ϒ1) 17.50
p =
kN/m3

78.8 kN/m2
4. Input data-4 (Charectaristics of original ground)
Original ground strata - i. ii. iii. iv.

Depth (h2) m 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.50

Dry Density 12.00 12.00 11.00 11.00
kN/m3

Natural Moisture Content % 22.00 23.00 32.00 33.00

Specific Gravity - 2.67 2.68 2.68 2.69

Initial void ratio(eo) - - 0.90 0.85
-
Coefficient of consolidation(Cv) m2/Day 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03

Compressibility index(Cc) - - - 0.35 0.32

Division of strata in layers Nos 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 p [a(a1+a2+a3)+b(a1+a3)+x(a1-a3)]

σz =
pa

5 .Soil charectaristics of original ground by layer :

Layer No No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Layer depth(D) m 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400
SANDY STRATA

Dry density(ϒd) kN/m

3
12.000 12.000 12.000 12.000 12.000 12.000 12.000 12.000 12.000 12.000

Initial void ratio (eo) - 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Saturated density(ϒsat) kN/m3 17.500 17.500 17.500 17.500 17.500 17.500 17.500 17.500 17.500 17.500

Design Submerged density kN/m3 7.690 7.690 7.690 7.690 7.690 7.690 7.690 7.690 7.690 7.690

Cc/(1+e0) - 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012

Layer No No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
LOW PLASTIC CLAYEY STRATA

Layer depth(D) m 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300

Dry density(ϒd) kN/m3 11.000 11.000 11.000 11.000 11.000 11.000 11.000 11.000 11.000 11.000

Initial void ratio (eo) - 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.850 0.850 0.850 0.850 0.850

Saturated density(ϒsat) kN/m3 26.800 26.800 26.800 26.800 26.800 26.800 26.800 26.800 26.800 26.800

Design Submerged density kN/m3 16.800 16.800 16.800 16.800 16.800 16.800 16.800 16.800 16.800 16.800

Compressibility index(Cc) - 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.320 0.320 0.320 0.320 0.320

DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTIONS LTD. 10/29/2018 SETTLEMENT UNDER EMBANKMENT FOR RAMPS BEHIND ABUTMENT. #JROB
 SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS

6. Settlement Calculation

6.1 Primary settlement

Consolidation settlement of ith layer(δi) is expressed by the equation: [REF.: AASHTO LRFD -2014 [ARTICLE : 10.6.2.4.3]]
Cc x D x log10 ((Po+∆P)/Po)
δi =
1+eo
Total consolidation settlement (δP) = SUM(δi)
(i=1 to n , n- total number of layers under consideration)
Where, ∆P- Load increaments
Po- Initial effective stress at mid depth of compressive zone
D- Depth of soil layer
Cc- Compression index evaluated over the range Po and (Po +∆P)
eo- Initial void ratio

Strata No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
Initial effective stress(Po) kN/m 1.54 4.61 7.69 10.77 13.84 16.92 19.99 23.07 26.15 29.22
Width of fill slope (a) m 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11
Half road wodth (b) m 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11
Depth [G.L to mid. of layer] (z) m 0.20 0.60 1.00 1.40 1.80 2.20 2.60 3.00 3.40 3.80
a-z ratio(a/z) - 50.53 16.84 10.11 7.22 5.61 4.59 3.89 3.37 2.97 2.66
b-z ratio(b/z) - 50.53 16.84 10.11 7.22 5.61 4.59 3.89 3.37 2.97 2.66
Influence value - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Load increament(∆P) kN/m2 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75
Primary settlement (δi) m 0.010 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Strata No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2
Initial effective stress(Po) kN/m 2.52 7.56 12.60 17.64 22.68 27.72 32.76 37.80 42.84 47.88
Width of fill slope (a) m 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11
Half road wodth (b) m 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11 10.11
Depth [G.L to mid. of layer] (z) m 4.30 4.60 4.90 5.20 5.50 5.80 6.10 6.40 6.70 7.00
a-z ratio(a/z) - 2.35 2.20 2.06 1.94 1.84 1.74 1.66 1.58 1.51 1.44
b-z ratio(b/z) - 2.35 2.20 2.06 1.94 1.84 1.74 1.66 1.58 1.51 1.44
Influence value - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Load increament(∆P) kN/m2 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75 78.75
Primary settlement (δi) m 0.083 0.058 0.048 0.041 0.036 0.030 0.028 0.025 0.024 0.022

Primary Consolidation Settlement = Sum(δi)= 0.443 m

6.2 Secondary settlement(δe):

δe
Where,
Taking elapsed time (t2)
Approximate total settlement (St)
Time taken for 95% settlement(t 1 =t 90 )
Time taken for 99.9% settlement(t 99.9 )
Coefficient for secondary settlement(a)
Total secondary settlement( δe)
= a x Log10 (t2/t1)
t2- Total elapsed time since the load was applied to soil
t1- The period required for hydrodinamic( primary consolidation)
nearly to be completed.This time may be taken as the time
corresponding to 90% consolidation
a- a coefficient which represents rate of secondary compression obtained from laboratory test ( time -settlement curve)
= 20.000 years, and assuming :
= 0.050 m (This value is obtained by iteration)
= 539.224 days (This value is obtained from the rate of settlement,below)
= 850.627 days (This value is obtained from the rate of settlement,below)
= 0.049x St = 0.012 m
Log(t99.9/t95)
= a x Log10 (t2/t1) = 0.014 m

Total Settlement ( δt) = Primary Settlement + Secondary Settlement = 0.457 m

7.Rate of consolidation settlement (t)
Tv x H2
t =
Cv
Where T- Time factor corresponding to the degree of consolidation
H- Length of effective drainage path
(for one waydrainage H=DT ,and for two way drainage H=DT /2)
DT - Depth of compressible strata
Cv- Coefficient of consolidation (average)for a range of full depth

Considering single way drainage , time taken for different degree of consolidation is tabulated below.

Degree of consolidation: % 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 95.00 99.90
Settlement(δT): m 0.046 0.091 0.137 0.183 0.228 0.274 0.320 0.365 0.411 0.434 0.456
Length of effective drainage path(H): m 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000
,[2]
Time factor Tv - 0.008 0.031 0.071 0.126 0.197 0.286 0.403 0.567 0.848 1.129 1.781
Coeficient of consiliodation ,(Cv)average m2/Day 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034
Time reqired for consolidation(t): Days 3.75 15.00 33.77 60.18 94.09 136.60 192.48 270.81 405.01 539.22 850.63

8. Time settlement relationship

Time (days) 1 4 15 34 60 94 137 192 271 405 539 851
Time (Months) 0.033 0.133 0.500 1.133 2.000 3.133 4.567 6.400 9.033 13.500 17.967 28.367
Settlement(cm) 1 5 9 14 18 23 27 32 37 41 43 46

DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTIONS LTD. 10/29/2018 SETTLEMENT UNDER EMBANKMENT FOR RAMPS BEHIND ABUTMENT. #JROB
 SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS

PRIMARY SETTLEMENT (m) Time - Settlement Curve

0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100
0
0.2
5

0.6 10

1 48 mm 15

Settelment in cm
20
1.4
TOTAL PRIMARY SETTLEMENT:

25
1.8
30

2.2 35

40
2.6
45
3
50
3.4 1 10 100 1000
Time in Days
DEPTH [mBGL]

3.8

Time - Degree of Consolidation Curve

4.3
0
4.6
10

4.9
395 mm

20
Degree of Consolidation (%)

5.2 30
TOTAL PRIMARY SETTLEMENT:

40
5.5
50

5.8
60

6.1 70

80
6.4
90
6.7
100
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
7
Time in Days

PROJECT TITLE:
JURAIN RAILWAY OVERPASS
ANALYSIS ON:
REFERENCES SETTLEMENT UNDER EMBANKMENT FOR
RAMPS BEHIND ABUTMENT
ANALYZED BY:
American Association of State
AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
1.0 Highway and Transportation ARTICLE NO : 10.6.2.4.3 PRIODEEP CHOWDHURY
SPECIFICATIONS- (GEOTECHNICAL & FOUNDATION DESIGN
Officials,(7TH EDITION-2014)
ENGINEER.)
CHECKED BY:
PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL CHAPTER 11:
B. M DAS (7TH EDITION)
COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL C. K. MANDAL
2.0
ENGINEERING
(DIRECTOR-PLANNING & OPERATIONS)
CHAPTER 11:
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING:
3.0
PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE
DONULD. P. CODUTO COMPRESSIBILITY & DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTIONS LTD.
SETTLEMENT

DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTIONS LTD. 10/29/2018 SETTLEMENT UNDER EMBANKMENT FOR RAMPS BEHIND ABUTMENT. #JROB
 DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTIONS LTD.
ANALYSIS ON PERFORMANCE OF SAND DRAIN
TO ACCELERATE CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
PROPERTIES OF SAND DRAIN & SUB-SURFACE DETAILS:
rw= 150 mm
Spacing, S= 900 mm
de=1.05 x S= 945 mm
r e= 472.5 mm
n= re/rw = 3.15 mm
Hc= 2.5 m
Cv= 0.032 m 2 /day
*Sand drains will be installed in the triangular pattern at
900mm c/c distance. FIG. 01: PLAN & SECTION OF SAND DRAINS

CONSIDERATIONS:
→ The load (surcharge) would be applied in the form
of a ramp .
→ It has been considered, it would take 60 days to
complete total loading.
→ tc has been considered as 60 days.
→ Hence, degree of consolidation due to vertical &
radial drainage has been calculated after 80 days of
ultimate loading. tc= 60 DAYS [CONSIDERED]
→ When surcharge is applied in the form of a ramp,
there would be no smear zone. FIG. 02: APPLICATION OF SURCHARGE IN THE FIG. 03: CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FORM OF RAMPS. SMEARED ZONE AROUND SAND DRAIN.

If the surcharge is applied in the form of a ramp and there is no smear, then (Olson, 1977)

CALCULATIONS [ Degree of Consolidation after 80days of Ultimate Load Application ]:

Hence, using the above equations:
m= 0.5512 A= 3.63

Trc = 1.6797 Tr = 2.2396 Hence, Tr>Trc

So,

Ur = 84%

Again, Tc= 0.336 Tv= 0.448

So, From the Fig.04,

Uv= 52%
FIG. 04: Tv Vs Uv with respect to Tc.

For a given surcharge and duration, the average degree of consolidation due to drainage in the vertical and radial directions is,

Uv,r= 92%
REFERENCES
PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDATION B. M DAS
[ 7TH EDITION]
CHAPTER: 14; ARTICLE 14.8 [PAGE: 745 TO 755]
ENGINEERING

ANALYSED BY: PRIODEEP CHOWDHURY CHECKED BY: C.K MANDAL DATE: 30.10.2018