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Chapter Two
Water Supply and Sanitary

2.1 Overview of Water Supply:


2.1.1 Water Supply:
Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities commercial organizations,
community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation is
covered separately. It is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties in
the water industry, commonly a public utility, of water resources of various qualities to
different users.
2.1.2 Methods of water supply:
a. Continuous System
-If the water is supplied to the consumer for all 24hrs from a system.
Advantages: Water is available in every time, We get fresh water every time, Adequate
water anytime for fire-fighting.
Disadvantages: More wastage of water, large volume wastage during leakage.
b. Intermittent System
-If water is supplied to the consumer’s only during fixed hours of a day.
Advantages: Useful in the place where sufficient quantity is not available, Repairing
can be done during non-supply hours, leakage does not cause large lost.
Disadvantages: No sufficient supply of water, Consumer has to be alert during
distribution time, large no. of valves are required to maintain this system.
2.1.3 General Importance of Water:
 No life can exist without water.
 It is as essential for life as air is.
 Two- third of human body is constituted of water.
 Provides luxuries and comforts to human beings.
2.1.4 Objectives of Water Supply:
 To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers/ community.
 To supply water in sufficient quantities.
 To supply water at convenient points and timings.
 To supply water at reasonable cost to the users.
 To encourage personal and house hold cleanliness of users.
2.1.5 Water and its necessity for Life
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. It is one of the basic survival
needs of living things. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no
water, there would have not been life on earth. Apart from drinking people need water for
plenty of other uses.
In adjacent to this, our hygiene is also highly related with that of the liquid called
substance called H2O (Water). It is uncommon to wash our face or body with other liquids

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such as gas or alcoholic drinks. So water did not have any other competitor in keeping our
hygiene, beauty, healthiness and much more.
Still water is needed to grow plants and it is also the dominant facilitator on supplying
and donating the released oxygen and help us being able to breath clean and comfy air. And
still again water is the potential source of power.
There are two main water supplies that we can access water from; surface and ground.
Surface water supply includes water from the lakes, reservoirs, rivers and streams. These
water bodies are formed from direct rain, runoffs and springs. Ground water is taken out deep
from the ground. Source of water in different parts of the world may comprise of springs,
lakes, seas, rivers, and small ponds as well.

2.1.6 Various work of water supply:

2.2 Overview of Sanitary System:


2.2.1 Defination Terms:
a) Sanitary: Sanitary is a relating to the conditions that affect hygiene and health,
especially the supply of sewage facilities and clean drinking water. Sanitary refers more
especially to conditions affecting health or measures for guarding against infection or disease:
to insure sanitary conditions in preparing food.
b) Sanitation: Sanitation is the process of keeping places clean and healthy,
especially by providing a sewage system and a clean water supply.
c) Sanitary Engineering: It is the branch of public health and environmental
engineering which studied about scientific and methodical collection, conveyance, treatment
and disposal of waste material so that environment can be protected from pollution and public
health can be protected from injurious substances.

2.3 Sewers:
Sewers are underground pipes or conduits which carry sewage to the point of discharge.

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2.3.1 Design criteria of sewers:


As sewage contains 99.9% liquid and 0.1% solid, its design is similar to water supply
pipe but the flow takes places under gravity. The following are the design criteria of
sewers:
a. Sewage quantity:
Determine the quantity of sanitary and storm sewage considering suitable design
period and future population. Normally, 25-30 years is considered for design period.
Population forecast as describe in water supply in water supply engineering and
estimated quantity of sanitary and storm sewage is done as described in sanitary
engineering.
b. Sewerage System:
Separate, combined and partially separated system is required to select. Generally
separate system is considered in the design. For separate system design is done
separately for 𝑸𝒔𝒂 and 𝑸𝒔𝒕 . For partial separate system, storm water only from roof,
pavement and yards, are with 𝑸𝒔𝒂 in one sewer and other storm water is drained
separately.
c. Type and shape of sewer:
The closed type of sewer is used for sanitary sewage and may be open for storm flow.
Generally, circular shape sewer is used for closed sewer and rectangular sewer is used
for open sewers.
d. Sewer size range:
Sewer size should not be less than 15cm diameter but recommended is ϕ = 20cm. The
maximum available size is 3m.
e. Sewer gradient:
The sewer gradient are selected as per site condition. The minimum gradient should
be such that self-cleansing velocity is achieved and maximum gradient should be such
that velocity is does not exceed to non-scouring velocity. Minimum gradient should
be 1:100 (1%) and maximum gradient should be 1:20 (5%).
f. Sewer are design to flow to 2/3 full as pick or maximum discharge. The sufficient
free board is used in open storms drains.
g. Self-cleansing Velocity:
It is the minimum velocity at which solid particles will remain in suspension without settling
at bottom of sewer. The designed velocity of flow should not be less than self-cleansing
velocity of peak flow. It is normally 0.6 to 0.9 m/s for separate system and 0.75 m/s for
combined system. Self-cleansing velocity is found by Shield’s Formula:
𝟖𝑲
𝑽𝒔 = √ (𝑮𝒔 − 𝟏). 𝒈. 𝒅𝒔 in m/s 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝒇
K = A dimensionless constant depends upon characteristics of solid and taken as 0.04 to 0.8.
f = Darcy’s friction factor taken as 0.03.
𝐺𝑠 = Specific gravity of solids in sewage ranges 1.2 to 2.65.
𝑑𝑠 = diameter of solid particles in sewage in meter.
Self-cleansing velocity of different diameter of sewers are:-

S.N Sewer diameter (cm) Self-cleansing Velocity (m/s)


1. 15-25 1.00
2. 30-60 0.75
3. > 60 0.60

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2.4 Septic Tank


It is a tank, typically underground, in which sewage is collected and allowed to
decompose through bacterial activity before draining by means of a soak away.
A septic tank is an underwater sedimentation tank used for wastewater treatment
through the process of biological decomposition and drainage. Septic tanks allow a safe
disposal of wastewater and hence are widely popular in areas that have a poor drainage
system or are off the mains sewage network.
2.4.1 Construction Procedure:
 It is a rectangular in plan with minimum width of 0.75 meter, length usually 2-4
times the breadth.
 For smaller tanks liquid depth of 100 cm is provided for large tanks it may be up
to 180 cm, free board of 0.3 m to 0.45 m is provided.
 Single elbow or T-Shaped outlet pipe is provided.
 The baffle wall is usually placed 30 cm from the inlet pipe and remains 15 cm
above and 30 cm below the liquid level.
 Usually RCC slab with C.I manhole cover is provided.
 Ventilation pie is provided for taking out the foul smells. It is usually 7.5 – 10 cm
diameter of A.C or C.I.
2.4.2 Design criteria of Septic Tank:
 Detention Time (t) = 1-3 days
 Adopt Breadth (B) = 0.75 – 4 meter
 Depth (D) = 1 - 1.8 meter
 Free Board (F.B) = 0.3 – 0.45 meter.
𝑳
 =2–4
𝑩
 Volume (V) = 𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐 +𝑽𝟑
where,
𝑽𝟏 = Volume of settling/ sedimentation of sewage (Q * E)
𝑽𝟐 = Volume of sludge digestion (0.0425 * N)
𝑽𝟑 = Volume of storage of digested sludge (𝑪𝒅𝒔 * N )
Time Duration 6 months 1 year 2 years 3 years

𝑪𝒅𝒔 0.0283 0.0490 0.0708 0.0850

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2.4.3 Elevation of
Septic tank

2.4.4 Design of Septic tank for 5 users where sewage flow is 350 liquid per capita day.
Assume necessary data.

Given,

Rate of sewage Flow = 350 lpcd

Assume, Sludge is cleaned 2 in years.

Now,
Volume of settling/ sedimentation of sewage, 𝑽𝟏 = No. of users x rate of sewage flow /1000
𝑽𝟏 = 5 x 350/1000 = 1.75 m3
Volume of sludge digestion, 𝑽𝟐 = 0.0425 x N
𝑽𝟐 = 0.0425 x 5 = 0.2125 m3

Volume of storage of digested sludge, 𝑽𝟑 = 𝐶𝑑𝑠 * N (𝑪𝒅𝒔 = 0.085)

𝑽𝟑 = 0.085 x 5 = 0.425 m3

Total effective Volume (V) = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 = (1.75 +0.2125 + 0.425) =2.388 m3

Here,

Provide depth as 1-1.8m

Take depth (d) = 1.5 m


𝑉 2.388
Area (A) = 𝐷 = 1.5
= 1.592m2

Taking, L = 2B

Now, L x b = A

2B x B = 1.592

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𝟏.𝟓𝟗𝟐
B=√ 𝟐
= 0.892 > 0.75 𝑠𝑜, 𝑜𝑘.

L = 2B = 2 x 0.892 = 1.784 m

Provide Free Board (F.B) = (0.3 to 0.45)

Take, 0.4 m

Then overall depth (D) = 1.5 + 0.4 = 1.9 m

Thus, Provide a Septic Tank of Size = (1.784m x 0.892m x 1.9m) for 5 users.

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2.5 Soak Pit:


A soak pit or seepage pit is generally circular and it allows effluent from septic tank to
percolate in the soil. Soak pit can be used when ground water table in 2 m below surface. It
is not suitable if soil is thick clay or solid rock. It is economical, stable and high efficient.
The main purpose of soak pit is to dispose the septic tank effluent by absorption in the
surrounding soil.
2.5.1 Construction Procedure:
 Soak pit may be lined or unlined. Unlined pit is filled with bricks, stone aggregates
and sand. So cover is not necessary. But in lined soak pit, is empty inside. But
filled with sand, gravel, aggregate outside and cover is required.

2.5.2 Design Criteria of Soak Pit:


 Dimeter = 0.9 m to 3.5 m
NOTE: Ground water table should be at 2m below the base of soak pit.
𝟏𝟑𝟎
 I= 𝒕

Where,
I = maximum rate of effluent application in l/m2/day
t = percolation rate in min/cm.
𝑸
 Area = 𝑰

2.5.3 Design of Soak pit for 5 users of 350 liquid per capita day (lpcd) rate of
sewage flow. Assume necessary data.
Given,
Rate of sewage Flow (Q) = 350 lpcd
No. of users (N) = 5
We have,
𝟏𝟑𝟎
I=
√𝒕
Assume, t = 25 min/cm
𝟏𝟑𝟎
i.e. I = 26 l/m2/day
√𝟐𝟓
𝑸 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎
Now, A= 𝑰 = 𝟐𝟔
= 67.308 m2 (where Q = 350 x 5 = 1750 l/day from septic tank)

Provide Depth = 1 m to 2.5 m


Take depth = 2.0 m
Area (A) = πd2/4
67.308 = π x d2/4
Thus, d = 9.25 m
Diameter is Criteria = 0.9 m to 3.5 m
So, adopt 3 soak pit of 3.5 m
Diameter of Soak pit = 3.5m

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Fig. (b) Plan of Septic tank

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Fig. (b) Plan of Soak Pit

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Council for Technical Educational and Vocational Training (CTEVT)


QUANTITY ESTIMATION OF SEPTIC TANK AND SOAK PIT
Location: Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School Observer: Group D
Gothatar, Kathmandu Estimated by: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF NO LENGTH BREADTH HEIGHT QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS
ITEM (m) (m) (m)
1. Earthwork in Excavation L = 1.66+0.4=2.46, B = 0.83+0.4=1.63
3
a) Septic Tank 1 2.46 1.63 1.75 7.017 m H = 0.30+1.20+0.05+0.20 = 1.75 m
𝜋
b) Soak pit lower portion 2 x 3.92 0.20 4.778 m3 D = 3.5 + 0.20+ 0.20 = 3.9
4
𝜋
c) Soak pit up to 2m depth 2 x 4.52 2.00 63.617 m3 D = 3.5+0.2+0.2+ 0.15+0.15+0.15+0.15
4
Total 75.412 m3
2. Cement Concrete 1:3:6
a) Floor and Foundation 1 2.46 1.63 0.20 0.802 m3
b) Sloping Floor 1 (1/2 x 1.66 x 0.1) 0.90 0.075 m3
Total 0.877 m3
3. 1st Class Brickwork 1:4
mortar in Septic Tank.
a) Long Wall L = 1.66+0.30+0.30 = 2.26
3
-1st Step 2 2.26 0.30 0.60 0.814 m L = 1.66+0.20+0.20 = 2.06
-2nd Step 2 2.06 0.20 0.95 0.783 m3 H = 1.2+0.05+0.30-0.60 = 0.95
b) Short Wall
-1st Step 2 0.83 0.30 0.60 0.299 m3
-2nd Step 2 0.83 0.20 0.95 0.315 m3
Total 2.211 m3
4. 2nd Class Brickwork 1:6
mortar in Soak Pit Total Q = 6.510 m
a) -Upper Portion 4 π x 3.7 0.2 0.5 4.650 m3 L = π, D = 3.5+0.1+0.1 = 3.7m
b) -Lower Portion 4 π x 3.7 0.2 0.2 1.860 m3 Here, D = 20/2 = 10 cm = 0.1m

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S.N PARTICULARAS OF NO LENGTH BREADTH HEIGHT QUANTITY UNIT REMARKS


ITEM (m) (m) (m)
5. 2nd Class Dry Brickwork
for Soak Pit 4 π x 3.7 0.2 2 18.598 m3
6. Pre-Cast R.C.C Work
a) Roof cover slab for Septic L = 1.66+0.2+0.2 = 2.06 m
Tank 1 2.060 1.230 0.075 0.190 m3 B = 0.83+0.2+0.2 = 1.23 m
𝜋
b) Roof cover slab soak pit 2 x 3.92 0.075 7.168 m3 D = 3.5+0.2+0.2 = 3.9 m
4
c) Baffle wall in Septic tank 1 0.930 0.040 0.450 0.017 m3 L = 1.66+0.2+0.2, B = 0.83+0.2+0.2
D = 0.30+0.15 = 0.45 m
Total 7.375 m3
7. 12 mm thick 1:3 cement
Plaster work
a) Long Wall 2 1.66 ---- 1.500 4.980 m2
b) Short Wall 2 0.83 ---- 1.500 2.490 m2
Total 7.470 m2
8. 20 mm thick Cement
Plaster 1 1.660 0.830 ---- 1.378 m2

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti

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