Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bibir adalah 2 lipatan daging yang mengelilingi mulut. Mulut bagian luar adalah kulit dan bagian dalam
adalah membran mukosa. Substansi bibir terdiri oleh orbicularis oris otot dan otot-otot yang memancar
dari bibir ke wajah, pembuluh darah dan saraf, jaringan ikat dan kelenjar saliva. Philtrum adalah alur
vertikal dangkal yang terlihat di garis tengah pada permukaan luar dari bibir atas. Lipatan mukosa
membran median menghubungkan permukaan bagian dalam bibir ke gusi
Rongga mulut
Mulut meluas dari bibir samapi faring. Pada pintu masuk faring, terbentuk istmus orofaringeal pada
setiap sisi dari lipatan palatoglossal. Mulut dibagi menjadi vestibulum dan rongga mulut
Vestibule
The vestibule lies between the lips and the cheeks externally and the gums and the teeth
internally. This slitlike space communicates with the exterior through the oral fissure between
the lips. When the jaws are closed, it communicates with the mouth proper behind the third
molar tooth on each side. The vestibule is limited above and below by the reflection of the
mucous membrane from the lips and cheeks to the gums.
The lateral wall of the vestibule is formed by the cheek, which is made up by the buccinator
muscle and is lined with mucous membrane. The tone of the buccinator muscle and that of the
muscles of the lips keeps the walls of the vestibule in contact with one another. The duct of the
parotid salivary gland opens on a small papilla into the vestibule opposite the upper second
molar tooth (Fig. 11-72).
Vestibulum
Terletak diantara bibir dan pipi pada bagian eksterna dan gusi dan gigi pada bagian internal. Vestibulum
yang terbentuk seperti celah berhubungan dengan bagian eksterior melalui celah oral antara bibir. Saat
rahang menutup, vestibulum berhubungan dengan mulut yang tepat di belakang gigi molar ketiga di
setiap sisi. Vestibulum terbatas atas dan di bawah oleh refleksi dari selaput lendir dari bibir dan pipi ke
gusi
Dinding lateral vestibulum dibentuk oleh pipi, yang dibuat oleh otot buccinator dan dilapisi dengan
selaput lendir. Tonus otot buccinator dan otot-otot bibir tetap dinding ruang depan dalam kontak
dengan satu sama lain. Duktus kelenjar ludah parotis terbuka pada papilla kecil ke ruang depan seberang
gigi molar kedua atas
Roof of Mouth
The roof of the mouth is formed by the hard palate in front and the soft palate behind (Fig. 11-
72).
Atap Mulut
Atap mulut terbentuk dari palatum durum (keras) pada bagian depan dan palatum molee (lunak)
pada bagian belakang
Floor of Mouth
The floor is formed largely by the anterior two thirds of the tongue and by the reflection of the
mucous membrane from the sides of the tongue to the gum of the mandible. A fold of mucous
membrane called the frenulum of the tongue connects the undersurface of the tongue in the
midline to the floor of the mouth (Fig. 11-72). Lateral to the frenulum, the mucous membrane
forms a fringed fold, the plica fimbriata (Fig. 11-72).
The submandibular duct of the submandibular gland opens onto the floor of the mouth on the
summit of a small papilla on either side of the frenulum of the tongue (Fig. 11-72). The
sublingual gland projects up into the mouth, producing a low fold of mucous membrane, the
sublingual fold. Numerous ducts of the gland open on the summit of the fold.
Bawah mulut
Lantai dibentuk terutama oleh dua pertiga anterior lidah dan oleh refleksi dari selaput lendir dari
sisi lidah pada gusi dari mandibula. Sebuah lipatan selaput lendir yang disebut frenulum lidah
menghubungkan permukaan bawah lidah di garis tengah ke dasar mulut.
Duktus submandilbular dari kelenjar submandibula terbuka terbuka ke dasar mulut pada puncak
papilla kecil di kedua sisi frenulum lidah. Kelenjar submandibula terproyeksi naik ke mulut,
menhasilkan lipatan rendah selaput lender yaitu lipatan sublingual. Banyak duktus dan kelenjar
yang terbuka pada puncak lipatan.
Mucous Membrane of the Mouth
In the vestibule the mucous membrane is tethered to the buccinator muscle by elastic fibers in the
submucosa that prevent redundant folds of mucous membrane from being bitten between the
teeth when the jaws are closed. The mucous membrane of the gingiva, or gum, is strongly
attached to the alveolar periosteum.
Roof: The greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves (Fig. 11-74) from the maxillary
division of the trigeminal nerve
Atap: saraf palatine dan nasopalatina dari divisi maksilaris saraf trigeminus
Floor: The lingual nerve (common sensation), a branch of the mandibular division of the
trigeminal nerve. The taste fibers travel in the chorda tympani nerve, a branch of the
facial nerve.
Bawah: Saraf lingual, cabang dari divisi mandibular nervus trigeminus (sensasi normal)
Cheek: The buccal nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (the
buccinator muscle is innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve)
Pipi: saraf buccal, cabang dari divis mandibular, nervus trigeminus (oto buccinators dipersarafi cabang
buccal dari nervus fasialis
The Teeth
Deciduous Teeth
There are 20 deciduous teeth: four incisors, two canines, and four molars in each jaw. They
begin to erupt about 6 months after birth and have all erupted by the end of 2 years. The teeth of
the lower jaw usually appear before those of the upper jaw.
Gigi Susu
Terdapat 20 gigi susu, 4 seri, 2 gigi taring, 4 molar pada setiap rahang. Gigi mulai erupsi saat 6
bulan setelah lahir dan semua gig erupsi pada akhir umur 2 tahun. Gigi pada rahang bawah
biasanya muncul lebih dahulu sebelum rahang atas
Permanent Teeth
There are 32 permanent teeth: four incisors, two canines, four premolars, and six molars in each
jaw (Fig. 11-76). They begin to erupt at 6 years of age. The last tooth to erupt is the third molar,
which may happen between the ages of 17 and 30. The teeth of the lower jaw appear before
those of the upper jaw.
Gigi permanen
Terdapat 32 gigi permanen: 4 gigi seri, 2 gigi taring, 4 premolar dan 6 molar pada setiap rahang.
Gigi-gigi ini mulau erupsi saat usia 6 tahun. Gigi terakhir yang erupsi adalah molar ketiga, pada
usia antar 17 dan 30 tahun. Gigi pada rahang bawah muncul lebih dahulu sebelum gigi rahang
atas.
The Tongue
The tongue is a mass of striated muscle covered with mucous membrane (Fig. 11-77). The
muscles attach the tongue to the styloid process and the soft palate above and to the mandible
and the hyoid bone below. The tongue is divided into right and left halves by a median fibrous
septum.
Lidah
Lidah adalah massa otot lurik yang ditutupi oleh membran mukosa. Otot lidah menempel ke
prosesus styloid dan palatum molle pada bagian atas dan mandibula dan tulang hyoid pada
bagian bawah. Lidah terbagi menjadi bagian kanan dan kiri oleh septum fibrosa median
Three types of papillae are present on the upper surface of the anterior two thirds of the tongue:
the filiform papillae, the fungiform papillae, and the vallate papillae.
Terdapat tiga jenis papilla pada permukaan atas pada baguan dua pertiga lidah: papilla filiform,
papilla fungiform, papilla vallate
The mucous membrane covering the posterior third of the tongue is devoid of papillae but has an
irregular surface (Fig. 11-77), caused by the presence of underlying lymph nodules, the lingual
tonsil.
Membran mukkosa menutupi daerah serpertiga posterior tidak memiliki papila tetapi memiliki
permukaan yang tidak teratur (Gambar 11-77), yang disebabkan oleh adanya nodul getah bening
yang mendasari, tonsil lingual.
The mucous membrane on the inferior surface of the tongue is reflected from the tongue to the
floor of the mouth. In the midline anteriorly, the undersurface of the tongue is connected to the
floor of the mouth by a fold of mucous membrane, the frenulum of the tongue. On the lateral side
of the frenulum, the deep lingual vein can be seen through the mucous membrane. Lateral to the
lingual vein, the mucous membrane forms a fringed fold called the plica fimbriata (Fig. 11-72).
Membran mukosa dari permukaan inferior lidah merefleksikan dari lidah ke bawah mulut. Pada
bagian tengah anterior permukaan bawah lidah terhubung ke dasar mulut oleh lipatan selaput
lendir, frenulum lidah. Pada sisi lateral frenulum, vena dalam lingual dapat terlihat melalui
membran mukosa. Lateral dari vena lingual, membran mukosa membentuk lipatan berumbai
yang disebut plica fimbriata
Muscles of the Tongue
The muscles of the tongue are divided into two types: intrinsic and extrinsic.
Intrinsic Muscles
These muscles are confined to the tongue and are not attached to bone. They consist of
longitudinal, transverse, and vertical fibers.
Otot Instrinsik
Otot ini terbatas hanya pada lidah dan tidak menempel ke tulang. Terdiri dari fiber longitudinal,
transversal dan vertical
Saraf: nervus hipoglosus
Gerakan: mengubah bentuk lidah
Extrinsic Muscles
These muscles are attached to bones and the soft palate. They are the genioglossus, the
hyoglossus, the styloglossus, and the palatoglossus.
Otot ekstrinsik
Otot ini menempel pada tulang dan palatum lunak. Terbagi menjadi genioglossus, hyoglossus,
styloglossus, dan palatoglossus
Saraf: Nervus hipoglosus
The origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of the tongue muscles are summarized in Table
Blood Supply
The lingual artery, the tonsillar branch of the facial artery, and the ascending pharyngeal artery
supply the tongue. The veins drain into the internal jugular vein.
Suplai darah
Arteri: Arteri lingual, cabang tonsilar dan arteri fasialis dan arteri asending faringela/
Vena: vena jugularis interna
Lymph Drainage
Sistrem Limfatik
Ujung: Nodus limfe submental
Dua pertiga anterior: Submandibula dan nodus limfe cervical dalam
Sepertiga posterior: Nodus limfe cervical dalam
Sensory Innervation
Anterior two thirds: Lingual nerve branch of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
(general sensation) and chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (taste)
Posterior third: Glossopharyngeal nerve (general sensation and taste)
Inervasi sensori
Protrusion: The genioglossus muscles on both sides acting together (Fig. 11-78)
Retraction: Styloglossus and hyoglossus muscles on both sides acting together
Depression: Hyoglossus muscles on both sides acting together
Retraction and elevation of the posterior third: Styloglossus and palatoglossus muscles on
both sides acting together
Shape changes: Intrinsic muscles
Pergerakan lidah
Protusi: pergerakan otot genioglosus pada kedua sisi secara bersamaan
Retraksi: otot styloglossus dan hyoglossus pada kedua sisi bergerak secara bersamaan
Depresi: otot hyoglosuss pada kedua sisi bergerak secara bersamaan
Retraksi dan elevasi sepertiga posterior: otot styloglossus dan palatoglossus pada kedua
sisi bergerak secara bersamaan
Perubahan bentuk: otot instrinsik
The Palate
The palate forms the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity. It is divided into two
parts: the hard palate in front and the soft palate behind.
Palatum terbentuk dari atap mulut dan bawah mulut dari kavum nasal. Terbagu menjadi 2
bagian: palatum keras (durum) pada bagian depang dan palatum lunak (molle) bagian belakang
Hard Palate
The hard palate is formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of
the palatine bones (Fig. 11-80). It is continuous behind with the soft palate.
Soft Palate
The soft palate is a mobile fold attached to the posterior border of the hard palate (Fig. 11-81). Its
free posterior border presents in the midline a conical projection called the uvula. The soft palate
is continuous at the sides with the lateral wall of the pharynx.
The soft palate is composed of mucous membrane, palatine aponeurosis, and muscles.
Mucous Membrane
The mucous membrane covers the upper and lower surfaces of the soft palate.
Membran Mukosa
Membran mukosa menutupi bagian atas dan bawah permukaan palatum lunak
Palatine Aponeurosis
The palatine aponeurosis is a fibrous sheet attached to the posterior border of the hard palate. It is
the expanded tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle.
Palatine Aponeurosis
Merupakan lapisan berserat yang menempel pada batas posterior palatum keras. Palatina
apneurosis merupakan perluasan tendon dari oto tensor veli palatine
Muscles of the Soft Palate
The muscles of the soft palate are the tensor veli palatini, the levator veli palatini, the
palatoglossus, the palatopharyngeus, and the musculus uvulae (Fig. 11-81).
The muscle fibers of the tensor veli palatini converge as they descend from their origin to form a
narrow tendon, which turns medially around the pterygoid hamulus. The tendon, together with
the tendon of the opposite side, expands to form the palatine aponeurosis. When the muscles of
the two sides contract, the soft palate is tightened so that the soft palate may be moved upward or
downward as a tense sheet.
The muscles of the soft palate, their origins, insertions, nerve supply, and actions are summarized
in Table 11-9
Persarafan palatum
Saraf palatine besar dan kecil dari divisi maksilaris nervus trigeminus memasuki palatum melalui
foramina palatine. Saraf nasopalatina masuk ke bagian depan palatum durum melalui foramen
tajam. Saraf glossopharingeus juga mempersarafi palatum lunak
Suplai darah
Palatine besar cabang dari arteri maksilaris, palatine ascending cabang arteri fasialis dan arteri
faringeal asending
Lymph Drainage of the Palate
Palatoglossal Arch
The palatoglossal arch is a fold of mucous membrane containing the palatoglossus muscle, which
extends from the soft palate to the side of the tongue (Figs. 11-72 and 11-81). The palatoglossal
arch marks where the mouth becomes the pharynx.
Arcus palatoglossal
Arcus palatoglossal merupakan lipatan membran mukosa yang terdapat otot palatoglossus, yang
melias dari palatum lunak ke sisi lidah. Arucs palatoglossal menandai dimana area mulut
menjadi faring
Palatopharyngeal Arch
The palatopharyngeal arch is a fold of mucous membrane behind the palatoglossal arch (Figs.
11-72 and 11-81) that runs downward and laterally to join the pharyngeal wall. The muscle
contained within the fold is the palatopharyngeus muscle. The palatine tonsils, which are masses
of lymphoid tissue, are located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches (Fig. 11-
81).
Arcus palatofaringeal
Merupakan lipatan membran mukosa di belakang arucs palatoglossal yang bergerak kebawah
dan lateral bergabung dengan dinding faringeal. Otot pada lipatan adalah otot palatofaringeus.
Tonsil palatine terletak antara antara palatoglossal dan palatofaringeal.
Movements of the Soft Palate
The pharyngeal isthmus (the communicating channel between the nasal and oral parts of the
pharynx) is closed by raising the soft palate. Closure occurs during the production of explosive
consonants in speech.
The soft palate is raised by the contraction of the levator veli palatini on each side. At the same
time, the upper fibers of the superior constrictor muscle contract and pull the posterior
pharyngeal wall forward. The palatopharyngeus muscles on both sides also contract so that the
palatopharyngeal arches are pulled medially, like side curtains. By this means the nasal part of
the pharynx is closed off from the oral part
Parotid Gland
The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland and is composed mostly of serous acini. It lies in a
deep hollow below the external auditory meatus, behind the ramus of the mandible (Fig. 11-85),
and in front of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The facial nerve divides the gland into superficial
and deep lobes. The parotid duct emerges from the anterior border of the gland and passes
forward over the lateral surface of the masseter. It enters the vestibule of the mouth upon a small
papilla opposite the upper second molar tooth (Fig. 11-72).
Kelenjar parotis
Merupakan kelenjar saliva terbesar dan hapir seluruhnya tersusun oleh serosa acini. Terletak
pada bagian dalam dibawah meatus auditorius eksternal, belakang ramus mandinula dan depan
dari otot sternokleidomastoideus. Nervus fasisalis membagi kenejar menjadi lobus superficial
dan lobus dalam. Duktus parotis mucul dari batas anterior dan bergerak kedepan ke permukaan
lateral dari master. Kelenjar masuk ke vestibulum mulu melalui papilla kecil berlaawan dengan
gigi molar kedua atas
Nerve Supply
Parasympathetic secretomotor supply arises from the glossopharyngeal nerve. The nerves reach
the gland via the tympanic branch, the lesser petrosal nerve, the otic ganglion, and the
auriculotemporal nerve
Persarafan
Nervus glossofaringeal parasimpatis kelenjar (via korda timpani, pertrosal kecil, otik ganglion dan
saraf aurikulotemporal)
Submandibular Gland
The submandibular gland consists of a mixture of serous and mucous acini. It lies beneath the
lower border of the body of the mandible (Fig. 11-86) and is divided into superficial and deep
parts by the mylohyoid muscle. The deep part of the gland lies beneath the mucous membrane of
the mouth on the side of the tongue. The submandibular duct emerges from the anterior end of
the deep part of the gland and runs forward beneath the mucous membrane of the mouth. It opens
into the mouth on a small papilla, which is situated at the side of the frenulum of the tongue (Fig.
11-72).
Kelenjar submandibula
Kelenjar submandibula tersusun dari serosa dan mukosa asinus. Terletak pada batas bawah dari
mandbula dan membagi menjadi bagian superfisial dan profunda dan otot mylohyoid. Bagian
profunda kelenjar terlentak di bawah membran mukosa mulut pada sisi lidah. Duktus
submandibula muncul dari ujung anterior bagian profunda kelenjar dan bergerak kedepan
dibawah membran mukosa mulut. Kelenjar ini terbuka ke mulu melalui papilla kecil yang
terletak pada sisi frenulum lidah
Nerve Supply
Parasympathetic secretomotor supply is from the facial nerve via the chorda tympani, and the
submandibular ganglion. The postganglionic fibers pass directly to the gland.
Persarafan
Suplai sekremotor parasimpatis berasal dari nervus fasialis via korda timpani dan ganglion
submandibular. Serat postganglion langsung menuju kelenjar
Sublingual Gland
The sublingual gland lies beneath the mucous membrane (sublingual fold) of the floor of the
mouth, close to the frenulum of the tongue (Fig. 11-86). It has both serous and mucous acini,
with the latter predominating. The sublingual ducts (8 to 20 in number) open into the mouth on
the summit of the sublingual fold (Fig. 11-72).
Kelenjar Sublingual
Kelenjar sublingual terletak dibawah membran mukosa (lipatan sublingual) pada bawah muluh,
dekat dengan frenulum lidah. Terdapat serosa dan mukosa asinus dengan Duktus sublingual
terbuka ke mulut pada puncak dari lipatan sublingual
Nerve Supply
Parasympathetic secretomotor supply is from the facial nerve via the chorda tympani, and the
submandibular ganglion. Postganglionic fibers pass directly to the gland.
Persarafan
Suplai sekremotor parasimpatis berasal dari nervus fasialis via korda timpani dan ganglion
submandibular. Serat postganglion langsung menuju kelenjar
The Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube about 10 in. (25 cm) long, extending from the pharynx to the
stomach (Figs. 11-13 and 11-88). It begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage, opposite the body
of the sixth cervical vertebra. It commences in the midline, but as it descends through the neck, it
inclines to the left side. Its further course in the thorax is described on page 128.
Relations in the Neck
Esofagus adalah otot berbentuk tabung dengan panjang sekitar 25 cm, memanjang dari faring
menuju perut. Dimulai dari kartilago krikoid, , berlawanan dari vertebra servikal 6. Dimulai di
garis tengah, tapi karena turun melalui leher, esophagus lebih condong ke sisi kiri
Anteriorly: The trachea; the recurrent laryngeal nerves ascend one on each side, in the
groove between the trachea and the esophagus (Fig. 11-49).
Posteriorly: The prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia, the longus colli, and the
vertebral column (Fig. 11-49)
Laterally: On each side lie the lobe of the thyroid gland and the carotid sheath (Fig. 11-
49)
Pembuluh darah
Arteri pada esofagus di leher berasal dari arteri tiroid inferior. Pembuluh darah mengalir ke vena
tiroid inferior.
Lymph Drainage in the Neck
The lymph vessels drain into the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Sistem Limfatik
Pembuluh limfatik mengalir ke nodus limfatik servikal dalam
Persarafan
Persarafan berasal dari saraf laryngeal dan simpatik